Rubble cress

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Rubble cress
Rubble cress (Lepidium ruderale), illustration

Rubble cress ( Lepidium ruderale ), illustration

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Lepidieae
Genre : Cress ( Lepidium )
Type : Rubble cress
Scientific name
Lepidium ruderale
L.

The rubble cress ( Lepidium ruderale ), also called stink cress or road cress , is a species of the cress genus ( Lepidium ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia .

description

Illustration from Carl Axel Magnus Lindman: Bilder ur Nordens Flora , Stockholm 1917–1926
Rubble cress ( Lepidium ruderale )
Rubble cress ( Lepidium ruderale ), herbal specimen
Illustration: the different leaf shapes are well represented

Appearance and leaf

The rubble cress grows as a wintering green, annual or biennial, herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 10 to 35 (5 to 55) centimeters. It usually smells unpleasant with a strong cress odor, especially when rubbed. A tap root is formed. The above-ground parts of the plant are often downy hairy with pencil-shaped, cylindrical, papillary trichomes . The upright to ascending stem , mostly branched in the upper area, is hairy with trichomes of unequal length, there are more conical (thorn-shaped) and pointed club-shaped hairy or bald.

The leaves are arranged in a basal rosette and alternately distributed on the stem. The basal leaves and the lower stem leaves are 1 to 2, rarely up to 3.2 or up to 5.3 centimeters long and stalked and their usually 3 to 5 (1.5 to 7.2) centimeters long and usually 0.7 to 2 The (0.5 to 2.5) centimeter wide leaf blade is seldom simple, usually two or three pinnate or pinnate up to the midrib; they are bare except for the ciliate leaf margin. The end section of the lower leaves is elongated with a pointed upper end and a smooth or rarely serrated edge. The middle to upper stem leaves are sessile and with a length of usually 1 to 2 (0.4 to 3) centimeters and a width of usually 0.5 to 2.5 (0.3 to 3.5) millimeters linear to lanceolate and entire with wedge-shaped to narrowed spreading base (without auricle), blunt to almost pointed upper end and mostly smooth, ciliate margin. The narrow leaf sections die off early.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period extends from May to July, October or even November, depending on the location. In the inflorescences , which are initially umbrella- shaped , the downy, hairy, cylindrical inflorescence axes lengthen until the fruit is ripe.

The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four fluffy papilli-haired sepals are elongated with a length of usually 0.5 to 0.9, rarely up to 1 millimeter and a width of 0.2 to 0.4 millimeters and their edge and tip are white. Petals are absent or are sometimes rudimentary and then white, linear with a length of 0.5 to 0.5 millimeters and a width of about 0.1 millimeters. There are usually two or more rarely four stamens. The stamens are 0.7 to 0.8 millimeters long. The anthers are egg-shaped with a length of 0.1 to 0.2 millimeters.

Infructescence, fruit and seeds

The grape-like fruit cluster is loose. The relatively thin with a diameter of 0.1 to 0.15 millimeters and 2 to 4 (1.5 to 5) millimeters long fruit stalks are splayed to horizontal, straight or slightly curved and hairy all around. The pods are 1.8 to 2.5 (1.5 to 3) millimeters long and usually 1.5 to 2, rarely up to 2.3 millimeters, egg-shaped to broadly elliptical or oval and in the upper area narrowly winged and with margins. The stylus is barely recognizable or, at 0.1 millimeters, is much shorter than the edge of the pod and sunk into the top 0.1 to 0.2 millimeter deep notch. The fruit flaps are thin, smooth, without noticeable veins and bare.

With a length of 1 to 1.5 millimeters and a diameter of 0.6 to 0.7 millimeters, the brown seeds are oblong to ovoid-oblong, wingless and finely papilli.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 8; there are populations with diploid and tetraploid before, so with the chromosome numbers 2n = 16 or 32nd

Possible confusion

Due to the lack of petals, Lepidium ruderale and Lepidium apetalum are easily confused. But Lepidium apetalum does not smell unpleasant, its trichomes are head-shaped or club-shaped, the upper, seated leaves often have small auricles and the fruit stalks are slightly flattened to inconspicuous winged with mostly only trichomes underneath. The rubble cress ( Lepidium ruderale ) is also confused with the dense-flowered cress ( Lepidium densiflorum ), misunderstood cress ( Lepidium neglectum ) and Virginian cress ( Lepidium virginicum ), the petals of the latter three species are at least as long as sepals.

ecology

The rubble cress is a hemicryptophyte or therophyte .

Insect pollination or self-pollination takes place.

