Long Term Evolution

The following parts of this article appear since the frequency auction in 2015 out of date to be : history, LTE situation in Germany
Please help with to the missing information research and insert .

Long Term Evolution ( LTE for short , also 3.9G ) is a name for the third-generation cellular standard . One extension is called LTE-Advanced or 4G, it is downward compatible with LTE in the Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) project. For marketing reasons, LTE is already being advertised as 4G and LTE-Advanced as 4G +, which is often also reflected in the display of Android devices. Technically, that's not correct.

With up to 1200  megabits per second, significantly higher download rates are possible than with older standards , depending on the reception situation.

The frequency range used by LTE mobile phone providers is exclusively the UHF frequency band (also known as the decimeter wave range ). There several frequencies are used, regionally varying in the middle or upper UHF range from approx. 700 to 2600  megahertz .

The basic scheme of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS, 3G) is retained with LTE (3.9G). So a quick and inexpensive retrofitting of the infrastructures of the UMTS technology z. B. on LTE-Advanced (4G) possible.

An LTE modem for 3.9G. For marketing reasons, however, labeled 4G.

history

The following parts of this section seem since 2015 is out of date to be : Is the effort has been implemented in the last sentence?
Please help to research and insert the missing information .

A precursor concept to LTE was presented by Nortel Networks under the name High Speed ​​OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA). LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ( OFDM ) and multiple input / multiple output antenna technology ( MIMO ). The radio interface is specified in the E-UTRA standard, the LTE architecture is purely packet-oriented and described in the Evolved Packet System (EPS). The low latency times with LTE allow the transmission of voice services ( VoIP ) and video telephony via the Internet protocol as well as the use of time-critical applications such as online games.

Logo from LTE

LTE Small Cell from Deutsche Telekom

Relatively high data rates are possible with the predecessor UMTS , but it is expected that the demand for mobile Internet services will continue to increase. In contrast to the alternative technology WiMAX , LTE is intended to enable mobile phone providers to use a cost-effective evolutionary migration path from UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA to LTE. In contrast to UMTS, LTE supports different bandwidths (1.4; 3; 5; 10; 15 and 20 MHz) and can therefore be used flexibly in different future spectra. OFDM enables the bandwidth to be easily scaled with a larger number of subcarriers . At 20 MHz (corresponds to the use of 1200 subcarriers according to the standard), peak data rates of 300 Mbps in the downlink and 75 Mbps in the uplink with latency times below 5 ms are to be achieved, thus ensuring the long-term competitiveness of UMTS systems. In the uplink, SC-FDMA (DFTS-OFDMA), an OFDMA-like access method, is used, which is characterized by a low peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and thus reduces the energy consumption of mobile phones.

In the first version of LTE (Release 8), five terminal classes with different data rates will be available. Although the highest class with 4x4 MIMO and 64 QAM modulation fulfills the expected data rates of 300 Mbps in the downlink and 75 Mbps in the uplink, the first terminals will probably provide significantly lower data rates and only with 2x2 MIMO in the downlink and without 64 QAM work in the uplink. All terminals must support a bandwidth of 20 MHz.

Siemens Networks , today Nokia Networks , together with Nomor Research GmbH showed an emulator of an LTE network with live applications for the first time in September 2006 . In the downlink, two users were shown with an HDTV application, while a live gaming application was shown in the uplink . In December 2006, the world's first LTE demonstrator was shown at ITU Telecom World in Hong Kong. After the demonstrator was expanded, an experiment in the Munich office of Nokia Siemens Networks in May 2007 successfully transmitted data with up to 108 Mbit / s in the upstream over an LTE network. This data rate could be achieved through the use of “Virtual MIMO” or SDMA technologies. Two cooperating LTE end devices, each equipped with a transmitting antenna, were able to transmit data in the uplink simultaneously in the same frequency band. Using appropriate MIMO algorithms, the superimposed data streams can be separated by their spatial “distance”. Using this technology, Nokia Solutions and Networks holds the downlink speed record of 1.3 Gbit / s.

At the GSMA Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in 2008 , Ericsson first demonstrated an end-to-end connection with LTE on compact mobile devices. Data rates of 25 Mbit / s in the uplink and downlink were demonstrated. In March 2008, NTT DoCoMo demonstrated 250 Mbps in a field test . At the end of 2008, LG presented an LTE chip that achieves data rates of 60 Mbps, which is roughly eight times the HSDPA Cat8 data rate of 7.2 Mbps.

