List of Aboriginal massacres

This is the list of the massacre of Aborigines , the original inhabitants of Australia . Henry Reynolds estimates that 3,000 settlers and 20,000 Aborigines died in violent clashes and massacres . In Australia there was a debate about the valuation and impact that European settlement had on the Aborigines; it is called History Wars .

1800s

• The Black War refers to a period of intermittent conflict in the early 1800s between British settlers and Tasmanian Aborigines in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ). The conflict has been described as a genocide that ended in the extermination of the indigenous Tasmanians (however, several thousand Tasmanians who have Aboriginal ancestors still live today). The climax of this period was the forcible removal of survivors and deportation to Flinders Island in Bass Strait in the 1830s . The specially built settlement with its poor living conditions was unsuitable for the Aborigines and many died of diseases introduced by Europeans. They were later transferred to a settlement on Oyster Cove , south of Hobart . Some of the descendants of the Tasmanian Aborigines still live on Flinders Island and on the nearby Cape Barren Island .

1820s

• 1824 Bathurst Wars : After Aborigines killed seven Europeans around Bathurst , martial law was declared and numerous Aborigines were killed.
• 1828 on February 20: Cape Grim Massacre , Cape Grim, Tasmania

1830s

• 1830 Fremantle : The first official Aboriginal punishment command in Western Australia , led by Captain Irwin in May 1830. A detachment of soldiers under Irwin attacked an Aboriginal camp north of Fremantle believing that there were men among them who were "in the The house of a man named Paton was broken into and ransacked and poultry killed. Paton had called together several settlers who, armed with muskets, pursued the Aborigines and found them not far from his house. "The great savage who appeared to be the chief showed unmistakable signs of defiance and contempt" and was shot accordingly. Irwin noted:

“This daring and hostile conduct of the natives induced me to seize the opportunity to make them sensitive to our superiority, by showing how severely we could retaliate their aggression.” (“The daring and hostile behavior of the natives made me take the opportunity, them To sensitize for our superiority and to show them how violently we can repay their aggressions. ”) During the actions of the next days more Aborigines were killed and wounded.

• 1833 to 1834 Convincing Ground Massacre at Gunditjmara : The largest recorded massacre in Victoria took place in the countryside near Portland in Victoria . Whalers and local Kilcarer Gunditjmara and whalers argued over a stranded whale. Depending on the source, there were 60 to 200 victims.

• 1834 Battle of Pinjarra , Western Australia: According to official records, 14 Aborigines were killed, other sources give higher figures.
• 1838 Waterloo Creek Massacre : On January 26th, the 50th anniversary of the white colonization of Australia, a detachment of the mounted police from Sydney attacked a Kamilaroi camp in the bushland on Waterloo Creek.
• 1838 Benalla : In April of that year a group of 18 men who were employees of George Faithfull and William Faithfull sought new land south of Wangaratta . Then, near what is now Benalla, the group said a large number of Aborigines attacked the group's camp. At least one koori and about eight to thirteen Europeans died in the Faithfull massacre . Retaliation took place in the years that followed and resulted in the deaths of up to 100 Aborigines. The reasons for the attack are unclear, but some sources claim that the men shot Aborigines and generally provoked them. They were probably camping in a ceremonial place called the 'Kangaroo ground'. After the massacre, the colonial government decided to "open" the land south of the Yass and bring it under British administration, which was an attempt on the one hand to protect the Aborigines, at least on paper, through British law, and on the other hand to grant new land for the settlers receive.
  There were other murders of the Aborigines, such as in Warangaratta on the Ovens River and in Murchison. In Murchison, Dana, a member of the Native Police Corps , was in charge. Young Edward Curr, who was with Dana’s group, said later that he could not bring himself to talk about what he saw; except that he disagrees with the official reports. Other incidents are reported from Mitchelton and Toolamba.
• 1838 on June 8th the Yaldwyn-Run took place with seven to eight Aborigines killed near Barfold in Victoria.
• 1838 June 10th, Myall Creek massacre : 28 people are killed in Myall Creek near Inverell . It is the first Aboriginal massacre for which Europeans have been tried. Eleven men were charged with murder but acquitted. In another trial, seven men were charged with the murder of an Aboriginal child, of which they were convicted and hanged.
• 1839 May - June Campaspe Plains Massacre , Campaspe Creek, Central Victoria: Aborigines of the Daung Wurrung and Dja Dja Wurrung peoples were killed.
• Mid-1839 Murdering Gully massacre near Camperdown, Victoria: In this massacre, the Gundidj Clan from the Djargurd Wurrung tribe was wiped out.
• Action by the mounted police on Mount Alexander in June 1839.
• 1830s to 1840s Wiradjuri War : The clashes between European settlers and the Wiradjuri were very brutal, especially around Murrumbidgee . The loss of fishing areas and important religious places as well as the killing of several Aborigines were rewarded by attacks with spears on cattle and their keepers. Korroboris (dance ceremonies) were still around in the 1850s Mudgee done and it came during this period to less collisions. In Murrumbidgee, the ceremonies continued into the 1890s. With the European settlement, the Aboriginal population temporarily declined.

