Mongolian dwarf hamster

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Mongolian dwarf hamster
Systematics
Subordination : Mouse relatives (Myomorpha)
Superfamily : Mice-like (Muroidea)
Family : Burrowers (Cricetidae)
Subfamily : Hamster (Cricetinae)
Genre : Medium dwarf hamster ( Allocricetulus )
Type : Mongolian dwarf hamster
Scientific name
Allocricetulus curtatus
( Allen , 1925)

The Mongolian dwarf hamster ( Allocricetulus curtatus ) is a type of hamster belonging to the medium-sized dwarf hamster . Some systematists assign it as an eastern subspecies to the Eversmann dwarf hamster . He lives in the Gobi desert steppe and adjacent steppe regions of Mongolia and northern China . The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN classifies it as not endangered .

The head-trunk length of the Mongolian dwarf hamster is 8.5 to 15.3 centimeters. The fur is yellowish gray on top and white on the underside without a dark chest mark. In young animals, the top is ash gray. The number of chromosomes is 20.

Body features

Body measurements and weight

The tail of the Mongolian dwarf hamster is 17 to 28 millimeters long, the length of the hind paws is 14 to 20 millimeters and that of the auricles 11 to 18 millimeters. The body weight is 30 to over 70 grams.

Body measurements and weight of the Mongolian dwarf hamster
Body measurements in millimeters according to Flint after Smith and Hoffmann Type specimen after all
Head to torso length 112 to 153 85 to 130 115 to 128
Length of the tail 17 to 28 18 to 25 18th  
Length of the hind paws 16 to 18 14 to 20 17th 19th
Length of the auricles 14 to 18 11 to 17 16  
greatest length of the skull   27 to 33 32.6  
Body weight in grams        
body weight   30 to 70  
  1. ↑ The information refers to the largest specimen caught.
  2. ↑ The information refers to the dried skin of the type specimen with claws .

Fur and color

The fur of the Mongolian dwarf hamster is lighter than that of the Eversmann dwarf hamster. The top from the nose to the base of the tail and laterally to the whiskers, the cheeks, the shoulders and the lower hips is uniformly pale brown-yellow, yellowish gray or cinnamon-colored and evenly lined with fine hairs with black tips. In the middle between the eye and the auricle, an indistinct, grayish white stripe extends from the throat over the cheek upwards. There is a tuft of white hair at the front attachment of the auricle and an indistinct, pale brownish-yellow spot at the back attachment. The outer sides of the auricles are slightly darker than the back and thickly covered with short whitish and dark brown hair. The whiskers and a narrow ring around the eyes are black.

The underside including the lips and the base of the whiskers, the forearms and front paws, the hind legs from the lower hips, the tail and the sides of the body are white. The hair is completely white on the chin, in the upper part of the throat, in a narrow area in the middle between the front legs, on the forearms, on the front and rear paws and on the tail. The remaining hair on the underside is slate gray at the base. A dark spot on the chest is absent or weak.

In young animals, the upper side is gray to light gray-brown and less cinnamon-tinged. Their tail is usually completely white, but can have a narrow line of individual, dark hairs along the top.

Skull and teeth

The skull of the Mongolian dwarf hamster is rounded, the snout is short and wide, and the area between the eye sockets is not narrow. The parietal bone is greatly reduced and four to five times as wide as it is long. The incisor holes reach back to the level of the first upper molar tooth, the interpterygoid fossa is very flat and does not reach forward to the level of the third upper molar tooth and the tympanic bladders are more inflated than in the Eversmann dwarf hamster. The cusps of the second and third lower molars are clearly offset from one another.

The largest skull length of the type specimen is 32.6 millimeters, the basal length 31 millimeters and the palatal length 17 millimeters. The toothless gap is 9.5 millimeters long. The width over the zygomatic arches is 18 millimeters, the width over the mastoid processes 13.5 millimeters and the width over the front molars 7 millimeters. The upper molar row is 4.9 millimeters long, the lower one is 4.8 millimeters long and the length of the lower jaw to the articular process is 20 millimeters.

genetics

According to Romanenko and co-workers, the karyotype of the Mongolian dwarf hamster with 20 chromosomes differs from the assumed original karyotype of the medium-sized dwarf hamster by six chromosome mergers. The number of autosome arms is 32.