The 3GPP standardization plan was to have the final standard adopted in late 2009. After interoperability tests and further field tests in 2009, the first networks are expected to be set up in 2010.

On December 14, 2009, TeliaSonera's first commercial LTE networks went into operation in Stockholm and Oslo . In the first expansion stage, they achieve a downstream data rate of 100 Mbit / s and an upstream data rate of 50 Mbit / s. In the course of 2010 TeliaSonera will supply the 25 largest Swedish and four largest Norwegian cities with LTE networks. In March 2012 TeliaSonera was already supplying 100,000 users with LTE.

In Germany, the auction of the frequency licenses planned for use for LTE ended at the end of May 2010. The German network operators have spent a total of 4.4 billion euros on the licenses. The three network operators Telekom Deutschland, Vodafone and Telefónica Germany (O ₂ ) then started tests to gain experience with the operation of LTE.

On August 30, 2010, Deutsche Telekom put the first LTE transmission mast in Kyritz ( Ostprignitz-Ruppin district ) into operation. In Austria, Mobilkom Austria started commercial LTE operations on October 19, 2010 in Vienna and T-Mobile Austria in Innsbruck.

Since December 1, 2010, Vodafone has been the first German mobile network operator to offer LTE to end customers in combination with an LTE surf stick. Since March 15, 2011, Vodafone has also been offering LTE tariffs with telephony / telephone connection, which is Voice-over-IP (Internet telephony). At Telekom, on the other hand, LTE is switched to supplement the existing landline telephone connection (i.e. no Internet telephony as with Vodafone). Since April 2011, Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom have been publishing detailed information on the areas covered by LTE in their LTE network coverage maps. The introduction of LTE in metropolitan areas and large cities is planned for summer / autumn 2011. Cologne has been the first city to be supplied with LTE since July and Düsseldorf since September 2011. Telefónica Germany started its offer with the brand O ₂ at the beginning of July 2012 in the first major cities of Dresden and Nuremberg.

At the end of 2012, Deutsche Telekom had opened up 100 cities in Germany with LTE at 1800 MHz. In these areas it is possible to surf the Internet with up to 100 Mbit / s while mobile, while rural areas are covered with 800 MHz. Since 2015, LTE has also been used in a hybrid access technology to improve the bandwidth of landline connections in rural regions.

Vodafone supplies 160 larger cities (over 50,000 inhabitants) with LTE in the 800 megahertz spectrum. In September 2013, Vodafone achieved network coverage of 66 percent nationwide with 5,600 base stations. In May 2015, Vodafone announced that its LTE network would reach 77% of the population and over 73% of the German area.

By mid-2013, O ₂ supplied around 11 larger metropolitan areas with LTE, using frequencies around 800 MHz, which are occasionally supplemented by LTE cells in the 2600 MHz range. In the medium term, O ₂ would like to set up a Germany-wide LTE network on 800 MHz. The introduction of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is planned for 2013. O ₂ uses Telekom's fiber optic network to forward the data from the LTE network.

For 2013, both Deutsche Telekom , Vodafone and O _{2 planned to} further expand their LTE network. In January 2013, E-Plus announced that it would be the last mobile network operator to aim for LTE in 2013. From March 2014, LTE was activated for all customers in the E-Plus network. At the end of June 2016, Telefónica switched off the E-Plus LTE network again and began disarmament.

Vodafone has announced the expansion of the LTE network to include support for Category 4 devices (LTE Cat4 for short) for the second half of 2013. This should enable download speeds of up to 150 Mbit / s for corresponding end devices. Initially, the base stations in Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Dresden and Munich are to be upgraded accordingly. In mid-November 2013, O ₂ and Vodafone will start their first field experiments with LTE Category 6 in their networks independently of one another , which will achieve a maximum download speed of 225 Mbit / s. While O _{2 is} equipping an LTE radio cell in Munich with the new technology, Vodafone is providing LTE-Advanced with carrier aggregation in the vicinity of the Technical University of Dresden .

In 2015, Vodafone aims to offer LTE almost everywhere in Germany.

