Media in Poland

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the 1997 Constitution of Poland , freedom of the press is guaranteed in Article 54. Radio and television broadcasters are licensed and controlled by the State Supervisory Authority Rada Mediów Narodowych (Council of National Media) .

Radio and television

In October 2007 there were 51 television and 251 radio stations in Poland. The public service broadcasting is organized by the Polish television Telewizja Polska (TVP). TVP broadcasts two national full programs ( TVP1 and TVP2 ) and other special interest channels. Regional television is hosted by 16 regional TVP branches in the form of a joint network of channels under the common umbrella brand TVP Regionalna , which produce a joint program outside of their own regional window programs . Telewizja Polska also operates the international television TVP Polonia . The culture channel TVP Kultura has been in operation since 2005. In addition, Polskie Radio broadcasts several national, international Zagranica and regional radio programs. Although Polskie Radio was involved in the creation of television, public radio and television are broadcast separately in Poland.

The largest private television stations are TVN and Polsat .

TVN offers a wide range of programs. The main station shows entertainment and information programs as well as feature films and the usual program. There are also other themed channels such as TVN24 (for news), TVN 7 (for films) and TVN Meteo (for weather reports). Further offshoots were launched in 2003 with TVN Turbo (Autosport) and in 2004 with TVN Style (Lifestyle and Fashion) and TVN International .

There are some Catholic broadcasters in Poland . TV Puls has been broadcasting a TV program since March 2001, which is produced by Polish Franciscans and, according to their own statements, offers a family-friendly program without violence and pornography .

In addition to private free-to-air channels, pay TV plays a major role in Poland. In 2013 there were 11.5 million pay TV subscribers , which corresponds to 80% of TV viewers. In 1994 the first Polish pay-TV channel Canal + started . TVN24 had the largest market share in pay TV in 2012 with 3.06 percent. It was followed by Polsat 2 (1.37%), Polsat News (0.90%) and AXN (0.81%).

The most popular radio stations broadcast nationwide include Trójka , the third program of the state radio ( Polskie Radio ), and the private-sector broadcasters RMF FM and Radio Zet .

The international radio station Polskie Radio dla zagranicy broadcasts in five languages ​​(previously also in German with FM frequency in Berlin) and can now be received via satellite or the Internet.

Radio Maryja is a controversial station . The program, headed by the Catholic priest Tadeusz Rydzyk , was criticized several times for right-wing extremist statements by liberal and social democratic politicians as well as by the Polish Bishops' Conference. In February 2003, the KRRiT approved the TV station TV Trwam applied for by Radio Maryja .

German media in Poland (selection)

  • Monthly newsletter and business news from the German-Polish Chamber of Commerce
  • Die Polen-Analyzes, publisher: Deutsches Polen-Institut Darmstadt, Bremen Research Center for Eastern Europe and the German Society for Eastern European Studies (since 2006 twice a month as an e-mail service)

Protection of minors

Polish tv rating system bo 2011.svg
Polish tv rating system 7 2011.svg
Polish tv rating system 12 2011.svg
Polish tv rating system 16 2011.svg
Polish tv rating system 18 2011.svg

On Polish television, symbols are shown continuously (from the beginning to the end of a program) that indicate the minimum age for a program. So one finds z. B. a yellow square with the number 12, which indicates that the program is not suitable for children under twelve. This new system was introduced in August 2005. Today's symbols have been in use since August 2011. Previously there was a green point (no age limit), a yellow triangle with the age information “7”, “12” or “16”, and a red point (from 18 years).

Information and sports programs as well as advertising are exempt from this labeling.

Symbols
  • green square with face - free for all age groups and spectators
  • blue square with the number 7 - may contain slight vulgar expressions and scenes of violence without blood
  • yellow square with the number 12 - may contain vulgar expressions, violence and sex scenes
  • Orange square with the number 16 - may contain harsh vulgar expressions, significant scenes of violence, and multiple sex scenes. Broadcast only between 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.
  • red square with key - only for adults, contains excessive violence and clear sex scenes. Broadcast only between 11:00 pm and 6:00 am.

newspapers and magazines

In 2007 there were over 300 daily newspapers , mostly regional or local . Daily newspapers and political magazines are practically entirely neoliberal . The publishing house of the German newspaper Passauer Neue Presse and - after the takeover of the Polish companies of the Norwegian Orkla Group - the Mecom Group set the tone for regional daily newspapers . Since 2003 there has been a kind of Polish Bild newspaper, the tabloid newspaper Fakt , which is also owned by Springer Verlag . Fact has now replaced the former dissident Adam Michnik's Gazeta Wyborcza as the daily newspaper with the highest circulation. Another (smaller) tabloid has been appearing since 1991, Super Express , which today belongs to the ZPR group of the entrepreneur Zbigniew Benbenek . Supraregional daily newspapers are also the liberal-conservative Rzeczpospolita , the more left-wing Trybuna and the Catholic-right-wing conservative Nasz Dziennik .