Growth and development

According to Flint, the average body weight of the Mongolian dwarf hamster at birth is 2.2 grams, after one day 2.7 grams, after two days 3.5 grams, after three days 4.0 grams, after five days 5.5 grams seven days 7.1 grams, after eight days 7.7 grams, after nine days 8.2 grams, after ten and eleven days 8.3 grams and after twelve days 8.4 grams.

The young are born naked, blind, and deaf. The skin is rosy at birth and pale gray pigmentation after two days . After four days the head and the lower back are darkly pigmented and after five days the entire upper side. The first hairs appear two days after birth. After three days the cross area is clearly hairy, after six days the back is hairy and after seven days it is covered with dark gray hair. After ten days the fur is fully developed and after twelve days the young animals are covered with dark, almost black fur on the top and white fur on the belly. The paws are hairy after eight days, the auricles after ten days.

The whiskers are downy at birth and well developed after two days. The ear bumps are almost invisible at birth, after one day they are clearly visible and after two days the auricles loosen . After seven days their wrinkles appear and after ten days the auricles get their final shape. The gap between the eyelids is indicated after one day and becomes clear after three days. After eight days, the eyelids separate. 14 days after birth, the young are still blind and deaf.

The toes are fused together at birth, begin to separate after four days, and are completely separated after six days. The incisors are already present at birth.

Way of life

Habitat and nutrition

The habitat of the Mongolian dwarf hamster are sand dunes in steppes and semi-deserts . It is not tied to specific biotopes and occurs everywhere in small numbers. Among the inhabited in Tuva habitats include semi-solid sand with pea shrub , grass - wormwood -Steppen with and without pea shrub, Nanophyton - cinquefoil -Wermut steppes, stone steppes with pea shrub and steppes with rock and pending bedrock. He also lived in semi-desert with salt plants - and saltwort GRASS-fouling.

Small invertebrates play an essential role in the diet of the Mongolian dwarf hamster . First in Tuwa are beetles of the genera Pedinus , Blaps , Dicera and Othiorhynchus . Plant seeds are of minor importance, at least in summer. Flint and Golowkin found vegetable food in 57 percent of the hamsters caught with filled cheek pouches in Tuva in 1958 and 42 percent in 1959, compared with animal food in 71 percent in 1958 and in 92 percent of hamsters in 1959.

Activity and construction

The Mongolian dwarf hamster hoards food for the winter in its burrow and is active at twilight and night . Its construction is very simple, short and has few entrances. It is often found on the edge of alfalfa and grain fields . In Tuwa he lives in the burrows of the Mongolian horse jumper , the long-tailed brick and the Daurian whistling hare .

Reproduction

The breeding season of the Mongolian dwarf hamster probably begins in early April. In ten captured females, three embryos or scars were found in the uterus, three times four and five as well as six, seven, eight and nine times each . The actual number of young animals per litter may be lower due to absorption . Females are only noticeably involved in reproduction from an age of around 1.5 to 2 months. Flint and Golowkin divided the females caught in Tuva into three weight groups and determined the proportion of pregnant females as 14 percent in the youngest females, 44 percent in the 1.5 to 2 month old females and 88 percent in the older females. The females were divided into 29 percent in the light weight group, 33 percent in the medium weight group and 38 percent in the heavy weight group.

Distribution and existence

Mongolian dwarf hamster (Mongolia)
1925
1925
Type locality of the Mongolian dwarf hamster near Eren Hot

The distribution area of the Mongolian dwarf hamster are the Mongolian steppes north and east of the Altai , northern China and Tuva in Russia. In China, the distribution area includes the northeast of Xinjiang , the north of Gansu and Ningxia as well as Inner Mongolia , in Mongolia the Great Depression , the Valley of the Lakes , the North Gobi , the Gobi-Altai , the central Chalcha Plain , the East Gobi , the Djungarian Gobi and the Trans-Altai Gobi . In the east it occurs up to the 116th degree of longitude. The demarcation from the Eversmann dwarf hamster, which is more widespread to the west, is not clear and the allocation of the finds in the Saissan Basin of Kazakhstan is controversial.