Retrofitting

Comparison of the maximum achievable bit rates with different mobile radio standards ( logarithmic representation )

Cellular networks consist of radio cells in which the connections are established. If a mobile phone or other device, such as a notebook with a UMTS card, is switched on, this device logs on to the cellular network via the network database based on the data stored on the SIM card. The device first logs on to a local database, which can also contain several “honeycombs”. If the location of the device changes, the software of the mobile communication device notices this and automatically logs on to the nearest local exchange. The general structure of the signal structure did not change when the networks were expanded to include UMTS technology, which belongs to the "third generation". If the existing networks are converted to LTE within the next ten years, as the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia suspects, the basic scheme will also be retained here. The advantage of this approach: The existing infrastructure can be used, which only needs to be expanded with the necessary technical components. This means that - to put it simply - the LTE components are installed on the existing radio masts.

Voice over LTE

VoLTE phone call on an iPhone

→ Main article : VoLTE

Voice over LTE, or VoLTE for short, describes the packet-based telephony via the IP multimedia subsystem in the LTE network. In the initial phase, LTE was introduced as a pure data service; telephony was not initially planned. In Germany, Vodafone Deutschland was the first network operator to introduce telephony service in the fourth generation network in mid-March 2015 . Shortly afterwards, Telefónica followed suit with their support in the O2 network. Telekom Deutschland GmbH was the last network operator to introduce the service at the beginning of 2016.

The advantages of VoLTE technology lie in an extremely short call setup within a few seconds and the possibility of increasing the voice quality using broadband codecs such as AMR-WB (marketing as HD-Voice) or EVS compared to telephony via GSM or UMTS. The spectrum can be used more efficiently on the part of the network operator; while increasing the quality.

Comparison of call setup times

technology	GSM / UMTS	LTE (CSFB)	Volte	WiFi calling
Package based	No		Yes
Call setup time	5.47 s	8.8 s	1.96 s	1.18 s

Values ​​determined by our own test from the Telekom mobile network to the Telekom NGN fixed network with Apple iPhone 8

CSFB

If a device does not support VoLTE, but is in the LTE network at the time of initiating or accepting a call, a so-called Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is carried out. First of all, all data connections are cut and the device switches to an available GSM , UMTS or CDMA2000 network in order to accept or place the call there. This costs time, which is why the call setup times for a CSFB increase dramatically (see table).

Emergency calls

In Germany, as with other VoIP services such as Skype , it is not possible to make emergency calls via VoLTE. Mobile operating systems usually show a warning message for this. The network operators themselves warn in the terms and conditions and tariff regulations that emergency calls cannot be transmitted via VoLTE. The reason for this is the inability to reliably determine the location of the caller via the IP system.

Technical specifications

Common LTE categories and data rates

category	Downstream	Upstream	Downlink carrier max.	MIMO max.	Downstream modulation max.
Cat 4	0150 Mbit / s	50 Mbit / s	1	2 × 2	64 QAM
Cat 6	0300 Mbit / s		2	4 × 4
Cat 9	0450 Mbit / s		3
Cat 12	0600 Mbit / s	150 Mbit / s (Cat 13)			256 QAM
Cat 15	0800 Mbit / s	225 Mbit / s	5
Cat 16	1000 Mbit / s	- (Upstream falls into another category)
Cat 18	1200 Mbit / s		32	8 × 8

Source:

Bandwidths and signal structure

property	Channel width
	1.4 MHz	3 MHz	5 MHz	10 MHz	15 MHz	20 MHz
Signal bandwidth	1.08 MHz	2.7 MHz	4.5 MHz	9.0 MHz	13.5 MHz	18.0 MHz
Number of OFDM carriers	72	180	300	600	900	1200
Number of physical resource blocks a	6th	15th	25th	50	75	100
Number of resource elements b per frame c (Normal Cyclic Prefix Mode)	10080	25200	42000	84000	126000	168000
Number of resource elements per frame (Extended Cyclic Prefix Mode)	8640	21600	36000	72000	108000	144000
Number of reference signals a (RS) per frame (antenna ports 0 and 1/2 and 3)	480/240	1200/600	2000/1000	4000/2000	6000/3000	8000/4000