In October 2007, Polska The Times was another national daily newspaper. It is published by Polskapresse- Verlag and is based on the regional daily newspapers of the Passau media group mentioned above . The title has not yet achieved the goals it has set itself. And another attempt to establish a national quality newspaper alongside Gazeta Wyborcza and Rzeczpospolita can be seen as a failure: Dziennik , also from Axel Springer Verlag and started in April 2006, shared its planned merger with the established business in June 2009 -Daily newspaper Gazeta Prawna with.

In the political weekly magazines Wprost , Polityka and Newsweek Polska in particular , the competition for powerful advertising customers from the business world is reflected in the editorial focus. A large number of women's, auto and other hobby magazines are available at every kiosk.

Freedom of the press and media concentration

In the past, the strong process of concentration on the Polish media market has been criticized many times . In the global press freedom ranking from 2010, Poland was 32nd out of 178, which was an improvement of five places within a year. In the next three years (until 2013), a further improvement of 10 places to 22nd was achieved. According to the media portal euractiv.de, the diverse media landscape compared to all of Eastern Europe and the relatively low state influence, especially on the newspaper market, should be emphasized. On the other hand, the tabloid journalism, which is dominated by the headlines, is criticized, since newspapers in Poland are mostly not sold through subscriptions, but mainly at the kiosk. In contrast, Reporters Without Borders writes that in Poland political influence on the media is primarily determined by intimidation. There are lawsuits for damages and defamation lawsuits against well-known newspapers, which only the financially strong national media houses could in part withstand; For smaller newspapers, this could be a threat to their very existence, despite the freedom of the press.

In 2006, Polsat was sentenced by the State Broadcasting Council (KRRiT) to a fine of 130,000 euros. The reason was that Kazimiera Szczuka had imitated a presenter from Radio Maryja and described it as an "old girl", which the state authorities interpreted as a mockery of the disabled and prayer .

The magazine Sukces separated pages 17 and 18 from 90,000 already printed copies of its April 2006 edition, as an article by Manuela Gretkowska critical of the government was printed here. The publisher Zbigniew Jakubas said that he would otherwise have to fear a punishment from the KRRiT. Earlier, officials from the Polish Presidential Office had recommended that he remove the pages.

The successful conclusion of the coalition negotiations in 2005 between Lech Kaczyński's PiS ( Law and Justice ) party with the League of Polish Families and Samoobrona was announced in advance to the Catholic TV channels TV Trwam and Radio Maryja . At the official press conference that followed, the journalists then left in protest.

Reform of the public service media from 2016

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At the end of December 2015, a majority of the Polish Parliament and Senate approved a law introduced by the new Szydło cabinet to reform the public media (radio, television and the state news agency PAP ). Part of the law is the direct influence of the government in the personnel policy of the public broadcasters, which, according to critics at home and abroad, hinders critical journalism.

literature

  • Olaf Sundermeyer : Between the market and power. German media groups in Poland . In: Osteuropa 56 (2006), 11-12, pp. 261-269.

Web links

The most important Internet portals in Poland include:

Radio station:

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b OSCE, Republic of Poland - Pre-term parliamentary elections. , 4th – 5th October 2007, p. 5 , accessed on March 4, 2014 (PDF; 70 kB)
  2. ↑ http://media2.pl/media/102602-Platna-TV-w-115-mln-gospodarstw.-Dominuje-satelita.html ( Polish ) Media2.pl. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  3. ↑ Rynek audiowizualnych usług medialnych w Polsce ( Polish , PDF; 955 kB) crsio.org. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  4. ↑ Informacja o podstawowych problemach radiofonii i telewizji w 2012 roku ( Polish , PDF; 6.4 MB) krrit.gov.pl. P. 39. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  5. ↑ Dziennik Ustaw, June 23, 2005, item 1089. Online
  6. ↑ Dziennik Ustaw 2004, No. 91, Item 874. Online
  7. ↑ The then, meanwhile dismissed publisher Tomasz Wroblewski announced the sale of 600,000 to one million copies a day as a target - according to Regional anchor in the Berliner Zeitung of October 15, 2007. In fact, the newspaper sold an average of only 337,000 copies in 2008, according to Article at rp.pl from February 22, 2009.
  8. ↑ according to Article in the online offer of the Austrian Standard from June 3, 2009
  9. ^ Rotger H. Kindermann: Media in the Crisis (I) - Freedom of the press and media concentration in Europe. European multiplier media, March 7, 2013
  10. ^ Government ministers try to intimate Polish media. Reporters Without Borders, 23./24. May 2013
  11. ↑ a b c Anna Sprycha, Censorship with the carpet knife in Poland and us , 3/2006, p. 8
  12. ↑ Poland's parliament decides to restrict media freedom. Time online, December 30, 2015
  13. ↑ according to Info ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at the Agora company presentation (in English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agora.pl
  14. ↑ according to Article ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from Verdi.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bauerverlag.verdi.de