Ripe fruits are already available after a few weeks. There is spread of wind or people spread. The plant can also spread as a whole as a "steppe witch" through wind drift.

Occurrence and endangerment

The rubble cress is widespread in large areas of the temperate to subtropical zones of Eurasia . Originally it is an East Mediterranean-Asian floral element.

Its distribution area includes Northern, Central, Western, Eastern, Southeastern Europe , the Caucasus , Western Asia , Central Asia , Siberia and the Indian subcontinent. Originally it is probably a salt-loving steppe plant in Central Asia from the Aral Sea to Manchuria . There are natural occurrences in Kuwait , Iran , Iraq , Turkey , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Ciskaucasia, Dagestan , Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, southern Krasnoyarsk, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, southern Tyumen, Yakutia Sacha, Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Mongolia , Xinjiang , the Indian states of Jammu , Kashmir and Tamil Nadu , Denmark, southern Finland, southern Norway, southern Sweden, Austria , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Hungary , the Netherlands , in of Slovakia , in Switzerland , in Poland , in the Baltic States, Belarus , Moldova , the European part of Russia, Ukraine (including Crimea), Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Italy , Macedonia , Montenegro , Romania , Serbia , Slovenia , France and Spain . In Germany it is an archaeophyte .

The rubble cress occurs as a neophyte on the Japanese island of Honshu , in Portugal , in Canada , in the USA and in New Caledonia . It is considered an invasive plant on the New Caledonian islands of Grande Terre and Raoul Island .

In Central Europe the rubble cress occurs scattered from the coast to the foot of the Alps , locally also sometimes frequently; Sometimes it is seldom found, especially at higher altitudes in the northwest, where it can also be completely absent. In the Alps it was mostly only temporarily abducted up to altitudes of 2000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in Vorarlberg on the roadside near Neßlegg between Schröcken and Hochtannberg up to an altitude of 1370 meters.

In Austria and Switzerland it thrives in the colline to montane, rarely subalpine altitudes . In Austria they are frequent to absent-minded in all federal states.

The rubble cress is a heat- loving ruderal plant , especially in dry ruderal areas, steps, railway systems and roadsides. It settles roadsides, railroad tracks and gutted wasteland. In Central Europe it is a type of association of the Polygonion avicularis. The rubble cress needs solidified, rather dry, nutrient-rich and nitrogen-containing soil , which can be loamy or sandy-loamy; it also goes on gravel and gravel .

Taxonomy

The first publication of Lepidium ruderale was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum 645, 2, p synonyms for Lepidium ruderale L. are: Iberis ruderalis (L.) Crantz , Lepidium ambiguum Lange , Lepidium ambiguum F.Muell. Dumort , Lepidium glaucescens . , Lepidium texanum Buckley , Lepidium virginicum subsp. texanum (Buckley) Thell. , Nasturtium ruderale (L.) Scop. , Senckenbergia ruderalis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. , Thlaspi ruderale (L.) All. , Thlaspi tenuifolium Lam.

use

Lepidium ruderale is used against the contagious skin disease impetigo, for example impetigo contagiosa .

The leaves, which taste like cress, are eaten raw or cooked.

Common names in other languages

Trivial names in other languages ​​are:

  • Chinese: zhu mao du xing cai
  • English: narrow-leaved pepperwort, peppercress, peppergrass, roadside peppergrass
  • French: cresson puant, passerage des décombres
  • Spanish: lepidio de hoja estrecha

literature

  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd expanded edition. tape 2 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3323-7 .
  • Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. : Lepidium ruderale , p. 32 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 8 - Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2002, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 . (Section description)
  • Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Brassicaceae. : Lepidium ruderale , p. 592 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 7 - Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 . (Section description)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Lepidium ruderale in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Lepidium ruderale L., rubble cress. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g data sheet at Botanik im Bild - Flora von Österreich , March 26, 2005 . Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  4. ↑ a b c Hans Reichert: The determination of the small Lepidium (cress) species of ruderal locations : by the society for researching the flora of Germany .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Lepidium ruderale In: Info Flora - The national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae : Lepidium ruderale , p. 32 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 8 - Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2002, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Brassicaceae Lepidium ruderale , p. 592 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 7 - Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 .
  8. ↑ a b Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  9. ↑ a b data sheet at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER.
  10. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 621.
  11. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , page 444.
  12. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  13. ↑ Lepidium ruderale at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 23, 2013.
  14. ↑ data sheet from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ars-grin.gov  
  15. ^ Lepidium ruderale at Plants For A Future . Retrieved November 24, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Rubble Cress ( Lepidium ruderale )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files