1840s

• 1840 to 1850 Gippsland massacre : It took place on the Gunai in the east of Gippsland in response to the resistance of the Aborigines against the European settlement of their country. The actual number of deaths is unknown as few records exist or were made at the time. On the basis of the available evidence (letters and diaries) a number of 300 was determined, but there could also be more than 1,000 murdered:
• From 1840 to 1849, numerous massacres began at the Jardwadjali in the Gariwerd area, and on March 8 the Fighting Hills massacre . Near Wando Vale, the Konongwootong gundidj clan committed a massacre with 40 or up to 80 victims by William Whyte, George Whyte, Pringle Whyte, James Whyte, John Whyte and by three of their workers named Daniel Turner, Benjamin Wardle and William Gillespie.
• 1839 or 1840 The Blood Hole Massacre on the Dja Dja Wurrung tribe .
• 1840 on April 1st Fighting Waterholes massacre : It was committed near the Konongwootong Basin - by the clan of the Konongwootong gundidj from the Jardwadjali tribe . This second massacre of numerous old men, women and children probably destroyed the clan. Committed by farm workers, led by the Whyte brothers.
• 1841 Wonnerup Massacre : George Layman was speared by a Wardandi (Wardan = ocean) named Gaywer in Wonnerup House, Capel, Western Australia when he refused to release an Aboriginal woman who was being held in the house. This led to the Wonnerup massacre, in which white settlers rode side by side through the Tuart Forest, killing more than 250 people on their tribal land. The dead were believed to have been buried in Ludlow Forest, where Cable Sands is currently mining.
• August 1841 Rufus River Massacre : 35 Maraura were killed in a two-day conflict with Adelaide police and volunteers after months of violent tensions following the theft of sheep and cattle.
• 1842 Eumerella Wars : They took place over a period of 20 years in the mid-1800s. The remains of those involved are buried in Deen Maar .
• 1842 or 1846/47 Richmond River massacre : 100 people were killed on the Richmond River , New South Wales .
• 1843 Western District, Victoria: 17 Aborigines shot dead by Captain Dana and the Native Police.
• August 1846 Blanket Bay Massacre , Cape Otway , Victoria: Rape and murder of local Gadubanud - estimates range between 7 and 20 dead. Some reports say the massacre was an action by the Native Police Corps led by Captain Foster Fyans.

1850s to 1890s

• In 1865, the La Grange Massacre led by Maitland Brown led an expedition in the vicinity of La Grange Bay in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, which resulted in up to 20 Aboriginal deaths. The expedition was celebrated with the Explorers' Monument in Fremantle .
• 1868, February 17th: Flying Foam Massacre in the Dampier Archipelago , Western Australia: After a police officer and a settler were killed by the Jaburara after an Aboriginal arrest , two groups of settlers, led by prominent cattle breeders Alexander McRae and John Withnell, an unknown number from Jaburara. Estimates range from 20 to 150.
• February 1874: The Barrow Creek ( NT ) massacre in which the mounted police officer Samuel Gason reached Barrow Creek and opened a police station. Eight days later, a group of Kaytetye attacked the station, either in retaliation for treating Kaytetye women or shutting off their only water source, or both. Two white men were killed and one injured. Samuel Gason led a large-scale police hunt against the Kaytetye, in which many Aboriginal men, women and children were killed - some sources say up to 90 dead. Skull Creek got its name because of the bleached bones that were found much later.
• 1876 Goulbolba Hill massacre in central Queensland : It was a major massacre that affected men, women and children. They were the result of the Aborigines being driven from their hunting grounds by settlers because the Aborigines were now forced to hunt sheep and cattle for food. A group of the Native Police was sent out to "disband" the Aboriginal group. About 300 Aborigines, including women and children, died.
• 1880s to 1890s Arnhem Land : Series of clashes and wars between the Yolngu and whites. Several massacres on the Florida ranch. Richard Trudgen also describes several massacres in the area, including an incident in which Yolngu was given poisoned horse meat after previously killing and eating some cattle. According to their law, it was their land on which they had the inalienable right to eat animals from their land. Many people died in this incident. Trudgen also mentions a massacre 10 years later when Yolngu took barbed wire from a drum to make spears for fishing. Men, women and children were chased by the mounted police.
• 1884 Kalkadoon # Battle Mountain : 200 Kalkadoon are killed near Mount Isa after a Chinese shepherd was murdered.
• 1887 Halls Creek , Western Australia: Mary Durack implies that there has been a conspiracy of secrecy about the massacres of Djara, Konejandi and Walmadjari. White gold diggers attacked Aborigines and, after retaliation by the Aborigines, finally committed the massacres. John Durack was stabbed with a spear, leading to the Kimberley massacre.
• 1890 Speewah Massacre, Queensland: Early settler John Atherton took revenge on the Djabugay by sending a cavalry made up of Aborigines he employed on the farm to avenge the killing of a bull. Other unconfirmed reports report further atrocities in the area.
• 1890 to 1920 Kimberley - The Killing Times : In the east of the Kimberley , about half of the Aborigines were massacred in retaliation for killing cattle and after Aborigines killed European settlers in revenge.

