Nicolas de Besse

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Nicolas de Besse (* 1322 in the Diocese of Limoges , † November 5, 1369 in Rome) was a French bishop and cardinal. He was a son of Jacques de Besse, Seigneur de Bellefaye , and Almodie (Delphine) Roger, sister of Pope Clement VI. His brother Pierre de Besse became Seigneur de Bellefaye, he married Marguerite de Thiers.

Life

In his youth he was sent to Paris for training and later to Orleans by his uncle Pierre Roger de Beaufort , who was Archbishop of Rouen at the time (1331-1338) . The Pope later recalled: "We started teasing him and we had him come to Paris and there we had him study. He later studied in Orleans, where he was still reading when we invited him to the Curia. "

Early preference

Until 1343 he was a canon of the Church of Paris. He was Archdeacon of Ponthieu in the Diocese of Amiens , although he only had minor orders. He was also the chaplain and table companion ( commensualis ) of his uncle, Pope Clement, in the Papal Palace in Avignon .

In 1343 Nicolas was also made Archdeacon of Condroz . In 1351 he is mentioned as archdeacon of Cologne. On August 27, 1343, his election as Bishop of Limoges by Pope Clement VI. confirmed - he was only 21 years old at the time. He was never ordained a bishop. His successor was confirmed on February 28, 1344.

As Bishop of Limoges, Nicolas was at the papal court on January 16, 1344, when Ludwig the Bavarian swore allegiance to the Pope.

Cardinal of Limoges

On May 19, 1344, at his second consistory for the appointment of cardinals, Clement VI. two names, Pierre Bertrand de Colombier and Nicolas de Besse. In his speech ( collatio ) after the discussion and decision, the Pope remarked: "But what are you going to say about this Bishop of Limoges [Nicolas]? We are really saying what we said yesterday morning when we entered the consistory, that we had thought so much about his appointment and that we thought this thing shouldn't be. But at the request of the entire college of cardinals , with no dissenting votes, it seemed best to raise him. There were cardinals who had said they would not agree with the Bishop of Arras if we did not raise this Nicolas. And that is why we have exalted him. " Cardinal Nicolas became Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata . He was still commonly called the “Cardinal of Limoges”. On December 2, 1344, the new cardinal was present at a consistory at which the Pope issued a bull in favor of the Jumièges Abbey . 14 cardinals signed, including Cardinal de Besse. The original document has been preserved, including its original signature.

Conclave of 1352

Pope Clement died in Avignon on December 6, 1352. The conclave for the election of his successor began on December 16, 1352 in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon with 26 cardinals, including Nicolas de Besse. On the morning of December 18, they elected Cardinal Étienne Aubert who was Innocent VI. called. He was crowned on December 30, 1352 . A few months after the conclave, in 1353, the dead Pope's body was transferred to La Chaise-Dieu Abbey ( Casa Dei ), where it lies in the center of the church's choir. He was accompanied on his last journey by five of his nephews, Cardinals Hugues Roger , Guillaume de La Jugie , Nicolas de Besse, Pierre Roger de Beaufort and Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille l'Ancien . In 1362, the cardinals Nicolas de Besse, Guy de Boulogne and Pierre de Belfort attempted a dispute between the Count of Armagnac and the Viscount of Turenne ( Guillaume III. Roger de Beaufort ) about the baronies of Pertuis , Meyrargues , Séderon and Les Pennes to settle. It was alleged that they were illegally occupied by the Viscount, who in turn claimed to have received them from King Louis and Queen Joan I of Naples as Count and Countess of Provence. The three cardinals were chosen because they were "relatives and friends of the two parties". Financial compensation was agreed, but this did not stop the Viscount's violence and greed.

Conclave of 1362

In September 1362, after the death of Pope Innocent VI, the College of Cardinals (following Froissart) was split into two factions when choosing a successor, one supported Guy de Boulogne, the other Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord . In the end, a compromise candidate was elected, Guillaume Grimoard, who had been Abbot of Saint-Victor in Marseille since 1361 and at the time Apostolic Legate in the Kingdom of Sicily and who did not participate in the conclave, was not even a cardinal. The decision may have been taken on September 28th but was not made public until the day after Abbot Grimoard arrived in Avignon on October 31st. As Pope, Grimoard called himself Urban V.

Cardinal Nicolas was appointed Cardinal Protector of the Minorite Order in 1366 , succeeding Cardinal Hélie de Talleyrand de Périgord. In 1367 he took part in the General Chapter of the Franciscans in Assisi , which opened on June 6th and was elected Minister General at Fr. Tommaso de Farignano.

