Upper Baden uprising in 1923

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Timeline of the Upper Baden Uprising in September 1923
Fr. September 14th General strike in Lörrach and the surrounding area and negotiation success
Sat September 15th Resumption of work after successful negotiations the day before
Mon 17th of September Occupation of Lörrach by the police; Breach of commitments by the entrepreneurs; Fights between the police and proletarian hundreds of the KPD; Renegotiations between trade unions and employers with new agreement
Tuesday September 18 Reinforcement of the police in Lörrach; the police regain control of the city; Declaration of a state of emergency
Fr. 21st September Works council meeting decides to resume work on Monday 24th.
Mon September 24th Resumption of work; Withdrawal of the police from Loerrach
Tuesday 25th of September Lifting the state of emergency

The Upper Baden uprising in 1923 was a clash between communist- influenced workers, the employers and the Republic of Baden , which lasted from September 14 to 24, 1923 , with the center of the unrest in the Baden Oberland .

The prelude to the murder of Walther Rathenau in the summer of 1922

On Saturday, June 24, 1922, the Reich Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau was murdered in Berlin , the perpetrators being assigned to the right-wing extremist organization Consul . At this time the 11th Congress of the General German Trade Union Confederation was meeting in Leipzig, which called for a general strike and rallies on Tuesday, June 27th. The General Free Employees' Association , the SPD , USPD and KPD joined the call. The democratic bourgeois parties also took part. Millions of Germans demonstrated in protest rallies and funeral procession against the counterrevolutionary terror, but the civil war on which the terrorists had relied did not materialize.

In Loerrach, the demonstration for the protection of the republic on June 27, 1922 was led by the Loerrach SPD members of the state parliament Adolf Kieslich and Ernst Rösch . On the sidelines of the official event, there were riots in which young boys with red flags broke into school buildings. Portraits of princes and other symbols regarded as hostile to the republic were removed and destroyed. Before the second demonstration on the following Tuesday, July 4th, 1922, police forces were kept ready in the district office due to the events of June 27th, who were supposed to intervene in the event of repeated riots. When the demonstrating crowd learned that 52 gendarmes had gathered in the Lörrach district office, the demonstrators saw this as a provocation and demanded that the police officers leave. The negotiations for the angry demonstrators were led by MPD member of the state parliament, Max Bock. The gendarmes were eventually transferred from the district office to the district court, whereupon the demonstrators left. In the state parliament session on July 17, 1922, Interior Minister Remmele (SPD) disapproved of the compromise negotiated with the demonstrators by the district administration of Loerrach under the chief magistrate Leopold Gräser . Remmele also referred to the Basel press, which had written of a defeat by police force and state authority and came to the conclusion: "No state administration can take that in the long term ..." This defeat and the allegations from the factions of his coalition partners put the Basis for his attitude in autumn of the following year.

Political environment in autumn 1923

France and Belgium reacted to arrears in German reparations payments , which were determined by the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, by occupying the Ruhr . The Reich government financed the passive resistance against this with the banknote press, which triggered the hyperinflation of 1923 . Unemployment rose, real wages plummeted and the KPD gained more and more support. Even after the Cuno strikes had led to a change of government in Berlin, there were demonstrations by workers and the unemployed in many cities in Baden and Germany, demanding one-off financial aid and securing real wages to alleviate the need.

The local situation in the district office of Lörrach

1922 had the Weiler district Leopoldshöhe , construction work started on a new settlement, which were temporarily employs more than 1,500 workers who were recruited from abroad. In Wiesental , which belonged to the district offices of Lörrach and Schopfheim, the textile industry was the most important employer. The wages in the textile industry were below those in other industries such as B. the metal industry. The textile companies were in many cases in Swiss hands and the close proximity to the border compared to Switzerland made the negative effects of inflation for people even more apparent than in areas further away from the border. The demand from Swiss customers, who, in their opinion, could shop cheaply in Lörrach, drove prices up further and increased the food shortage. At the beginning of September the workers in Rheinfelden asked for a one-off payment of 50 Swiss francs to alleviate the hardship. The export-oriented Rheinfeld companies - especially those in the chemical industry - saw themselves in a position to do this and wanted to avoid a strike. The workers in other places and industries saw this as an example and now also made this demand. In the Baden Working Group for the Textile Industry , the textile trade unions and the industrialists negotiated solutions. The spokesman on the union side was Adolf Kieslich and on the industrialist side Albert Vogelbach - both from Lörrach. On September 13th, the collective bargaining parties negotiated in Freiburg, but there was no result.