^a 1 Physical Resource Block (PRB) ≘ 12 OFDM carriers ≘ 180 kHz

^b 1 Resource Element (RE) ≘ 1 OFDM carrier (15 kHz) × 1 OFDM symbol

^c 1 frame ≘ 10 ms

Frequency bands

E-UTRA tape	Duplex	Frequency (MHz)	Upstream (MHz)	Downstream (MHz)	Duplex gap (MHz)	Channel bandwidths (MHz)	Cluster (MHz)
1	FDD	2100	1920-1980	2110-2170	190	5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
2	FDD	1900	1850-1910	1930-1990	80	1,4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
3	FDD	1800	1710-1785	1805-1880	95	1, 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
4th	FDD	1700	1710-1755	2110-2155	400	1,4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
5	FDD	850	824-849	869-894	45	1,4, 3, 5, 10	698-960
7th	FDD	2600	2500-2570	2620-2690	120	5, 10, 15, 20	2496-2690
8th	FDD	900	880-915	925-960	45	1, 4, 3, 5, 10	698-960
10	FDD	1700	1710-1770	2110-2170	400	5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
11	FDD	1500	1427.9-1447.9	1475.9-1495.9	48	5, 10	1427-1518
12	FDD	700	699-716	729-746	30th	1, 4, 3, 5, 10	698-960
13	FDD	700	777-787	746-756	-31	5, 10	698-960
14th	FDD	700	788-798	758-768	-30	5, 10	698-960
17th	FDD	700	704-716	734-746	30th	5, 10	698-960
18th	FDD	850	815-830	860-875	45	5, 10, 15	698-960
19th	FDD	850	830-845	875-890	45	5, 10, 15	698-960
20th	FDD	800	832-862	791-821	−41	5, 10, 15, 20	698-960
21st	FDD	1500	1447.9-1462.9	1495.9-1510.9	48	5, 10, 15	1427-1518
22nd	FDD	3500	3410-3490	3510-3590	100	5, 10, 15, 20	3400-3800
24	FDD	1600	1626.5-1660.5	1525-1559	−101.5	5, 10	1525-1660.5
25th	FDD	1900	1850-1915	1930-1995	80	1, 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
26th	FDD	850	814-849	859-894	45	1, 4, 3, 5, 10, 15	698-960
27	FDD	800	807-824	852-869	45	1, 4, 3, 5, 10	698-960
28	FDD	700	703-748	758-803	55	3, 5, 10, 15, 20	698-960
29	FDD	700	-	717-728	-	3, 5, 10	698-960
30th	FDD	2300	2305-2315	2350-2360	45	5, 10	2300-2400
31	FDD	450	452.5-457.5	462.5-467.5	10	1, 4, 3, 5	451-467.5
32	FDD	1500	-	1452-1496	-	5, 10, 15, 20	1427-1518
33	TDD	2100	1900-1920		-	5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
34	TDD	2100	2010-2025		-	5, 10, 15	1695-2200
35	TDD	1900	1850-1910		-	1, 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
36	TDD	1900	1930-1990		-	1, 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
37	TDD	1900	1910-1930		-	5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
38	TDD	2600	2570-2620		-	5, 10, 15, 20	2496-2690
39	TDD	1900	1880-1920		-	5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
40	TDD	2300	2300-2400		-	5, 10, 15, 20	2300-2400
41	TDD	2500	2496-2690		-	5, 10, 15, 20	2496-2690
42	TDD	3500	3400-3600		-	5, 10, 15, 20	3400-3800
43	TDD	3700	3600-3800		-	5, 10, 15, 20	3400-3800
44	TDD	700	703-803		-	3, 5, 10, 15, 20	698-960
45	TDD	1500	1447-1467		-	5, 10, 15, 20	1427-1518
46	TDD	5200	5150-5925		-		5150-5925
47	TDD	5900	5855-5925		-		5150-5925
48	TDD	3600	3550-3700		-		3400-3800
50	TDD	1500	1432-1517		-		1427-1518
51	TDD	1500	1427-1432		-		1427-1518
65	FDD	2100	1920-2010	2110-2200	190	5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
66	FDD	1700	1710-1780	2110-2200	400	1, 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20	1695-2200
67	FDD	700	-	738-758	-	5, 10, 15, 20	698-960
68	FDD	700	698-728	753-783	55	5, 10, 15	698-960
69	FDD	2600	-	2570-2620	-	5	2496-2690
70	FDD	2000	1695-1710	1995-2020	300	5, 10, 15	1695-2200
71	FDD	600	663-698	617-652	−46	5, 10, 15, 20	617-698
72	FDD	450	451-456	461-466	10	1, 4, 3, 5	451-467.5
74	FDD	1500	1427-1470	1475-1518	48		1427-1518
75	FDD	1500	-	1432-1517	-		1427-1518
76	FDD	1500	-	1427-1432	-		1427-1518