In the Red Lists of Mongolia and China, the Mongolian dwarf hamster is classified as not endangered . In Mongolia, the population size and range are large, and no population decline has been noted. About nine percent of the range in Mongolia is in protected areas .

Nomenclature and systematics

The type specimen of the Mongolian dwarf hamster, the skin and the skull of an adult male with the inventory number 57873, was collected by Roy Chapman Andrews on May 2, 1922 during the American Museum of Natural History's third expedition to Asia at Ereen Nuur in Inner Mongolia. Glover Morrill Allen specifies other locations with "Gun-Burte [...], Pang Kiang, Tsagan Nor, Ussuk, Loh" and "Turin". He considered the Mongolian dwarf hamster to be the most easterly subspecies of the gray dwarf hamster and described the type specimen in 1925 as Cricetulus migratorius curtatus . The epithet curtatus is derived from the Latin curtus ("shortened").

In 1940 Allen assigned the Mongolian dwarf hamster as a subspecies to the Eversmann dwarf hamster, a point of view shared by some systematists (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Bannikow , 1954; Mitina, 1959; Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1966; Ma and Employee, 1987). Most, however, list it as a separate species (Voronzow, 1960; Flint, 1966; Piechocki, 1969; Corbet, 1978; Corbet and Hill, 1980; Honacki, 1982; Nowak and Paradiso, 1983; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Pawlinow and Rossolimo , 1987; Grzimek, 1988; Corbet and Hill, 1991; Nowak, 1991; Musser and Carleton, 1993; Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995; Pawlinow and co-workers, 1995; Pawlinow and Rossolimo, 1998; Nowak, 1999; Pawlinow, 2003; Musser and Carleton, 2005). Musser and Carleton consider it necessary to reconsider it to confirm its status as a distinct species.

Mongolian dwarf hamster and human

The Mongolian dwarf hamster is of little importance to humans and has not been adequately researched. It can be found in rural buildings and dwellings such as yurts and storage sheds. According to Kutscheruk, Mongolian dwarf hamsters accounted for 33 percent of all rodents caught in the Mongolian village of Solonkär in 1942, compared with 54.6 percent in 1944. Plague pathogens were found in a hamster in Mongolia . One potential threat to the habitat is the grazing of increasing numbers of livestock . The Mongolian dwarf hamster is threatened by the drying up of water sources and droughts , but it is unclear whether these are natural or environmental changes caused by human activities.

According to Piechocki, captured Mongolian dwarf hamsters behave completely calmly in the hand and do not try to bite. "Mongolian dwarf hamster" is used as a common German name (Flint, 1966; Piechocki, 1969; Grzimek, 1988).