procedure

Enforcement of economic claims on September 14th

KPD member of the state parliament Max Bock

On September 12, 1923, the construction workers in Weil am Rhein demanded that their hourly wages be tripled to compensate for inflation. After this demand was rejected, a demonstration march to Loerrach was announced for September 14th, and on the morning of that day around 2000 construction workers moved to Loerrach, where they arrived at 9 a.m. A red flag was carried in front of the train. The train was run by the works councils and communist chairmen - the unions and the SPD had little influence. Delegations from the demonstration marched in front of the companies in Lörrach and the surrounding area and achieved their closure. The striking workers marched into the center of Lörrach, where around 15,000 people finally gathered around the market square. In the district building, under the direction of Lörrach's chief magistrate Leopold Gräser and the mayor Erwin Gugelmeier, there was initially a meeting on food supply, in which, in addition to representatives of the city and state authorities, the grocers took part and negotiated with the workers. These were represented by their works councils, but the union leaders have now regained greater influence.

The waiting crowd became increasingly restless and was not satisfied with the outcome of the food supply meeting, and demanded immediate negotiations with the companies. A delegation of workers brought the entrepreneurs to the negotiating table, accompanied by the mayor of Loerrach, Heinrich Graser . Only the manufacturer Vogelbach refused to participate. The negotiations began around 6 p.m. and it was only around 9:30 p.m. that communist member of the state parliament, Max Bock , was able to announce the outcome of the negotiations. In addition to a one-off payment of 50 Swiss francs per employee, wages should be continuously adjusted to inflation from September 17th. In addition, the prices for essential goods and services should be subject to abuse control.

Riots on September 14th

After Oberamtmann Gräser and Mayor Gugelmeier had informed the state commissioner Schneider in Freiburg of the increasing aggressiveness of the demonstrating crowd at around 1 p.m. and asked for police reinforcements, at 4.30 p.m. the order was given to two hundred groups of the Freiburg riot police to advance to Müllheim , where they would advance at 6.45 p.m. Clock arrived. At the same time, the Lörrach district office assessed the situation that it was not necessary to use the riot police. In the intervening hours, however, three riots had occurred in Loerrach.

The prison tower

On August 11, 1923, young fellows from Brombach who sympathized with the communists stopped the pasta manufacturer Rösch's vehicle near Haagen and beat the inmates. In a court hearing on September 10, 1923 before the Schöffengericht Lörrach, the perpetrators justified their actions by stating that they had mistaken the inmates for local fascist leaders. Five people were sentenced to between 2 and 8 months in prison for assault, trespassing, and coercion. During the trial, the convicts announced that they would be released from prison.

While the crowd was waiting for a result of the wage negotiations on September 17th, sympathizers of the 5 Brombachers called on people to move to the prison and there to demand the release of the 5 Brombachers, who were viewed as political prisoners. A large group of demonstrators moved from the county committee building to the official prison and forcibly stormed into the prison yard. Gendarmes and guards were forced into the interior of the building and the district judge von Böcklin was forced to release the prisoners.

Trespassing at employers on September 14th

Since only Wilhelm Voigt had initially appeared for the negotiations on the employer's side, troops of demonstrators moved to the private houses of the manufacturers Albert Vogelbach and König, their garden gates being pushed in. These two entrepreneurs were forced to come to the negotiations under threat of violence. The entrepreneurs Schenz and Munn, who were also asked to take part in the negotiations, also put threats on record in the subsequent court hearings.

Abuse of two detectives

While the wage demands were being negotiated in the district committee building on September 17, the maintenance of order in front of the building was the responsibility of some Lörrach police officers. Oberamtmann Gräser had withdrawn the gendarmerie from the office building and ordered the two plainclothes officers there as protection, which turned out to be counterproductive. Some of the demonstrators had been out of control and even protested against the works councils who were called to negotiate. A detective was pushed onto the street when spies insulted and beaten by the crowd until two level-headed demonstrators were able to lead the man away to the train station. There the officer was beaten again by other demonstrators until he was able to escape to the station building. Another officer was dragged from the county committee building and was critically injured.