1900s

• 1890–1920 Kimberleys - "The Killing Times": The massacres listed below were depicted in modern Aboriginal art by the Warmun community of Turkey Creek, whose members were affected. The story of the massacres has been passed down orally and artists such as Rover Thomas have portrayed them.
• 1906-1907 Canning Stock Route : An undetermined number of women and men of Mardu was raped as a deterrent and massacred after being captured and tortured. They were supposed to reveal where their water sources were after they were first hunted by horsemen, then placed in heavy chains and tied to trees at night. In retaliation for this treatment and for stealing cultural artifacts, Aboriginal people demolished some of Canning's wells. Occasionally they would kill white travelers in order to steal from them. A royal commission exonerated Canning in 1908 after the Kimberley explorer and Lord Mayor of Perth , Alexander Forrest appeared, stating that all explorers had acted in this way.
• 1915 Mistake Creek massacre : Seven Kija were allegedly killed by Constable Rhatigan's men in Mistake Creek, in the east of the Kimberleys. The massacre was arguably a retaliation for the kija killing a Rhatigan's cow. The cow was reportedly found alive after the massacre had already taken place. Rhatigan was arrested for premeditated murder because the killers rode horses he provided. The charges were dropped due to lack of evidence of his personal involvement. The historian Keith Windschuttle denies the version that the former -governor-general of Australia , William Deane , Nov. 2002 has been described. Windschuttle found that the massacre occurred on March 30, 1915, rather than the 1930s, and that it was not whites' retaliation for a cow, but “an internal dispute between various Aborigines on a ranch over a woman. No Europeans were responsible. There was no dispute about a stolen cow and it had nothing to do with Terra Nullius or that Aboriginal people were subhuman. ”However, members of the Kija tribe from the Warmun community (Turkey Creek) did depict the massacre in their art. In particular the paintings of the late Rover Thomas and his wife show the massacres as part of his series "Killing Times" with the pictures "Bedford Downs" (1985) and "Mistake Creek" (1990) by Thomas Rover and "Texas Downs Station" (1996 ) by McKenzie.

1920s

• 1924 Bedford Downs Massacre : A group of Kija were captured after killing a bull. When released from prison, they had to walk the 200 kilometers back to Bedford Downs cattle breeding station , where they were instructed to cut wood that would later be used to burn their bodies. After they finished their work, they were served food with strychnine and the bodies were then cremated.
• 1926 Forrest River Massacre in the Kimberleys: In May 1926, Fred Hay, a cattle farmer, was speared by Lumbia, an Aborigine. A police patrol, led by sergeants James St. Jack and Denis Regan, left Wyndham on June 1 to hunt down the killer. In the first week of July, Lumbia, the man accused, was taken to Wyndham. In the months that followed, rumors of a massacre by a police group circulated. Pastor Ernest Gribble of the Forrest River Mission (later Oombulgurri) claimed that 30 people were killed by the police group. A royal commission, headed by GT Wood, sent a group to gather evidence and heard statements that confirmed Gribble. The royal commission concluded that 11 people were massacred and burned. In May 1927, St. Jack and Regan were charged with the murder of Boondung, one of 11 killed. However, after a preliminary hearing, Kidson Magistrate found a lack of evidence to initiate legal proceedings. Subsequent attacks on Gribble's credibility led him to leave the region. In 1999 the journalist Rod Moran published the book Massacre Myth , in which he claims that the massacre was an invention of Gribble; although this is denied.
• 1928 Coniston Massacre : A World War I veteran shot and killed 32 Aborigines in Coniston , Northern Territory after a white dingo trapper and ranch owner was attacked by Aboriginal people. A survivor of the massacre, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri , was later a member of the first generation of painters in Papunya . Billy Stockman was rescued by his mother, who hid him in a Coolamon , an Aboriginal carrier. A court found that the Europeans' action was “justified”.

