Marine reserve

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A marine reserve ( English Marine Protected Area , short MPA ) is a protected area , at least partially sea area includes.

Marine protected areas are an essential instrument for marine protection . The coastal protection area is a special form ; this term specifically means transitional areas between land and sea, such as mud flats, mangroves and others.

Definition of a marine reserve

The term "marine reserve" is used internationally to refer to a wide range of marine areas in which human activities are restricted in order to protect ecological, geological, cultural and historical resources. The protective measures are very different locally and range from a restriction of development, limitation to certain fishing methods, the introduction of closed seasons, catch volume regulation, moratoriums to an absolute ban on the extraction of any marine life in certain sea areas.

Internationally, the term is used for areas that fall under different legal and practical protective measures.

The International Conservation Union (IUCN) defines a marine reserve as:

"Area within or below the tidal range, including its overlying water column and the associated flora, fauna as well as historical and cultural values, which is legally or by other effective means protected in whole or in part"

It lists marine protected areas under Category V Protected Landscape / Seascape . In addition to the precise definition of a marine protected area, the IUCN writes about the design of a marine protected area:

"An area of ​​the sea that has some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and / or species, and is primarily accessible to scientific research and / or environmental monitoring."

Terminology on different spatial levels

In the United States, marine protected areas are mostly referred to using the term system . A "region" is designated by the World Conservation Monitoring Center as: "A collection of individual MPAs operating cooperatively, at various spatial scales and with a range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve."

In the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Decision VII / 5, it is agreed to use the designation network at international level and system at national and regional level. The global level does not have any higher authority, which is why we speak of a system here. The CBD defines the role of the global network as a large-scale network to establish regional and local systems of marine protected areas. The term 'marine protected area' is often used to document political progress and at the same time to better market the areas for tourism.

Protective measures

In some of the protected areas, selective fishing is carried out and fishery protection zones are set up. In these zones, free and unhindered fishing is temporarily or permanently restricted or regulated by fixed fishing quotas . In "no-take" zones, however, there is no fishing at all.

A major problem, especially in geographically extensive marine protected areas and those on the high seas, is the enforcement of regulations. Frequently, in international agreements, no neighboring country sees itself responsible for effective control and fears bi- or multinational conflicts if agreed laws are applied. On the other hand, in the case of political territorial disagreements, the active state is also exposed to the accusation of using MPAs as a strategic means, such as in 2013 Gibraltar in the fisheries dispute with Spain .

Protection efforts by non-governmental organizations

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is taking immediate action against whalers and illegally operating fishing fleets, particularly in marine parks in the South Atlantic. Sea Shepherd operates its ships primarily in the southern hemisphere in international marine protected areas, which may include a. have been designated to protect various species of whales. The organization wants to enforce compliance with international protection agreements and stop the illegal activities of whalers. In their attacks, Paul Watson , the head of the organization, invokes the United Nations World Charter for Nature . Sea Shepherd does not consider it sufficient to document violations of the fishing bans in the marine protected areas and to protest against them. Greenpeace limits itself to documentation and media preparation and emphasizes non-violence.

Marine Park

In Kenya , marine parks protect marine resources and ensure that habitats can regenerate. In Tanzania there are zoned marine parks in which, for example, fishing is only allowed in certain zones.

In Australia , state governments protect protected 3-mile areas along their coasts and the Commonwealth up to a further 200 nautical miles (370 km) through marine parks . In certain areas worthy of protection, for example in the Coral Sea , which are more than 200 miles from the Australian continent, Australia also has other marine protected areas, for example the Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve .

Marine National Park

Some states have within the National Park -concept ( IUCN category  II - Setting infrastructure tourism protected areas with stricter core zone and extensive), a class of marine national park ( English Marine National Park created). These include Canada, India, Greece, Kenya, and many others.

Marine reserves

Marine Reserves (Engl. Marine Reserves ) are reported usually by individual states in their territorial waters or national exclusive economic zones. In Kenya (and Belize ), forms of low-risk fishing are allowed in these areas.

Global development

In 2012, a global network of marine protected areas is to be established and effectively managed within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It is intended to cover all significant biogeographical regions as well as habitats and species by way of example (Ecologically and Biologically Significant Marine Areas - EBSA). The number of marine protected areas has been increasing rapidly for several years. However, there is a high probability that the 2012 target will not be achieved. In addition to strong economic counter-interests, the main reasons for this are the lack of mechanisms for designating protected areas in the marine areas beyond national legal powers on the high seas. According to the resolutions of the CBD states, 10 percent of the total sea ​​surface is to be placed under protection by 2020 .