"Calm before the storm" on 15./16. September

Baden SPD Interior Minister Adam Remmele

The night of September 14th to 15th remained quiet and on Saturday, September 15th, work was resumed and negotiations on food prices and the modalities of payment of the one-off payment continued.

The Baden Interior Minister Adam Remmele ( SPD ) saw the state authority threatened by the prison storm and wanted to make an example through tough intervention. On Sunday, September 16 at 12 noon, the Baden police commander Erich Blankenhorn gave the order to man Lörrach on September 17, before daybreak, with two readiness groups (hundreds). The command contains the note: "Wage differences are to be expected". The government was therefore well aware that the police operation for the workers had to appear as the “state legitimation of the employer breaking their word”, but left the local authorities to try to convince the workers of the opposite. They were of the opinion that too few forces were made available, although it was clear to everyone that "the occupation of the city would not proceed without incident."

On September 16, entrepreneurs from Upper Baden discussed whether and how the agreement of September 14 should be fulfilled, with the local authorities calling for at least some consideration of workers' interests. The top representatives of the entrepreneurs had traveled to Karlsruhe and sought help from the Baden state government. Since Interior Minister Remmele (SPD) was in Berlin, the Ministerialrat in the Interior Ministry Otto Leers ( DDP ) discussed the matter with Labor Minister Wilhelm Engler (SPD), both of which came to the conclusion that the use of the police was necessary. This position was advocated by Remmele. Engler even explicitly recommended that the entrepreneurs refuse the payment of the one-off aid of 50 Swiss francs and the payment of the strike days. The state government officially announced that the use of the police should not influence the wage negotiations, but everyone was aware that this should be understood by the workers. By order of the state commissioner , Karl Schneider , the local authorities were also prohibited from informing the population in good time about the impending occupation and its purpose.

In the evening of the day, a telegram from the National Association of Textile Industries reached the local authorities informing them of the formal termination of Friday's agreements. The entrepreneurs argued that they were forced to enter into this agreement under threat of violence and even threatened the local authorities with recourse claims if they published the minutes of the negotiation.

Fights on 17./18. September

Downtown Loerrach on September 17th, 1923

On Monday (September 17th) at 5.45 a.m. on the instructions of Remmele and the orders of the head of the Baden state police, Erich Blankenhorn, armed units of the protection police under the orders of Police Major Rudolf Winterer entered Lörrach and initially occupied the city district in which the official buildings were located. This area was secured by barriers with machine guns. The barriers were to the left and right of the railway line at the level of the Hebelpark in the north and at the level of Kirchstrasse in the south. In addition, the Wallbrunnstrasse in the direction of Marktplatz and Rheinfelden was secured by a barrier each. Hundreds of Waldshut riot police were in reserve on the Waidhof and were supposed to block the influx of demonstrators from Rheinfelden. The prisoners released on Friday (September 14th) should be arrested again.

The march in of the police troops and the announcement that the employers did not want to keep the wage promises triggered bitter outrage among the workers and quickly led to a general strike, which not only affected Lörrach, but also the Wiesental with the industrial towns of Schopfheim , Steinen and Zell im Wiesental extended. The unrest also spread to Säckingen and Waldshut . Demonstrations called for the withdrawal of the protective police, who were viewed by the workers as accomplices of the manufacturers unwilling to pay. “We don't work under the bayonets,” was the slogan. Hundreds of workers armed attacked the police positions from around 11 a.m. on September 17, and at 12 p.m. one dead and four injured were reported. On September 17th, the chief bailiff of the district office of Schopfheim , Theodor Wintermantel and the Fahrnau factory owner Horn were brought to Loerrach by strikers. While Wintermantel was being released in Loerrach, Horn was severely mistreated. Towards evening, the strikers also cut the electricity and water supplies to Lörrach. The fire of rifles and machine guns as well as the explosions of hand grenades could be heard until after midnight, then a thunderstorm led to the end of the unrest. On September 18, the police received reinforcements and began to clear the previously unoccupied parts of the city of barricades and regain control. In the meantime, these boroughs and the surrounding villages were left to fend for themselves. It was reported from Tumringen that a vigilante group was formed here.