Visit to Rome

Pope Urban V finally agreed to demands from all directions to return to Rome. On May 20, 1367, the papal court set sail from Marseille. Only five cardinals did not accompany the Pope on this trip. Nicolas de Besse took part in the passage. Genoa was reached on May 23rd and Pisa via Livorno on June 1st . The trip ended in Viterbo , while Pope Urban brought the body of his old friend Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carillo de Albornoz , who died on August 24th, to Assisi because he wanted to be buried in the Basilica of San Francesco . On Saturday, October 16, 1367, there was again a Pope in Rome. On October 31, 1367, the Pope consecrated Cardinal Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille l'Ancien as Bishop of Sabina , and it was noted that this was the first time since the reign of Boniface VIII (1295-1303) that a Pope would attend Mass celebrated at the high altar of St. Emperor Charles IV visited Italy in 1368, and, on All Saints' Day, on November 1, 1368, Pope Elizabeth of Pomerania crowned Empress in the Vatican Basilica . Cardinal Nicolas de Besse was likely present at all of these events.

Cardinal de Besse was in Rome with Pope Urban in the fall of 1369 and was designated as one of the cardinals who would attend the signing of the Creed of the Byzantine Emperor John V. The ceremonies took place on October 22nd in the presence of the Pope in the Vatican Basilica

Death and funeral

Two weeks after the imperial profession of faith, on November 5, 1369, Cardinal Nicolas de Besse died in Rome. His body was brought to France. He was buried in the Chapel of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (later called Chapelle Saint Maurice) in Limoges Cathedral.