Europe: Natura 2000

In Europe, within the framework of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas, marine protected areas are designated in the Atlantic and North Sea , the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea . For the first time, the member states are designating areas in their exclusive economic zone (EEZ) .

In the report "Protect the Protected Areas", the WWF pointed out that the mere designation of marine areas in the NATURA 2000 context alone does not constitute effective protection. Therefore, demands are that the influence of human activities on the ecosystem must be much less than in the surrounding area. At least 50% of the area of ​​each protected area must also be prohibited from direct extraction of resources. Fishing that takes place within the protected areas on the non-closed area should be completely replaced in the long term by ecologically more sustainable fishing techniques. Minimum conditions are the complete ban on beam trawls with chains or chain mats, the implementation of measures to reduce weight and bycatch. Area-specific, seasonal restrictions and technical adjustments for bycatch-intensive fisheries should also be implemented in order to minimize unwanted seabird, porpoise and migratory fish bycatch.

Marine areas

Antarctic

Western Ross Sea (in the background the Transantarctic Mountains )

After five years of negotiations, the end of October agreed in 2016 in the Australian Hobart "in the living resources of the Antarctic Commission for the Conservation " ( Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources , CCAMLR) 24 States and the EU to a designation of " marine reserve Ross Sea " , then the largest marine reserve on earth with an area of ​​1.55 million square kilometers (about the area of ​​Germany, Great Britain and France together) in the Ross Sea , which is considered to be one of the last “untouched” maritime ecosystems . Here z. For example, all fishing in an area of ​​1.12 million square kilometers would be prohibited for 35 years.

Another protection zone with an area of ​​one million square kilometers is planned for the East Antarctic ; no agreement has yet been reached in the Commission. In addition, the CCAMLR has submitted a protection proposal for the Weddell Sea , the largest marginal sea of the Antarctic Ocean .

Atlantic Ocean and Arctic

At the end of 2016, President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau agreed to permanently exclude 115 million acres of the North Arctic Sea and 3.8 million acres of the Atlantic from exploitation. The protection relates to use by offshore activities, not to fishing. Previously, Obama had banned use for five years by presidential decree, but has now ruled out later use with the "Continental Shelf Lands Act". Obama said that the scientific results clearly showed how valuable these areas are and that in the event of a possible oil spill, protective measures against the harsh conditions in the north are very limited. The decision was made in the face of a foreseeable more industry- friendly environmental policy of the future President Donald Trump .

Mediterranean Sea

France

Corsica, Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve

L'Arcipleago di La Maddalena

The nature reserve, which is part of the Corsica Regional Nature Park, is located on the Scandola peninsula, a porphyritic rock mass. The vegetation is an example of bushland. There you can find seagulls, cormorants and sea eagles. The clear water with its small islands and inaccessible caves is home to rich marine life.

Italy

L'Aerea Marina Protetta di Tavolara

Italy distinguishes between national and regional protected areas: The National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago Parco nazionale dell'Arcipelago Toscano has been designated in Tuscany since 1989 , which includes 17,887.00 hectares (ha) of coastline as well as 56,776 hectares of Tuscan sea areas. An example of a designated marine reserve without national park status has been the largest marine reserve in the Mediterranean around the Egadi Islands , the Area Marina Protetta Isole Egadi, with 53,992 hectares since 1991 . In many places, local stretches of coast are protected by regional parks. An example of this is the Parco Naturale Regionale di Portofino in Liguria, established in 1935 . There are some marine protected areas around the island of Sardines z. B. since 1997 L'Aera Marina Protetta di Tavolara and since 1994 the area around the Maddalena Islands, the large National Park Parco Nazionale dell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena and since 2002 in the northeast of the island in the Algero region L'Aera Marina Protetta di Capo Caccia e dell'Isola Piana. These areas are strictly controlled by the Coast Guard.

Spain

There are various marine protected areas in Spain.

North and Baltic Sea

Germany

The Doggerbank has been designated as a NATURA 2000 area in the German exclusive economic zone since 2006

With the entry into force of the European Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive (FFH Directive) for the conservation of natural habitats as well as wild animals and plants, the member states of the EU committed themselves in 1992 to creating a coherent network of protected areas on land and at sea. The areas are protected for various reasons: some are “nurseries” for marine mammals (especially porpoises ), resting areas for seabirds or they have a valuable habitat on the benthos ; In 2006, Germany was the first European country to designate marine protected areas in its exclusive economic zone:

  • In the North Sea:

Sylt Outer Reef - Eastern German Bight , consisting of the areas of Sylt Outer Reef (531,428.39 ha) and Eastern German Bight (313,512.76 ha), Borkum-Riffgrund (62,548.16 ha), Doggerbank (169,895.35 ha).