In Freiburg im Breisgau , Lahr , Mannheim and Heidelberg there were also demonstrations demanding the withdrawal of the protection police from Lörrach and economic support measures for the workers and the unemployed. On September 18, the Baden state government declared a state of emergency. Initially, this applied to the administrative districts of Lörrach, Schopfheim, Schönau and Säckingen, but it was extended to almost the entire state on September 19.

On September 17th, wage negotiations were again held between the employers and workers, moderated by Mayor Gugelmeier, this time the union official Adolf Kieslich acting as negotiator. The negotiations lasted from 12 p.m. to 8 p.m. Basically the same results were reached as on September 14th, so that only the question of power of the withdrawal of the police was the point of contention. Without this deduction, the workers feared another breach of word by the employers.

State of emergency September 18-25

With the state of emergency and the reinforcement of the police in Lörrach by units from Waldshut, the state power was able to end the violent riots, while the general strike was initially continued. The interruption of the electricity and water supply by the strikers was, however, answered by the farmers of the surrounding communities with the threat of cessation of the milk supply to the industrial communities, which contributed to the willingness of the workers to compromise. On September 21, it was declared at a plenary meeting of the works councils that if the wage agreements of September 14 were adhered to and without the invasion of the police, there would have been no endangerment of public order. The works councils agreed to recommend that the workforce they represent, if the economic demands were met, to resume work on Monday, September 24th. In addition, the condition was stipulated that the protective police would be withdrawn from Lörrach after starting work and establishing calm conditions. On September 25, the state of emergency in Baden was lifted. However, on the very next day the Reich government imposed a state of emergency for the entire Reich, regardless of the events in Baden. The Baden Minister of the Interior protested against any associated subordination of the Baden police under the Reichswehr, with which he was successful.

Events in other Baden locations

In the northern Baden cities of Heidelberg , Mannheim and Karlsruhe there were demonstrations and strikes, particularly from September 21 to 23, to support the demands of the workers in Lörrach. In addition to Lörrach and the actual Baden Oberland, there were major unrest in Lahr and Rust.

The Baden police leadership apparently assessed the Lörrach riots as special local events from the very beginning, as the extensive relocations of police forces from Sigmaringen and Karlsruhe to the Baden Oberland show.

District Office Säckingen

On September 15, there was strong “communist agitation” in Säckingen and the Säckingen district office (Oberamtmann Werner von Rotberg) requested a hundred riot police from the Ministry of the Interior, which was rejected. On September 17, the district office reported on meetings in Wehr and Brennet from which the workers moved to Schopfheim, taking with them manufacturers. At 7:20 p.m., Oberamtmann von Rotberg again called for police reinforcements, as the angry Mange took a threatening stance in front of the district office. Unrest had also broken out among the peasantry in Wallbach and Obersäckingen, as they had been incited against tax payments. At 10:20 p.m., the district office calls for reinforcements again, as a storm threatens the district office. A riot police department was then sent from Waldshut to Säckingen. Shortly after midnight, the captain of the police department from Säckingen reported that the district office and the square in front of it had been "cleared" and that around 1,000 demonstrators had been evicted. The following morning, however, there were again stones thrown at the police and attempts to break into the district office. Shortly before 7 p.m., ongoing riots were reported from Säckingen. During operations outside the restricted zone, some police officers were injured by throwing stones. On September 21st, 23 arrests and the seizure of weapons were carried out in Wehr using strong police forces. In neighboring Brennet , the police were shot at while trying to make arrests.

District Office Schopfheim

On September 17th at 3:10 p.m., the district office of Schopfheim reported that the wage negotiations in Schopfheim had failed and that the angry workers were on their way to Lörrach, accompanied by the chief magistrate Wintermantel and the factory owner Otto Horn. Since the situation in Schopfheim had come to a head around noon, a department of the Waldshut riot police was put on the march to occupy the district office, which was revoked an hour later after the situation had calmed down. On September 19, the situation had calmed down to such an extent that the riot police withdrew in the evening.

District Office Muellheim

On September 18, around 8 p.m., it was reported that delegations from the strikers from Weil and Lörrach were agitating in Müllheim and that a strike was to be discussed in works meetings the following day.

