Cardinal protector

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As a cardinal protector refers to those cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church , in the Consistory and the Cardinal congregations represent the respective ecclesiastical affairs of a country or of an order.

A distinction is therefore made between cardinal protectors for religious orders ( protector ordinis ) and those for individual countries ( protector nationis ). The first were appointed since the beginning of the 13th century, the last for the first time in 1425, and regularly since the end of the 15th century. For the following countries, the respective appointed regent Cardinal protectors than its stakeholders on the Roman Curia : German Nation , Austrian hereditary lands (with Bohemia and Hungary ), Denmark , England , Flanders , France , Ireland , Poland , Portugal , Savoy , Scotland , Sweden , Spain with four protectorates ( Aragon , Castile , Naples , Sicily ) and the republics of Genoa and Ragusa .

They had the exclusive right to propose new appointments to the dioceses and monasteries of the countries they represented at the Curia in Rome and to report them.

From 1517 onwards , the protectors appointed vice-protectors as representatives, who were also cardinals. These became 1621 compressors , who were also appointed by the regent. As a rule, the latter represented the business in Rome, while the actual cardinal protectors usually had their own bishopric or other tasks to administer and actually only had an honorary title. At times, two comprotectors were also appointed at the same time. Conversely, at times both posts were not filled at the same time.

The cardinal protectors became dispensable as the states increasingly established permanent envoys or ambassadors to the Roman Curia. The cardinal protector of Portugal , Vincenzo Vannutelli, was the last owner until his death in 1930 . The following are the cardinal protectors and vice or comprotectors of the German nation ( nationis germanicae ) and the Austrian hereditary lands ( nationis austriacae ) as well as the Austrian Empire .

List of cardinal protectors

German nation

Cardinal protectors

Vice / Comprotectors

Austrian hereditary lands

Cardinal protectors

Vice / Comprotectors

Cardinal protectors «nationis austriae»

literature

  • Richard Blaas: The cardinal protectorate of the German and Austrian nation in the 18th and 19th centuries. In: Communications from the Austrian State Archives 10 (1957) , 148-85.
  • Josef Vodka: On the history of the national protectorates of the cardinals at the Roman Curia. Innsbruck and Leipzig 1938.