Frequencies used in Germany

Used exclusively by Deutsche Telekom for LTE: Band 8 (LTE900): 5 MHz LTE, 10 MHz GSM. Volume 32 (LTE1500) for more downstream for hybrid routers

LTE 900 is now also used by Vodafone

Frequencies used by Vodafone for LTE in Germany, also in CA with other frequencies

LTE situation in different countries

Germany

Frequency auction 2010

→ Main article : "Frequency auction 2010" in the article on digital dividends

The Federal Network Agency auctioned on 12 April 2010 to 20 May 2010 frequencies in the 800 MHz, 1800 MHz (previously used by the Bundeswehr), 2 GHz (former Quam - and Mobilcom licenses for UMTS) and 2.6 GHz for wireless network access to offer telecommunications services. The frequencies in the 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2.6 GHz ranges are used by the three German mobile network providers for LTE. This auction brought the Federal Network Agency a result of 4.38 billion euros.

On August 30, 2010, the frequencies previously allocated abstractly were allocated in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz ranges.

Frequency auction 2015

→ Main article : Digital dividend II

The Federal Network Agency auctioned again frequencies for mobile communications between May 27, 2015 and July 19, 2015. These frequencies are in the range 700 MHz (currently DVB-T), 900 MHz (currently GSM and LTE), 1500 MHz, 1800 MHz (currently LTE and GSM). The auction brought the Federal Network Agency proceeds of EUR 5.08 billion. Only the three major mobile phone providers ( Deutsche Telekom , Vodafone and Telefónica ) were allowed to participate in the auction.

1800 MHz frequency band ( E-UTRA band 3)

All German providers use the 1800 MHz band for LTE.

800 MHz frequency band (E-UTRA band 20, EU digital dividend )

Users	Uplink	Downlink	price
Deutsche Telekom	852-862 MHz	811-821 MHz	€ 1.153 billion
Vodafone	842-852 MHz	801-811 MHz	€ 1.210 billion
O₂	832-842 MHz	791-801 MHz	€ 1.212 billion

Since frequencies in the 800 MHz range for television transmission and z. If, for example, wireless microphones are or were also used, the allocation of frequencies in this area was controversial. In Munich, for example, a mixed private and in Nuremberg an RTL multiplex of digital aerial television collided with LTE. While the mixed private multiplex moved to another channel, RTL ended its DVB-T broadcast in Nuremberg. Badly shielded cable television networks cause mutual interference, as the frequency range up to 862 MHz is used here. See also digital dividend .

2.6 GHz frequency band (E-UTRA band 7 and band 38)

Users	Frequency duplex (FDD)			Time division duplex (TDD)
	Uplink	Downlink	price	Uplink + downlink	price
Deutsche Telekom	2520-2540 MHz	2640-2660 MHz	0€ 76.228 million	2605-2610 MHz	0€ 8.598 million
Vodafone	2500-2520 MHz	2620-2640 MHz	0€ 73.464 million	2580-2605 MHz	0€ 44.96 million
O 2	2540-2570 MHz	2660-2690 MHz	€ 108.085 million	2570-2580 MHz, 2610-2620 MHz	€ 16.502 million € 16.458 million

Availability in Germany

All three German mobile network operators are currently using the option of LTE.

Availability of LTE

Network operator	Introduced	Term contracts	Prepaid	Foreign brands
Telefónica		Yes	Yes	Yes
Telecom		Yes	Yes	partially (for a surcharge)
Vodafone		Yes	Yes	partially
Status: May 22, 2020

Austria

2.6 GHz frequency band (E-UTRA band 7 and band 38)

RTR's frequency auction was completed on September 20, 2010 . Frequencies in the 2.6 GHz range were assigned as follows:

Users	Frequency duplex (FDD)		Time division duplex (TDD)	Price 2010
	Uplink	Downlink	Uplink + downlink
A1 Telekom Austria	2500-2520 MHz	2620-2640 MHz	2595-2620 MHz	€ 13.248 million
Magenta Telecom	2520-2540 MHz	2640-2660 MHz	-	€ 11.247 million
Orange Austria	2540-2550 MHz	2660-2670 MHz	-	€ 4 million
Hutchison Drei Austria	2550-2570 MHz	2670-2690 MHz	2570-2595 MHz	€ 11.03 million

Orange has meanwhile been sold to Hutchison Drei Austria , which is why the Orange frequencies have also passed into the ownership of Hutchison Drei Austria.