Freiburg

On September 18, there were small demonstrations during the day, but around 10 p.m. an angry crowd tried to storm the town hall. A general strike was decided for September 19th. On September 19, the railway workers and, in some cases, the workforce of the industrial companies went on strike. The mayor requested police protection because of young people roaming the streets. Around noon a special police unit from Karlsruhe moved in. In the evening, the Sonderkommando had to free 4 gendarmes who were wedged in by demonstrators. A meeting of strikers decided to resume work the following day. Nevertheless, there was a major demonstration at the Schwabentor on the morning of September 20th. After the crowd did not comply with the request to evacuate the square, the police stepped in with rubber truncheons and then made quiet in the city by patrols. The strike in Freiburg ended on September 21st.

Rust

In Rust on September 20, 1923 there was a demonstration by around 500 farmers and small tenants in front of the district office, who spoke out against a land tax and for better leases. A police officer was knocked down and robbed of weapons. On September 21st several gendarmes were overpowered and detained by armed farmers. It was only on September 22nd that it was possible to free them again. Riot police from Freiburg moved into Rust and made numerous arrests.

Lahr

On Friday, September 14th, a committee of the unemployed and short-time workers was formed in Lahr who raised the demand for a reduction in the prices of essential goods and wanted to enforce this in negotiations with the local trade. This resulted in a mass demonstration on Saturday. The crowd first moved to the town hall, where negotiations took place in which the communist member of the state parliament Frieda Unger played a leading role. Then the demonstrators gathered on the station square, where the communist member of the state parliament, Max Bock, from Lörrach spoke. On the basis of his report on the events in Lörrach, the demand for a one-off economic aid of 50 Swiss francs was also made in Lahr. On Sunday, September 16th, the Lahr trade union cartel passed the demands, which were then presented to local industrialists on September 17th. This also included those after the unemployment had been hired and wages of stable value. After the industry had accepted these demands, peace returned to Lahr on September 17th, while demonstrations took place in the nearby industrial towns of Friesenheim and Reichenbach on September 25th .

Evaluation of the unrest

The Baden government saw the economic unrest as the beginning of a communist putsch, as planned in October in Germany and rudimentary started in the Hamburg uprising . The communist Reichstag deputy Emil Eichhorn was suspected to be the mastermind . The head of the Baden police force, Erich Blankenhorn, came to the conclusion: “Wherever armed opponents appeared on the Upper Rhine, their activities against us must be described as pathetic. There was no operational experience. Unified leadership was nowhere to be observed. ”In his dissertation on the unrest in September, Mundhenke concludes:“ The concept of an uprising movement that has been planned for years and organized from a center is to be rejected. ”

The Lörrach general assembly of works councils on September 28, 1923 emphasized in its final declaration on the actions: "We note that the entire workforce, regardless of party and trade union directions, was a completely closed unit in this struggle." saw a “great manifestation of the proletarian united front”. This is confirmed by the report of the Reich Commissioner for the Supervision of Public Order , Hermann Emil Kuenzer . “The experience from the communist unrest in Oberbaden in September ds. Js. teaches that the united front is forged in the fire of action. ”“ The premature uprising in Oberbaden was the only spontaneous action that ran counter to the communist preparations for uprising and unnecessarily drew the police's attention to them. ”The headquarters of the KPD therefore tried to stop the unrest to slow down and warned of hopeless local clashes. The SPD spoke in the party newspaper Vorwärts of communist hatred and praised the police's actions. The Baden SPD leadership, and in particular Remmele and Engler, made serious accusations against the local SPD and trade union officials for their cooperation with the KPD.

In October the situation in the Wiesental worsened again. After numerous thefts of explosives, weapons were seized when Communist officials were arrested on October 29 and November 3, 1923. The center of activity this time was in Zell im Wiesental. There was also a wave of arrests in the Lahr area in October. The events in October can be seen in the context of the canceled communist coup, while those in September represented a spontaneous grassroots movement triggered by the economic hardship of the workers and the unemployed.

In France and Switzerland

The communist papers (Basler Vorwärts and L'Humanité ) emphasized the fair cause of the demonstrators and the brutality of the police (“Les massacres de Loerrach”). The social democratic and trade union press distanced themselves from the riots (e.g. hostage-taking) and spoke of communist propaganda, but also stressed economic hardship as the cause of the events. The bourgeois press reported mostly just about the declared state of emergency and sometimes mentioned the hostage-taking as communist riots.