Web links

literature

  • Glover Morrill Allen: Hamsters Collected by the American Museum Asiatic Expeditions . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 179 , June 23, 1925, ISSN  0003-0082 , p. 1–7 (English, full text ).
  • Mongolian Red List of Mammals . In: Emma L. Clark, Munkhbat Javzansuren, Dulamtseren Sanduin, Jonathan EM Baillie, Batsaikhan Nyamdash, Samiya R., Michael Stubbe (Eds.): Regional Red List Series . tape 1 . Zoological Society of London, 2006, ISSN  1751-0031 (English, full text ( Memento from December 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 16.1 MB ]).
  • Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint: The dwarf hamsters of the Palearctic fauna . In: The New Brehm Library . 2nd Edition. tape 366 . Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-766-9 (first edition: 1966, reprint of the 1st edition from 1966).
  • Igor Michailowitsch Gromow, Margarita Alexandrovna Jerbajewa: [The Mammals of Russia and Adjacent Territories. Lagomorphs and Rodents] . Russian Academy of Sciences (Zoological Institute), Saint Petersburg 1995 (Russian, full text - original title: Mljekopitaiuschtschije fauny Rossii i soprjedjelynch tjerritorij. Saizeobrasnyje i grysuny .).
  • Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 894-1531 (English).
  • Andrew T. Smith, Robert S. Hoffmann: Subfamily Cricetinae . In: Andrew T. Smith, Xie Yan (Eds.): A Guide to the Mammals of China . Princeton University Press, Princeton / Oxford 2008, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2 , pp. 239-247 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Musser and Carleton: Allocricetulus curtatus. 2005, p. 1040.
  2. ^ Allocricetulus curtatus . In: Rodent Specialist Group (Ed.): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . (English, iucnredlist.org - first edition: 1996).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Smith and Hoffmann: Allocricetulus curtatus. 2008, p. 240.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Flint: systematics, descriptions, distribution. 1966, p. 11.
  5. ^ Robert Matthey: Chromosomes, hétêrochromosomes et cytologie comparée des Cricetinae Paléarctiques (Rodentia) . In: Caryologia . tape 13 , no. 1 , 1960, ISSN  0008-7114 , pp. 199-223 (French). Quoted in: Flint: Systematics, Descriptions, Distribution. 1966 (p. 12).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Allen, 1925 (pp. 3-4).
  7. ↑ Smith and Hoffmann, 2008 (“ Allocricetulus eversmanni ” pp. 240–241).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Gromow and Jerbajewa, 1995 (" Allocricetulus curtatus ").
  9. ↑ Svetlana Anatoljewna Romanenko u. a .: Karyotype Evolution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) Inferred from Chromosomal Painting and Banding Comparison . In: Chromosome Research . tape 15 , no. 3 , 2007, ISSN  0967-3849 , p. 283–297 , Tab. 1, Fig. 6 , doi : 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 (English).
  10. ↑ a b c d Flint: Growth and Development. 1966, pp. 84-89. The information relates to a litter kept under laboratory conditions that died after 14 days.
  11. ↑ Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint, Alexander Nikolajewitsch Golowkin: [Comparative ecology of the dwarf hamsters of Tuwa] . In: Bjulleten Moskowskowo Obschtschestwa Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologitscheski . tape 66 , no. 5 , 1961, ISSN  0027-1403 , pp. 57-76 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Biotopes and Settlements” p. 24, Fig. 22).
  12. ↑ Flint, 1966 ("Nutrition" p. 31).
  13. ↑ Flint and Golowkin, 1961. Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Nutrition” p. 36).
  14. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow: Mlekopitaiuschtschije Rossii ( Memento of July 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) .
  15. ↑ Flint, 1966 ("Build" p. 67).
  16. ↑ Flint, 1966 ("Vermehrung" p. 41).
  17. ↑ Flint and Golowkin, 1961. Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Vermehrung” p. 43, p. 44).
  18. ↑ a b c Clark and coworkers, 2004 (p. 46).
  19. ↑ Wang Sung, Xie Yan (Eds.): [China Species Red List. Volume 1: Red List] . Higher Education Press, Beijing 2004 (Chinese). Quoted in: Smith and Xie, 2008 (“Allocricetulus curtatus” p. 240).
  20. ↑ Glover Morrill Allen: The Mammals of China and Mongolia, Part 2 . In: Walter Granger (Ed.): Central Asiatic Expeditions. Natural History of Central Asia, Volume XI . American Museum of Natural History, New York 1940, p. 621-1350 (English). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  21. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . British Museum (Natural History), London 1951 (English). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  22. ^ Andrei Grigoryevich Bannikow : [The mammals of the Mongolian People's Republic] . In: [Work of the Mongolian Commission] . tape 53 . Publishing house of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Moscow 1954 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint: Systematics, Descriptions, Distribution. 1966 (p. 12).
  23. ↑ IP Mitina: [The geographical variability of the dwarf hamster Cricetulus eversmanni Br. (Mammalia, Glires)] . In: Soologitscheski Schurnal . tape 38 , no. 12 , 1959, ISSN  0044-5134 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint: Systematics, Descriptions, Distribution. 1966 (p. 12).