800, 900, 1800 MHz frequency bands

As announced by RTR 2012 for 2013, the auction of 28 blocks in the 800, 900 and 1800 MHz bands is now to start at the beginning of September 2013. Before the actual auction, newcomers can bid for two frequency blocks at a lower price. The auction is secret, only the results are published.

Dispute over license terms: T-Mobile has already criticized and complained that with this auction frequencies (800 and 900 MHz) will be made available from 2016 and 2018, respectively, which are to be available as GSM frequencies until 2019 and for which the Company has paid for licenses that still have a carrying amount of several million euros. On October 21, 2013 it was announced that A1 will pay almost € 1 billion, T-Mobile around € 700 million and Hutchison Drei Austria around € 300 million. The auctioned bands can also or the 800 MHz band can only be used for LTE.

Outcome of the auction:

MHz	A1	Magenta Telecom	Hutchison Drei Austria
800	2 × 20	2 × 10	-
900	2 × 15	2 × 15	2 × 5
1800	2 × 35	2 × 20	2 × 20
Total	2 × 70	2 × 45	2 × 25
proportion of	50%	32%	18%

Switzerland

In February 2012, all existing and new mobile radio frequencies were re-allocated in a unique auction. The licenses were granted in a technology-neutral manner, meaning that the following frequency bands are potentially suitable for the use of LTE in Switzerland:

frequency	E-UTRA tape	Bandwidth	Duplex process	From LTE release	Swisscom	Sunrise	Salt
800 MHz	XX (20)	2 × 30 MHz	FDD	Rel. 9	2 x 10 MHz	2 x 10 MHz	2 x 10 MHz
900 MHz	VIII (8)	2 × 35 MHz	FDD	Rel. 8	2 × 15 MHz	2 × 15 MHz	2 × 5 MHz
1800 MHz	III (3)	2 × 75 MHz	FDD	Rel. 8	2 × 30 MHz	2 × 20 MHz	2 × 25 MHz
2100 MHz	I (1)	2 × 60 MHz	FDD	Rel. 8	2 × 30 MHz	2 x 10 MHz	2 × 20 MHz
2600 MHz	VII (7) XXXVIII (38)	2 × 70 MHz 1 × 50 MHz	FDD TDD	Rel. 8	2 × 20 MHz 1 × 45 MHz	2 × 25 MHz -	2 × 20 MHz -

The new mobile frequencies were assigned to the companies Swisscom , Sunrise Communications and Salt Mobile and brought in around one billion Swiss francs for the federal government. The frequency bands currently used for LTE can be found under mobile radio frequencies in Switzerland .

In September 2010, Swisscom switched on an LTE test network in the 2600 MHz frequency band for the first time in the city of Grenchen . After a successful field test, Swisscom started an LTE pilot project in the 1800 MHz frequency band in the Alpine town of Davos in November 2011 . In December 2011, Grindelwald , Gstaad , Leukerbad , Montana , Saas-Fee and St. Moritz / Celerina were added as further pilot projects. From January 2012, LTE could also be tested in selected Swisscom shops in the 2600 MHz frequency band.

Swisscom was the first network in Switzerland to put its LTE network into commercial operation on November 29, 2012. In May 2013 Swisscom increased the maximum download speed to 150 Mbit / s and announced that it would also enable LTE for prepaid customers in July 2013. The LTE network from Swisscom is currently (March 2014) available in 1,400 locations and already supplies 91% of the population. On June 21, 2013, Swisscom was the first provider in Switzerland to introduce international LTE roaming, which enabled European mobile users to use LTE networks on other continents for the first time. LTE roaming was started with South Korea; meanwhile 7 more countries have been added. On June 16, 2014, Swisscom was the first provider to introduce LTE advanced in Switzerland. The extension is initially available in the train stations in Bern and Lausanne; From July 2014, further heavily frequented locations will be expanded.

On May 28, 2013 Orange (now Salt Mobile ) started as the second mobile network operator with its LTE network in 113 locations and a coverage of 35% of the population. Orange was the first provider in the Swiss mobile communications market to also offer LTE for prepaid customers. Orange now reaches 90% of the population with its LTE network (end of 2014).