Trials for breach of the peace and high treason

Numerous people who were charged with acts during the September riots were tried by the regional courts in Freiburg and Waldshut for violating the peace . People who were also accused of acts in connection with the preparations for the uprising in October 1923 were charged with high treason before the Leipzig State Court of the Reich.

On January 25, 1924, the criminal chamber of the Freiburg Regional Court, chaired by Councilor Rinderle, negotiated against 5 defendants because of the rioting on September 14, 1923 in Lörrach - in particular the mistreatment of two detectives. The defendants were all sentenced to prison terms of between 3 and 10 months for breach of the peace and aggravated trespassing.

On January 28, 1924, the trial of 23 people accused of the Lörrach prison storm of September 14, 1923 began before the criminal chamber of the Freiburg Regional Court. On January 29, 21 accused of trespassing and trespassing as well as aggravated rioting were sentenced to prison terms of between 4 and 12 months - the excesses were extremely dangerous.

February 4, 1924 was the first day of the trial before the criminal chamber of the Freiburg Regional Court against 20 people who were charged with the events of September 17 and 18, 1923 in Loerrach. The verdict took place on February 13, whereby all 20 defendants were sentenced to terms of between 4 months in prison and 2 years in prison for riot and breach of the peace. Prison sentences were imposed if the court found a violation of the Explosives Act to be proven.

On February 5, 1924, the criminal chamber of the Waldshut Regional Court sentenced 16 defendants to prison terms of between 3 and 12 months for storming the Rheinfeld customs house on September 17, 19123.

From November 13th to December 2nd, 1924, the State Court for the Protection of the Republic , domiciled in Leipzig at the Reichsgericht , met in Freiburg under the direction of Alexander Niedner . In three high treason trials against members of the communist party, the events in Lörrach in September 1923, but above all the theft of explosives in October 1923 in Wiesental and the preparations for the planned uprising (German October) were investigated.

The prosecution represented senior attorney Ludwig Ebermayer and one of the assessors was the former Chancellor Constantin Fehrenbach . The defendants were u. a. represented by Robert Grumbach and the lawyer for Red Aid Germany , Hermann Horstmann . When the verdict was announced on December 2 defendants were 19 to 37 prison sentences convicted of a total duration of 67 years. Four defendants were acquitted and 14 defendants received prison terms. Facts from the September riots were taken into account in the verdict against the Lörrach KPD city councilor Hermann Herbster and the defendant Gocks. Herbster was charged with: "... it has been established by impeccable witnesses that Herbster, at least temporarily, held a rifle in his hands." What part of this point in his three-year prison sentence was not carried out. Josef Göck was charged with mistreating the manufacturer Horn and other hostages on September 17, 1923, and was sentenced to four years in prison for this, but also for violating the Explosives Act.

When compared with the Hitler trial , the verdicts in this high treason trial against communists appear draconian. The actual execution of sentences leads to the conclusion that the judiciary of the Weimar Republic was blind in the right eye and primarily pursued communist activities. The Hitler putsch (November 8 and 9, 1923) took place shortly after the communists had prepared for the planned uprising in October 1923, but Adolf Hitler was raised on December 20, 1924 - about two weeks after the judgments in the Freiburg communist trial Parole released.

Only at the end of May 1926 did the proceedings against the Baden state parliament members of the KPD, Max Bock and Frieda Unger, take place before the Leipzig State Court , whereby the proceedings against Bock were discontinued due to the amnesty law of 1925 .

