Cardinal protector
As a cardinal protector refers to those cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church , in the Consistory and the Cardinal congregations represent the respective ecclesiastical affairs of a country or of an order.
A distinction is therefore made between cardinal protectors for religious orders ( protector ordinis ) and those for individual countries ( protector nationis ). The first were appointed since the beginning of the 13th century, the last for the first time in 1425, and regularly since the end of the 15th century. For the following countries, the respective appointed regent Cardinal protectors than its stakeholders on the Roman Curia : German Nation , Austrian hereditary lands (with Bohemia and Hungary ), Denmark , England , Flanders , France , Ireland , Poland , Portugal , Savoy , Scotland , Sweden , Spain with four protectorates ( Aragon , Castile , Naples , Sicily ) and the republics of Genoa and Ragusa .
They had the exclusive right to propose new appointments to the dioceses and monasteries of the countries they represented at the Curia in Rome and to report them.
From 1517 onwards , the protectors appointed vice-protectors as representatives, who were also cardinals. These became 1621 compressors , who were also appointed by the regent. As a rule, the latter represented the business in Rome, while the actual cardinal protectors usually had their own bishopric or other tasks to administer and actually only had an honorary title. At times, two comprotectors were also appointed at the same time. Conversely, at times both posts were not filled at the same time.
The cardinal protectors became dispensable as the states increasingly established permanent envoys or ambassadors to the Roman Curia. The cardinal protector of Portugal , Vincenzo Vannutelli, was the last owner until his death in 1930 . The following are the cardinal protectors and vice or comprotectors of the German nation ( nationis germanicae ) and the Austrian hereditary lands ( nationis austriacae ) as well as the Austrian Empire .
List of cardinal protectors
German nation
Cardinal protectors
- 1492-1503: Francesco Piccolomini
- 1518-1539: Lorenzo Campeggi
- 1540: Pedro Manriquez
- 1540 - 1542: Girolamo Aleandro
- 1542-1550: Innocenzo Cibo
- 1550 - 1557: Juan Álvarez de Toledo
- 1557 - 1573: Otto Truchsess von Waldburg
- 1573-1600: Ludovico Madruzzo
- 1603 - 1611: Ottavio Paravicini
- 1611 - 1633: Scipione Borghese
- 1635/36: Franz von Dietrichstein
- 1636 - 1642: Moritz of Savoy
- 1644 - 1666: Girolamo Colonna
- 1666 - 1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
- 1682 - 1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
- 1689 - 1701: Francesco de'Medici
- 1701 - 1707: Leopold von Kollonitsch
- 1707 - 1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg
- 1712 - 1725: Christian August von Sachsen-Zeitz
- 1726 - 1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
- 1738 - 1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch
- 1751 - 1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer
- 1758 - 1765: vacant
- 1765 - 1779: Alessandro Albani
- 1779 - 1800: Francis by Paula Herzan von Harras
Vice / Comprotectors
- 1517 - 1530: Lorenzo Pucci
- 1530 - 1532: Wilhelm van Enkevoirt
- 1534 - 1539: Alessandro Cesarini
- 1538 - 1540: Girolamo Ghinucci
- 1540 - 1542: Alessandro Farnese
- 1542-1550: Juan Álvarez de Toledo
- 1550 - 1553: Bernardo Maffei
- 1557 - 1559: Pedro Pacheco
- 1558 - 1568: Clemente Dolera
- 1587 - 1593: Filippo Spinola
- 1594 - 1600: Ottavio Paravicini
- 1621 - 1625: Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern
- 1625 - 1644: Giulio Savelli
- 1644: Girolamo Colonna
- 1665 - 1682: Carlo Pio di Savoia
- 1690 - 1693: Josè Saens de Aguirre
- 1694-1700: Francesco del Guidice
- 1701/02/1706-1710: Vincenzo Grimani
- 1703-05 / 1708-12: Fabrizio Paolucci
- 1713-1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
- 1719 - 1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan
- 1722-1726: Alvaro Cienfuegos
- 1735 - 1743: Niccolò del Giudice
- 1745 - 1765: Alessandro Albani
Austrian hereditary lands
Cardinal protectors
- 1523 - 1531: Lorenzo Pucci
- 1532-1535: Giovanni Salviati
- 1540 - 1542: Girolamo Aleandro
- 1542 - 1555: Marcello Cervini
- 1555-1580: Giovanni Morone
- 1580 - 1600: Andreas of Austria
- 1603 - 1634: Franz von Dietrichstein
- 1635 - 1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini
- 1638 - 1642: Moritz of Savoy
- 1642 - 1655: vacant
- 1655 - 1667: Ernst von Harrach
- 1673 - 1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
- 1682 - 1758: like "German Nation"
- 1758 - 1779: vacant or A. Albani (Komprotektor)
- 1779 - 1800: Francis by Paula Herzan von Harras
- 1800 - 1823: vacant
Vice / Comprotectors
- 1536 - 1541: Alessandro Cesarini
- 1560-1565: Cristoforo Madruzzo
- 1571: Marcantonio Colonna
- 1574 / 1580/81: Tolomeo Galli
- 1581 - 1603: Alfonso Gesualdo
- 1584 - 1587: Antonio Carafa
- 1604 - 1607: Alfonso Visconti
- 1607 - 1611: Ottavio Paravicini
- 1612 - 1621: Pietro Aldobrandini
- 1621 - 1632: Ludovico Ludovisi
- 1629-1631: Cosimo de Torres
- 1635 - 1641: Carlo Emmanuele di Savoia
- 1642 - 1644: Alfonso de la Cueva
- 1644 - 1655: Ernst von Harrach
- 1645 - 1664: Girolamo Colonna
- 1664 - 1667: Fedrigo Sforza
- 1667 - 1675: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
- 1690 - 1743: like "German Nation"
- 1743 - 1779: Alessandro Albani
Cardinal protectors «nationis austriae»
- 1823 - 1834: Giuseppe Albani
- 1834 - 1858: vacant
- 1858 - 1867: Pietro De Silvestri
literature
- Richard Blaas: The cardinal protectorate of the German and Austrian nation in the 18th and 19th centuries. In: Communications from the Austrian State Archives 10 (1957) , 148-85.
- Josef Vodka: On the history of the national protectorates of the cardinals at the Roman Curia. Innsbruck and Leipzig 1938.