After 1930

• 1932–1934 Caledon Bay Crisis : In 1932, two white men and a Yolngu police officer were murdered in retaliation for alleged rape. A punitive expedition from Darwin was proposed, as had happened in the Coniston massacre. But this was prevented and instead the matter was brought to court and settled. This event marked a major turning point in the history of Aboriginal treatment.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Reynolds H. (1989) Dispossession; Black Australia and white invaders ISBN 1-86448-141-2
2. ↑ National Museum of Australia (English)
3. ↑ National Trust account of the 1824 Bathurst was ( Memento of the original of September 22, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) 
4. ^ Ian McFarlane, Cape Grim Massacre 2006, accessed December 26, 2008
5. ^ Jan Roberts, pp. 1-9, Jack of Cape Grim , Greenhouse Publications, 1986 ISBN 0-86436-007-X
6. ↑ Lyndall Ryan, pp. 135-137, The Aboriginal Tasmanians , Allen & Unwin , 1996, ISBN 1-86373-965-3
7. ↑ Study guide to "My Place" by Sally Morgan ( Memento of the original from August 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
8. ↑ Tom Stannage, (1979), The People of Perth: a social history of Western Australia's Capital City , page 27
9. ^ Clark, Ian D .: Convincing Ground . In: Scars in the Landscape: A Register of Massacre Sites in Western Victoria, 1883-1859 . Victoria Museum . 1998. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 18, 2007: "... and the whalers having used their guns beat them off and hence called the spot the Convincing Ground." 
10. ↑ Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission 'Bringing Them Home' website ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
11. ↑ Fairfax Walkabout Australian travel guide on the Pinjarra ( Memento of the original from August 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
12. ↑ Australian Broadcasting Corporation Frontier Education history website ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
13. ↑ Jane Franklin This Errant Lady, pages 47-8, accessed here: [1] January 15, 2009
14. ^ Bain Attwood, My Country. A history of the Djadja Wurrung 1837-1864 , Monash Publications in History: 25, 1999, ISSN  0818-0032
15. ↑ Ian D. Clark, pp 103-118, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803-1859 , Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0-85575-281-5
16. ↑ Gardner, PD (2001), Gippsland massacres: the destruction of the Kurnai tribes, 1800-1860 . Ngarak Press, Ensay, Victoria ISBN 1-875254-31-5
17. ↑ ^{a b} Ian D. Clark, pp. 145-167, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803-1859 , Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0-85575-281-5 Information abbreviated from descriptions of historical sources
18. ^ Ian D. Clark, pp. 88-101, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803-1859, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0-85575-281-5 Information abbreviated from descriptions of historical sources
19. ↑ Indigenous history at Save the Tuarts ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
20. ↑ Public Records Office Victoria, Western District Clashes - Tracking the Native Police (Public Record Office Victoria) ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Accessed November 2, 2008
21. ↑ Ian D. Clark, pp. 119-123, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803-1859 , Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0-85575-281-5
22. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
23. ↑ CLC | Publications - The Land is Always Alive, accessed May 3, 2007.
24. ↑ A summary of the Barrow Creek conflict as told in An End to Silence ( Memento from February 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Peter Taylor. accessed May 3, 2007
25. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated August 20, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
26. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated August 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
27. ↑ Indigenous Community in Kuranda, accessed May 3, 2007.
28. ↑ Remote Area Tours - History ( Memento of the original from August 29, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
29. ↑ Deane, William : decrying the memories of Mistake Creek is yet Further injustice . In: Opinion , Sydney Morning Herald , November 27, 2002. Retrieved June 17, 2006. 
30. ^ Devine, Miranda : Truce, and truth, in history wars . In: Opinion , Sydney Morning Herald, April 20, 2006. Retrieved June 17, 2006. 
31. ↑ Warmun Art
32. ↑ Rover Thomas: I want to paint , National Gallery of Victoria ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
33. ^ Rover Thomas Education Kit: I want to paint, Art Gallery of NSW
34. ^ Massacre and the Rover Thomas Story, Texas Downs Country, Museum Victoria
35. ↑ ABC 7:30 report ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
36. ↑ Green, N., (2003), Ahab Wailing in the Wilderness, Quadrant Magazine , 47: 6 ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and in response Moran, R., (2003), Grasping at the Straws of “Evidence” , Quadrant Magazine , 47:11  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
37. ↑ 'The Tjulkurra': Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri, ISBN 1-876622-37-7
38. ↑ Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission 'Bringing Them Home' website ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
39. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation Frontier Education history website ( Memento of the original from February 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 

Web links

• History Wars Special in the Sydney Morning Herald
• Who plays Stalin in our History Wars? Stuart Macintyre