The network operator Sunrise activated its LTE network for commercial operation on June 19, 2013. While the network initially only supplied 22% of the population, in December 2013 it reached 50% coverage.

Spain

In Spain, the LTE network expansion is making very slow progress. Telefónica, the largest mobile operator in Spain, has so far only set up LTE test networks in Madrid and Barcelona. Vodafone Spain launched its 4G / LTE network on May 29, 2013 and offers a category 4 network with up to 150 megabit / s download speed and 50 megabit / s upload speed. Vodafone Spain has already supplied LTE to the cities of Barcelona, ​​Bilbao, Madrid, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Seville and Valencia. Vodafone uses the LTE frequencies 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz to continue the network expansion in Spain in the cities.

Worldwide

Different frequency bands are used worldwide:

• North America: Mainly 700 MHz (band 13/17) (AT&T, Verizon) and 1700/2100 MHz (band 4) (AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon); and 1900 MHz (Band 2/25) (AT&T, Sprint), and 2600 MHz (Band 7) in Canada (Bell, Rogers)
• South America: 1700 MHz (band 4), 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2600 MHz
• Eastern Europe: 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2300 MHz and 2600 MHz
• Asia-Pacific: 850 MHz, 1500 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz
• Western Europe, Middle East and Africa: 800 MHz (B20), 900 MHz (B8), 1800 MHz (B3) and 2600 MHz (B7)

See also

• List of LTE networks

literature

• Khaled Fazel, Stefan Kaiser: Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX . 2nd Edition. Wiley & Sons, Chichester 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2 .
• Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld, Per Beming: 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband . 2nd Edition. Academic Press, Oxford 2008, ISBN 978-0-12-374538-5 .
• Dan Forsberg, Günther Horn, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Valtteri Niemi: LTE Security . 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2013, ISBN 978-1-118-35558-9 .

Web links

Commons : LTE  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• LTE / SAE , 3GPP.ORG, English