literature

  • Étienne Baluze (Stephanus Baluzius, 1693). Vitae paparum Avenionensium, hoc est, Historia pontificum romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt from anno Christi MCCCV. usque ad annum MCCCXCIV, Tomus primus. Paris: apud Franciscum Muguet, 1693
  • Ètienne Baluze, Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, Hoc est Historia Pontificum Romanorum qui in Gallia sederunt from anno Christi MCCCV usque ad annum MCCCXCIV , Tomus secundus. Paris: Muguet, 1693.
  • Cesare Baronio (Ed. Augustin Theiner ), Annales ecclesiastici: AD 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti from Augustino Theiner , Tomus vigesimus quintus (25). Bar-le-Duc, Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin, 1872
  • Cesare Baronio (Ed. Augustin Theiner), Annales ecclesiastici: AD 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti from Augustino Theiner , Tomus vigesimus sextus (26) (1356-1396). Bar-le-Duc, Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin. 1872
  • Ursmer Berlière (ed.), Suppliques de Clément VI (1342-1352): textes et analyzes , Rome / Bruges / Paris, Champion, 1906
  • Marius Chaillan, Le Bienheureux Urbain V (1310-1370) (2nd edition). Paris: Victor Lecoffre. 1911, pp. 190-192.
  • Konrad Eubel , Hierarchia catholica medii aevi: sive Summorum pontificum, SRE cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series from anno 1198 usque ad annum [1605] perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim Vaticani collecta, digesta , volume I. Münsterberg : sumptibus et typis librariae Reg. 1898
  • Ursmer Berlière, Philippe Van Isacker (eds.), Lettres de Clément VI (1342-1352): Textes et analyzes , Institut historique belge, 1924
  • Antoine Pélissier, Innocent VI: le Réformateur; deuxième pape limousin (1352-1362) , F. Layotte., 1961
  • Bernard Guillemain, La cour pontificale d'Avignon: (1309-1376) , Paris: E. De Boccard, 1962
  • Yves Renouard, The Avignon papacy, 1305-1403 . Hamden CT USA: Archon Books, 1970 ,. ISBN 978-0-208-01156-5 .
  • Diana Wood, Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope . Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0-521-89411-1 .
  • Joëlle Rollo-Koster, Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society , New York-London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015 ,. ISBN 978-1-4422-1534-4 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Auguste Du Boys, François Arbellot, Biographie des hommes illustres de l'ancienne province du Limousin , 1854, p. 65
  2. ↑ Étienne Baluze, Histoire généalogique de la maison d 'Auvergne: justifiée par chartres, titres, histoires anciennes et autres preuves authentiques , Antoine Dezallier, Paris 1708, pp. 315-316
  3. ↑ Abel Pointreau, Le mémoire sur l'état de la Généralité de Riom en 1697 , Press Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand 1970, p. 97
  4. ↑ Joseph Nadaud, Nobiliaire you diocèse et de la généralité de Limoges , Éditions du Palais Royal, Paris 1974, p 571. Pierre Roger himself, who later became Pope Clement VI had. At the Sorbonne studied.
  5. ↑ Quoted from Baluze (1693), p. 874 (Ed. Guillaume Mollat , Volume 2, p. 382): Incepimus eum nutrire, et fecimus eum venire Parisius, et ibi fecimus eum studere. Postea studuit in Aurelianis, ubi modo legebat quando fecimus ipsum venire ad Curiam. The idea that he was a law professor in Orleans based on the phrase "ubi modo legebat" is absurd. Mollat ​​shows (p. 382, ​​No. 3) that Nicolas only had a Bachelor ( baccalaureus ) in law.
  6. ^ François Duchesne , Histoire De Tous Les Cardinaux François De Naissance: Ou Qui Ont Esté Promeus Au Cardinalat Par L'Expresse Recommandation De Nos Roys , Volume 1, Paris 1660, p. 517; Berlière (1906), p. 108, no.486
  7. ↑ FI Darsy, Bénéfices de l'Eglise d'Amiens , in: Memoires. Documents inédits concernant la province (de Picardie) , Tome 7.1, 1869, E. Caillaux, Amiens, pp. 14-15
  8. ↑ Eubel, p. 301.
  9. ↑ Christine Renardy, Les maîtres universitaires du diocèse de Liège: répertoire biographique, 1140-1350 , Librairie Droz, Paris, p. 222
  10. ↑ Berlière, p. 586, No. 1.
  11. ↑ A. Bontemps (ed.), Bulletin de la Société archéologique et historique du Limousin , Limoges 2003, p. 125
  12. ↑ Denis de Sainte-Marthe (OSB), Gallia Christiana, In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa , Volume 2, 1720, Ex Typographia Regia, Paris, p. 532
  13. ↑ Eubel, p. 301. The statement sometimes made that he has resigned as a cardinal is not correct.
  14. ↑ Etienne Baluze, Stephani Baluzii Miscellaneorum, hoc est, Collectio veterum monumentorum quae hactenus latuerant in variis codicibus ac bibliothecis , Volume 22, 1679, excudebat Franciscus Muguet, Paris, p. 273
  15. ↑ Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 (Ed.Mollat, II, p. 382)
  16. ↑ Eubel, p. 18.
  17. ↑ Max Prinet, Quelques seigns manuels de Cardinaux , Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1989, Volume 89, pp. 175-182, here: p. 178
  18. ↑ Norman P. Zacour, A Note on the Papal Election of 1352: The Candidacy of Jean Birel , Traditio 1957, Volume 13, pp. 456-462
  19. ↑ JP Adams, Sede Vacante 1352 ( online )
  20. ↑ Eugène Déprez, Les funerailles de Clement VI, et d 'Innocent VI, d' après les comptes de la cour pontificale , Mélanges d'archéologie et d 'histoire publiés par l'École Française de Rome 20 (1900), p. 235 -250.
  21. ↑ César de Nostredame, L'Histoire et chronique de Provence de Caesar de Nostradamus ... , S. Rigaud, Lyon 1614, p. 412, Baluze (1693), I, p. 874.
  22. ↑ Jean Froissart, Chroniques , Volume 6, 1868, De Vaux, Bruxelles, p. 363, Kervyn de Lettenhoven edition
  23. ↑ JP Adams, Sede Vacante 1362 ( online )
  24. ^ Luke Wadding, Annales minorum Volume 8, 1654, Typographia Ioannis Petri Collinii, Rome, p. 194, Baluze (1693) I, p. 874 [Ed. Mollat ​​II, p. 383].
  25. ↑ Wadding, p. 201.
  26. ^ "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in: Baluze, II, pp. 767-775 [Ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137]
  27. ↑ Baronio (Ed. Theiner), Volume 26, on the year 1367, § 14, p. 147.
  28. ↑ Alfons Huber, Regesta Imperii under Kaiser Karl IV, 1346, Additamentum Primum ad J. Bohmer, Regesta Imperii VIII , first supplement, 1877, Wagner'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Innsbruck, p. 757
  29. ↑ Baluze (1708), p. 127.
  30. ^ Baronio (ed. Theiner), Annales Ecclesiastici 26, p. 164, on the year 1369 § 3.
  31. ↑ Chaillan, pp. 190-192. "Iter Italicum Urbani V Romani Pontificis," in Baluze, II, pp. 767-775, here: pp. 772-773 [Ed. Mollat, IV, pp. 131-137].
  32. ↑ François Arbellot, Cathédrale de Limoges: Histoire et description , Rene Haton, Paris 1883, p 150
personal data
SURNAME Nicolas de Besse
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French cardinal
DATE OF BIRTH 1322
PLACE OF BIRTH Limoges diocese
DATE OF DEATH November 5, 1369
Place of death Rome