  • In the Baltic Sea:

Fehmarnbelt (27,991.81 ha), Kadetrinne (10,007.0 ha), Westliche Rönnebank (9,853.72 ha), Adlergrund (23,399.3 ha), Pomeranian Bay with Oderbank (110,173.48 ha), Pomeranian Bay (200,986.1 Ha).

In 2017, the grand coalition under the leadership of the Federal Environment Ministry carried out an amendment to the Federal Nature Conservation Act. The largest German nature conservation associations (BUND, NABU, Greenpeace and others) criticized the fact that the new law grants ministries for the economy, transport, agriculture and research for the first time a veto right to protect the most valuable marine areas. They fear that in the future the fishing, raw materials and shipping lobbies will help decide which measures are taken to protect harbor porpoises and gray seals , reefs and seagrass beds. The environmental associations are now calling on the Bundestag and Bundesrat to stop the so-called "agreement regulation".

Coastal national parks

With the establishment of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park on October 1, 1985, an area within the 12-mile zone was designated that falls dry depending on the tide . In addition, coastal zones (including salt marshes ) are protected. Since nature conservation is a matter of the federal states, a Wadden Sea National Park was designated in Lower Saxony ( Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park ) in 1986 and in the Elbe estuary ( Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park ) in 1990. The responsibilities and the policies pursued in the parks differ depending on the country. The Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and the relatively small Jasmund National Park on Rügen have been designated on the Baltic Sea coast .

Pacific

Philippines

In the Philippines , the idea of ​​a marine reserve is implemented according to the guidelines of the National Integrated Protected Areas Systems Act 7586 from 1992, also known as NIPAS for short . These areas are designated as Natural Park or Protected Landscape and Seascape . The largest marine reserves in the Philippines are the Siargao Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape , the Apo Reef Marine Natural Park , the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and the protected areas around the island of Palawan . These areas should not only protect the marine flora and fauna, but also the livelihoods of the local population. Traditional fishing with cast and set nets is allowed, but is controlled with the issue of fishing licenses. In addition to preserving the biodiversity of the Philippines , the establishment of marine protected areas is intended to promote tourism in the regions.

Thailand

Marine National Parks are a special form of national park. Contrary to the IUCN definition, this class also includes some areas without any water surface that serve to protect coastal forests. They are kept separately from the (terrestrial) national parks, even if some areas are designated in both classes.

United States

See National Marine Sanctuary See Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , wbgu.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wbgu.de
  2. ↑ WWF Germany: Background information on international protected area categories of the IUCN September 2004
  3. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from July 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.seashepherd.org
  4. ↑ http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r007.htm
  5. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from April 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Sebastian Tilch @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.biodiversity.de
  6. ↑ WWF Fischereirport 2011 http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF_Fischereireport_Web.pdf
  7. ↑ a b taz.de , October 28, 2016, Urs Wolderlin: Glück für die Antarctis (December 28, 2016)
  8. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , news in depth , October 28, 2016: Edge of the Antarctic to be the world's largest marine protection zone (December 28, 2016)
  9. ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , Interview , October 28, 2016, Sandra Schöttner in conversation with Christiane Kaess : "An absolutely historic deal" (December 28, 2016)
  10. ↑ Obama Bans Oil Drilling in Arctic, Atlantic . In: Sierra Club . December 20, 2016 ( sierraclub.org [accessed December 21, 2016]).
  11. ↑ n-tv news television: drilling banned in the Arctic: Obama drives Trump in the oil parade . In: n-tv.de . ( n-tv.de [accessed on December 21, 2016]).
  12. ↑ UNESCO: Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve. In: World Heritage List. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
  13. ↑ parks.it: Parco Nazionale Arcipelago Toscano
  14. ↑ parks.it: Area Marina Protetta Isole Egadi
  15. ↑ parks.it: Parco Naturale Regionale di Portofino
  16. ↑ L'Aera Marina Protetta di Tavolara
  17. ^ Parco Nazionale dell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena
  18. ↑ L'Aera Marina Protetta di Capo Caccia e dell'Isola Piana
  19. ↑ Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación: Reservas Marinas de España. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
  20. ↑ habitatmarenatura2000.de ( Memento of the original from July 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.habitatmarenatura2000.de
  21. ↑ Habitat Mare and FFH area Sylt Outer Reef ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Retrieved August 24, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfn.de
  22. ↑ Joint press release of the environmental associations: The sale of marine protected areas continues. Dangerous change in the Federal Nature Conservation Act - Federal government misses targets for the protection of the North and Baltic Seas NABU Federal Association February 13, 2017