Individual evidence

1. ↑ 3.9G ( 3.9th generation) , itwissen.info
2. ↑ What actually is ... LTE? ( Memento of the original from November 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. blog.base.de 
3. ↑ What is 4G and 4G +? The difference simply explained. Retrieved February 26, 2019 . 
4. ↑ That's the difference between LTE, 4G and 5G. Retrieved August 3, 2019 . 
5. ↑ World's first LTE demonstration ( Memento of the original from October 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Nomor Research 
6. ↑ Researchers at Nokia Siemens Networks double the capacity in uplink using Virtual MIMO in LTE networks.
7. ↑ Nokia Siemens Networks extends # TD-LTE speed record in China
8. ↑ Ericsson to make world-first demonstration of end-to-end LTE call on handheld devices at Mobile World Congress, Barcelona ( Memento of the original from September 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
9. ↑ 250 Mbps downlink in Super 3G Field Experiment , NTT DoCoMo Achieves
10. ↑ LG shows the first successor to UMTS: LTE modem with 100 Mbit / s ( memento of the original from January 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Allround-pc.com, December 19, 2008 
11. ^ Achim Sawall: First 4G mobile networks in Stockholm and Oslo in operation. In: golem.de. December 14, 2009, accessed July 7, 2017 . 
12. ↑ TeliaSonera: LTE offensive launched in Northern Europe. In: onlinekosten.de. Retrieved July 7, 2017 . 
13. ↑ TeliaSonera reaches 100,000 LTE users; prepares for upsurge this year. In: telegeography.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017 . 
14. ↑ LTE expansion in Germany and Europe. In: Internetdienstleistungen.eu. Retrieved July 7, 2017 . 
15. ↑ Deutsche Telekom puts first LTE transmitter into operation. In: teltarif.de. Retrieved July 7, 2017 . 
16. ↑ Green light for 4G: network technology ready to go in Brandenburg ( Memento from May 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
17. ^ Daniel AJ Sokolov: LTE launched in Austria. heise online, October 20, 2010, accessed on October 21, 2010 . 
18. ↑ Kai Spriestersbach: Vodafone is offering LTE for end customers for the first time. ltevertrag.net, December 1, 2010, accessed December 17, 2010 . 
19. ↑ Tobias: Vodafone offers LTE tariffs with telephony. (No longer available online.) Vodafone-lte.de, March 15, 2011, archived from the original on February 7, 2011 ; Retrieved April 30, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
20. ↑ LTE network coverage maps : Telekom map , accessed on May 12, 2016.
21. ↑ Düsseldorf and Cologne with LTE , ltemap.de, September 2, 2011
22. ↑ O2 starts LTE operation , internetoffer.info, June 21, 2012
23. ↑ LTE expansion status in late summer 2013. (No longer available online.) In: lte-vergleich.net. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017 ; Retrieved July 7, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
24. ↑ More than 70% of the network modernized , Vodafone, May 26, 2015
25. ↑ Interview with Markus Oliver Göbel, Telefónica Deutschland , accessed on May 29, 2013
26. ↑ E-Plus also starts in 2013 with LTE , SmartChecker.de, January 21, 2013
27. ↑ E-Plus starts at the beginning of March with LTE for all prepaid and contract customers , teltarif.de, February 20, 2014
28. ↑ LTE from E-Plus: Telefónica is gradually switching off the network
29. ↑ LTE UE Category and Class Definitions . radio-electronics.com. Retrieved August 30, 2013
30. ↑ Vodafone accelerates LTE to 150 Mbit / s . tarif4you.de. Retrieved August 30, 2013
31. ↑ LTE-Advanced with 225 megabits per second with O ₂ and Vodafone . In: article . tarifetarife.de. November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
32. ↑ Voice over LTE (VoLTE). In: areamobile.de. Retrieved December 29, 2017 . 
33. ↑ VoLTE: Everything about telephoning via LTE. In: lte-angebote.info. Retrieved December 29, 2017 . 
34. ↑ http://www.itwissen.info/CSFB-circuit-switched-fallback.html
35. ↑ Tomás Freres-Flete: No emergency calls via LTE or WLAN possible. In: Hardwareluxx . July 17, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2017 . 
36. ↑ Urs Mansmann: FAQ LTE: Answers to the most common questions. December 9, 2017, accessed January 13, 2018 . 
37. ↑ Christian Huebner: The radio standard LTE (Long Term Evolution). (PDF) In: tu-dresden.de. January 30, 2013, p. 7 , accessed March 7, 2019 . 
38. ↑ https://www.teltarif.de/vodafone-lte-900-mhz/news/79310.html
39. ↑ https://www.mobiflip.de/vodafone-mobilfunk-frequenzspektrum-in-der-uebersicht/
40. ↑ Presentation of the end of the frequency range auction ( Memento of December 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
41. ↑ Frequency allocation procedure 2010. ( Memento of the original dated August 24, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Federal Network Agency , accessed on September 29, 2017. 
42. ↑ Allocation of the frequency blocks auctioned in May , BNetzA
43. ↑ Markus Weidner: Telekom starts the “LTE everywhere” project. Retrieved September 30, 2017 . 
44. ↑ Mobile broadband. Federal Network Agency , accessed on October 4, 2017 . 
45. ↑ RTR - 2600 MHz spectrum ( Memento from November 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
46. ↑ Reuters: LTE auction in Austria starts in September. In: handelsblatt .com. August 26, 2013, accessed February 13, 2015 . 
47. ↑ Reuters: T-Mobile criticizes LTE frequency auction in Austria. In: handelsblatt .com. August 2, 2013, accessed February 13, 2015 . 
48. ↑ Republic takes two billion in frequency auction. In: orf.at. October 21, 2013, accessed February 13, 2015 . 
49. ↑ communication from the TKK of 19 November 2013. In: rtr.at. November 19, 2013, accessed February 13, 2015 . 
50. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: New mobile radio frequencies for Orange, Sunrise and Swisscom at the Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM), accessed on September 11, 2012
51. ↑ Pioneer for Swiss LTE roaming ( memento of the original from June 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Media release of June 20, 2013, accessed on June 27, 2013 
52. ↑ Even faster mobile communications: Swisscom introduces LTE advanced , swisscom.ch, accessed on June 20, 2014
53. ↑ “Orange with higher operating profit despite decline in sales” , nzz.ch, accessed on November 2, 2014
54. ↑ The Sunrise mobile network is growing , sunrise.ch, accessed on December 7, 2013
55. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. LTE expansion News Spain June 28, 2013 
56. ↑ Ryan Faas: Global LTE Fragmentation Is A Big Problem For Apple. In: cultofmac.com. May 23, 2012, accessed October 4, 2017 .