  24. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . 2nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London 1966, p. 626 (English). Quoted in: Honacki, 1982 (p. 406).
  25. ↑ Ma Yong, Wang Feng-Gui, Jin Shan-Ke, Li Si-Hua: [Glires (Rodents and Lagomorphs) of Northern Xinjiang and Their Zoogeographical Distribution] . Publishing house of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1987 (Chinese). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  26. ^ Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow: [Dwarf hamster species of the Palearctic in statu nascendi (Cricetinae, Rodentia)] . In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR . tape 132 , no. 6 , 1960, ISSN  0002-3264 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint: Systematics, Descriptions, Distribution. 1966 (p. 12).
  27. ↑ a b c Rudolf Piechocki: Family Wühler . In: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Martin Eisentraut, Hans-Albrecht Freye, Bernhard Grzimek, Heini Hediger, Dietrich Heinemann, Helmut Hemmer, Adriaan Kortlandt, Hans Krieg, Erna Mohr, Rudolf Piechocki, Urs Rahm, Everard J. Slijper, Erich Thenius ( Ed.): Grzimeks Tierleben : Encyclopedia of the Animal Kingdom. Eleventh volume: Mammals 2 . Kindler-Verlag, Zurich 1969, p. 301-344 , here p. 307, p. 308, p. 517 .
  28. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region. A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History) / Cornell University Press, London 1978, ISBN 0-8014-1171-8 . Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  29. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . British Museum (Natural History) / Comstock Publishing Associates (Cornell University Press), London / Ithaca 1980, ISBN 0-8014-1260-9 , pp. 157 (English).
  30. ↑ James H. Honacki: Family Cricetidae . In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Allen Press / Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence (Kansas) 1982, ISBN 0-942924-00-2 , pp. 392-476 , here p. 406 (English).
  31. ↑ Ronald M. Nowak, John L. Paradiso: Walker's Mammals of the World . 4th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1983, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 , pp. 623 (English).
  32. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 2nd Edition. Facts on File Publications / British Museum (Natural History), New York / London 1986, ISBN 0-8160-1548-1 , pp. 175 (English).
  33. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: [Systematics of Mammals of the Soviet Union] . Publishing house of the Moscow State University, Moscow 1987 (Russian, full text - original title: Sistematika mlekopitaiuschtschich SSSR .).
  34. ↑ a b Bernhard Grzimek: Systematic overview of the mammals . In: Bernhard Grzimek (Ed.): Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals . tape 11 , p. 11–55 , here p. 34 (eleven-volume licensed edition of the original edition from 1988).
  35. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet, John Edwards Hill: A World List of Mammalian Species . 3. Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London 1991, ISBN 0-19-854017-5 . Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  36. ↑ Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 5th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1991, ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 , pp. 705-707 (English).
  37. ↑ Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Family Muridae . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 2nd Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington 1993, ISBN 1-56098-217-9 , pp. 501-755 , here pp. 536-537 (English).
  38. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Je. L. Jachontow, Alexander Karenowitsch Agadschanjan: [Mammals of Eurasia. 1. Rodents: Taxonomic and Geographical Guide] . In: Sbornik trudow Soologitscheskowo museia Moskowski Gossudarstwenny Uniwersitet . tape 32 , 1995 (Russian, original title: Mlekopitaiuschtschije Evrasii. I. Rodentia: sistematiko-geografitscheski sprawotschnik .). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  39. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: [Systematics of Mammals of the USSR. Addenda. M] . In: Archives of the Zoological Museum . tape 38 . Publishing house of the Moscow State University, Moscow 1998 (Russian). Quoted in: Musser and Carleton, 2005 (p. 1040).
  40. ↑ Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 , pp. 1421 (English).
  41. ^ Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow: [Systematics of recent mammals] . Publishing house of the Moscow State University, Moscow 2003 (Russian, full text - original title: Sistematika sowremennych mlekopitaiuschtschich .).
  42. ↑ Flint, 1966 ("Synanthropismus" pp. 75-77).
  43. ↑ WW Kutscheruk: [Rodents as residents of human dwellings in Mongolia] . In: Soologitscheski schurnal . tape 25 , no. 2 , 1946, ISSN  0044-5134 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Synanthropismus” p. 78).
  44. ↑ JM Rall: [Rodents and natural plague herds] . Medgis Publishing House, Moscow 1960 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint, 1966 (“Mortality”, p. 48).