literature

  • Hubert Bernnat: The September riots in 1923. In: 150 years of social democracy. A contribution to Lörrach's city history and German party history. Waldemar Lutz, Lörrach 2018, pp. 120-131, ISBN 978-3-947801-97-8
  • Wilhelm Engler, Reinhold Zumtobel (editor), Wolfgang Hug (ed.): Wilhelm Engler (1837–1938) Freiburg, Baden and the Reich . Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8062-0858-1 , pp. 167-170
  • Hans-Peter Lux: The Upper Baden Unrest of 1923. In: Allmende: Zeitschrift für Literatur , Heft 12/1986, P. 56-83 (with the print of the report of the head of the Baden police, Erich Blankenhorn)
  • Erwin Gugelmeier: September 1923. In: Erwin Gugelmeier: From 1906 to 1926 in the German southwest corner. A contribution to the chronicle of the city of Lörrach. Karlsruhe 1939, pp. 78-91.
  • Christoph Heinrichs: The September riots of 1923. In: Unser Lörrach , 2, 1971, pp. 129–141
  • Karlheinz Mundhenke: Attempt of a social psychological analysis of the Upper Baden uprising in September 1923. Heidelberg 1930 (inaugural dissertation Heidelberg), with a preface by Willy Hellpach
  • Hans Fräulin: The workers' unrest and the communist putsch in September and October 1923 in Zell iW and the surrounding area. In: Das Markgräflerland , issue 2/1988, pp. 115–125, digitized version of the Freiburg University Library
  • Ingo J. Hueck: The State Court for the Protection of the Republic , Tübingen 1996, p. 157, books.google.de
  • Wolfgang Glaeser: The Schopfheimer Rathaussturm of September 17, 1923: to the September riots in the Wiesental. In: Schopfheim: Jahrbuch, 10/1994, pp. 55–59
  • Renate Liessem-Breinlinger: The Lahr hunger riots. The events of autumn 1923 according to trial files and newspaper reports. The role of the MP Frieda Unger. In: Geroldsecker Land: Yearbook of a Landscape , Volume 17 (1975), pp. 141-160.
  • Gerhard Moehring: Uprising in 1923. In: Working group "1200 Years of Tumringen" (editor): Lörrach-Tumringen 767–1967. Pp. 145-146.
  • Raimund Wagner: The revolutionary movement in the districts of Hessen-Frankfurt and Baden in autumn 1923. In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement, issue 1, 1965, pp. 84–95
  • Otto Wenzel: V.5 The “spontaneous” dress rehearsal in Oberbaden. In: Otto Wenzel: 1923. The failed German October Revolution , Münster 2003, pp. 225–227
  • Negotiations of the Baden state parliament. II. Landtag period. 3rd session. Protocol booklet, Volume I. Karlsruhe 1925, 14th session of May 16, 1924, pp. 642-669 digitized
  • Negotiations of the Baden state parliament. II. Landtag period. 3rd session. Minutes, Volume II. Karlsruhe 1925, 14th meeting on July 31, 1924, column 1624 - digitized
  • Member of Parliament of the DNVP : Formal request. Measures against communist unrest in Lörrach and the surrounding area regarding November 8, 1923 digitized

Newspaper coverage

Excerpts from the reporting in the Freiburger Zeitung

Excerpts from the reporting in the central organ of the Social Democratic Party of Germany - Forward

Extracts from the reporting in the Badischer Beobachter of the German Center Party

