Murnau moss

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The moss from the Hörnle ; Looking east
View to the south over the Murnauer Moos, in the background the Alps

The Murnauer Moos is located in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen district on the northern edge of the Bavarian Alps and south of Murnau and Staffelsee . With 32 km² it represents the largest contiguous natural moor area in Central Europe .

Location and origin

The Murnauer Moos emerged after the last ice age in the tongue basin of the Loisach glacier , which is bordered in the north by a ridge of subalpine molasse . The foreland glacier originally extended far beyond today's Ammersee to the north. When the glaciers retreated around 15,000 to 10,000 years ago, a post-glacial Zungenbeck lake was created . Differences in the geological subsurface caused different developments in its individual sections. The Murnau Moos emerged from the southernmost part; it swamped in the reservoir area of ​​the Molasse ridge, which forced the river to flow eastwards over today's Loisach bed as soon as the water level fell below the ridge height of the ridge. The Staffelsee connects to the north of the ridge. It is surrounded by other moors in the west. Further north follow the moraine hill country and the Ammermoos in the south of the Ammersee, the Ammersee and the Ampermoos on its northern outflow.

The Murnauer Moos was created by silting up over time, when the deposited clay minerals swamped and developed into an extensive moor area. The area encompasses a diverse landscape with litter meadows , low and transitional moors , spring funnels , oxbow lakes and fully developed raised moors .

Numerous brooks flow through the moor. The largest rivers are the Ramsach , which rises in the Schwaigen district of Plaicken and flows into the Loisach , and the Lindenbach , which has its source in Bad Kohlgrub and flows into the Ramsach.

A special feature are the Köchel, which rise dark over the flat moorland in the south of the area . It is densely forested rocky hilltops that of hard Glaukoquarzit exist and in the Cretaceous period of the Helvetic emerged. They were islands in the lake and have a similar effect today in the moss, as forest ecosystems have been preserved on them due to the difficult access, which have been destroyed and destroyed elsewhere by forestry interventions. Two of the Köchel were industrially dismantled, but the operations have been closed since 2001, have been dismantled and the areas renatured.

Ecosystems

Swamp sword lilies in the Murnauer Moos

Despite its closeness to nature, this bog is also heavily influenced by agriculture, on the one hand through drainage and intensification of use, especially in the south, and through the use of litter meadows. The latter is a special characteristic and quality feature of this moor. Non Areas least because of the maintenance of these extensive "useful" the area offers today 946 plant species (of which are 164 on the Red List as Spiranthes spiralis , Bug orchid , Glanzorchis , Siberian iris , Karl scepter , Torfsegge , Petite cotton grass , bog -Binse , marsh saxifrage , blueberry willow and Betula humilis ) and several thousand animal species on the natural residual areas a refuge. Around two thirds of the area is designated as a nature reserve. There are considerations for establishing a national park .

Among the bird species of the protected area include, among others grebes , curlew , corncrake , Skylark , Meadow Pipit , Tree Pipit , long-eared owl , buzzard , kestrel , Hobby , warbler , grasshopper warbler , lapwing , teal , Spotted Crake , Water Rail , Reed Warbler , Common Snipe and Shrike . Reptiles and amphibians for example, tree frog , yellow-bellied toad , common frog , common toad , grass snake , viper , sand lizard and mountain lizard represented.

history

On the Moosberg, which has since disappeared, there were remains of a Roman settlement and fortifications from the 3rd / 4th century until the 1920s. Century AD, which is certainly to be seen in connection with the Via Raetia passing here .

In the summer of 1934 a more than 4.5 meter wide Roman beating path with gravel was discovered in the southern part of the moss. According to the historian Werner Zanier , this extremely complex road, for which 66,000 billets , 3000 tons of clay and loam and 5000 tons of gravel had to be procured created in AD 43 for the Roman emperor Claudius , who was returning to Rome from the conquest of Britain via Mainz ( Mogontiacum with his father's Drusus stone ) .

use

Two of the Köchel were mined in the hard stone works on Moosberg and Langen Köchel (here by the Werdenfels hard stone works until 2001) and z. B. used for paving roads or as railway gravel. In the past, the stones were floated to Munich for this purpose . Today the quarrying areas are being renatured. All forests of the Köchel and the moor are free of use as a result of the nature conservation project and the protection ordinance and can develop unaffected.

natural reserve

From 1992 to 2003, the Murnauer Moos was one of the largest nature conservation projects in the Federal Republic of Germany. Under the direction of the Garmisch-Partenkirchen District Office, around 15 million euros have been invested in 12 years to buy land, restore the conditions for near-natural development or extensive use, and carry out maintenance measures. 75% of the funding came from the Federal Republic of Germany via the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , after the Murnauer Moos had been classified as a natural area of ​​national importance. The severe impairment of the water balance caused by the construction of the A95 motorway in the 1970s and the subsequent drainage caused by land consolidation could not be cured. For nature conservation it is important to find the right balance in this area between extensive use and keeping it open on the one hand and natural, unaffected development on the other.

and display information about the image
Panoramic view to the south over the Murnauer Moos

literature

  • Christine Rädlinger : Cultivated Wilderness - The History of the Murnauer Moos . Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2019. ISBN 978-3-943866-83-4 .
  • Heiko Liebel, Hans-Joachim Fünfstück: The bird world in the Murnauer Moos: Development, stocks and observations in a unique natural area . Aula Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2019. ISBN 978-3-89104-823-8 .
  • Peter Strohwasser: The Murnauer Moos, 2000 years of usage history and 100 years of nature conservation in the largest living moor in the Alps . Allitera-Verlag, Munich 2018. ISBN 978-3962330668 .
  • Peter Strohwasser, Inge Schmid, Bruno Haas, Ingrid Wagner, Alfred Wagner: Large-scale nature conservation project “Murnauer Moos, Moore west of the Staffelsee and surroundings” 1992 - 2003 Final report . Garmisch-Partenkirchen district, 2005 (unpublished).
  • Peter Strohwasser: Establishing and securing parts of nature and landscape worthy of protection with national representative importance - Project: “Murnauer Moos, Moore west of the Staffelsee”, Bavaria . In: Natur und Landschaft , 1994, 69th year, issue 7/8, pages 362–368.
  • Werner Zanier : Excavation: The Roman Emperor Claudius on the wrong track? In: Akademie aktuell of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences No. 65 (2/2018), pages 62–71 ISSN  1436-753X ( PDF, 1.73 MB )

Web links

Commons : Murnauer Moos  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Federal Agency for Nature Conservation: Murnauer Moos , as of August 5, 2018
  • Environmental object catalog Bavaria: Murnauer Moos - Scans of the ordinance on the nature reserve "Murnauer Moos" of February 21, 1980

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Bibelriether : Naturland Germany . 1997. Kosmos-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-440-07207-3
  2. ↑ Industry and Nature , Murnau Castle Museum , accessed on May 8, 2019.
  3. ↑ Fundchronik , in: Germania Vol. 10 No. 2 (1926), p. 159 (PDF, 4 MB), DOI: 10.11588 / ger.1926.20798 .
  4. ↑ Paul Reinecke : A Roman beating path in the Eschenloher Moor , in: Germania Vol. 19 No. 1 (1935), pp. 57-60 (PDF, 12.5 MB), DOI: 10.11588 / ger.1935.34789 .
  5. ↑ Hans Kratzer: Huge building project discovered by the Romans in the Murnauer Moos , Süddeutsche Zeitung from August 10, 2018, accessed on May 9, 2019.

Coordinates: 47 ° 38 ′ 53 ″  N , 11 ° 9 ′ 11 ″  E