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Call of the trade union congress. In: Vorwärts from June 25, 1922, morning edition
  2. ^ Call of the SPD and USPD in Vorwärts of June 25, 1922
  3. ↑ Ursula Büttner: Weimar: the overwhelmed republic 1918-1933, p. 191
  4. ^ Call for the Karlsruhe mourning rally in the Badischer Beobachter on June 26, 1922
  5. ↑ see Martin Sabrow : Mord und Mythos. The plot against Walther Rathenau 1922. In: Alexander Demandt (Ed.): The assassination in history. Böhlau, Cologne 1996, p. 323f.
  6. ↑ The center and the DDP did not take part in the rally in Loerrach; see Bernnat p. 115
  7. ^ Riots in Baden. In: Freiburger Zeitung of July 6, 1922, 1st sheet of July 6, 1922; accessed on November 19, 2018
  8. ↑ Minutes of the Baden Landtag 79th meeting on 17 July 1922 column 3750 to 3752; Interior Minister Remmele on the events in Lörrach on June 27, 1922 and July 4 in Lörrach; accessed on November 19, 2018
  9. ^ Minutes of the session of the Baden state parliament, 79th session on July 17, 1922, column 3751
  10. ↑ see Mundhenke p. 57
  11. ↑ see Mundhenke p. 24
  12. ↑ see Mundhenke p. 29
  13. ↑ see Mundhenke p. 46
  14. ↑ see also Bernnat p. 118
  15. ↑ see Engler p. 167
  16. ^ Hugo Ott : Lörrachs way to the industrial city. The time from 1918 to 1945. In: Lörrach. Landscape · History · Culture. Loerrach 1982, p. 326
  17. ↑ Engler writes on p. 168 that on September 13th the wages for the textile industry were fixed again; Bernnat p. 120 reports that the textile workers rejected the wage agreement and that their union secretary, Adolf Kieslich, was heavily criticized for this.
  18. ↑ in the official account there is only talk of 1000 demonstrators The unrest in the Oberland. In: Badischer Beobachter No. 213 of September 18, 1923
  19. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 78/79
  20. ↑ In the textile industry there was a high proportion of women in the workforce
  21. ↑ a b c see Mundhenke p. 59
  22. ↑ "With the capital integration of industry with Switzerland, this demand was understandable and also within the scope of the possibilities." See Paul Rothmund: Social Unrest of the Post-War Period. In: Der Kreis Lörrach , Stuttgart 1980, p. 349
  23. ↑ see Lux p. 69
  24. ↑ The Loerrach riots in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung of February 12, 1924, 2nd sheet
  25. ↑ see The Lörracher prison storm in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung of January 29, 1924, 2nd sheet
  26. ↑ The Loerrach riots in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung of February 12, 1924, 2nd sheet
  27. ↑ The Loerrach riots in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung of February 5, 1924, 2nd sheet
  28. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 82
  29. ^ The Lörrach riots in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung of January 28, 1924, 2nd sheet
  30. ↑ see Lux, p. 67
  31. ↑ see Lux, p. 61
  32. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 84
  33. ↑ see Engler p. 168
  34. ↑ see Engler p. 168
  35. ↑ see Gugelmeier pp. 84/85
  36. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 85
  37. ↑ see Heinrichs p. 134
  38. ^ Barracked units of the Schutzpolizei (Schupo) from Freiburg; riot police today
  39. ^ A son of the former mayor of Freiburg Otto Winterer and brother of the colonial officer Wilhelm Winterer
  40. ↑ Discover photography with Rudolf Winterer on regional studies online - leobw
  41. ↑ see the sketch at Lux p. 71
  42. ↑ Entry Waidhof - Discover accommodation on Landeskunde online - leobw; accessed on October 28, 2018
  43. ^ According to a report in the Freiburg newspaper, the freed prisoners presented themselves to the authorities at the beginning of October. H.; see goal the massive police operation did not reach3 & anzahl = 4 An echo of the Lörrach riots. In: Freiburger Zeitung of October 6, 1923, 2nd sheet
  44. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 86
  45. ↑ here after Gugelmeier p. 86; the official account names one dead and nine injured The riots in the Oberland. In: Badischer Beobachter No. 213 of September 18, 1923 ; According to Heinrichs p. 136, there is said to have been one uninvolved death and three deaths among the workers
  46. ↑ Otto Horn was the owner of the mechanical weaving mill Singeisen & Horn in Fahrnau.
  47. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 87
  48. ↑ see Moehring
  49. ↑ Baden. Ordinance of the State Ministry of September 18, 1923 for the administrative districts of Lörrach, Schopfheim, Schönau and Säckingen
  50. ^ Ordinance of the Ministry of State of September 19, 1923
  51. ↑ see Heinrichs p. 37
  52. ↑ see Gugelmeier p. 89
  53. ↑ see Mundhenke p. 63
  54. ^ Ordinance of September 26, 1923
  55. ^ The Baden State Ministry to the Reich Chancellor. Karlsruhe, September 28, 1923. Reich Chancellery files, No. 88
  56. ↑ see Lux Sp. 69-83
  57. ↑ see Lux Sp. 70
  58. ↑ see Lux Sp. 71
  59. ↑ see Lux Sp. 73
  60. ↑ see Lux Sp. 80
  61. ↑ see Lux Sp. 73
  62. ^ Peasant riots in Rust near Ettenheim. In: Badischer Beobachter , September 24, 1923
  63. ↑ see also Lux Sp. 81
  64. ↑ see Liessem-Breinlinger p. 141
  65. ↑ see Liessem-Breinlinger p. 143
  66. ↑ see Liessem-Breinlinger p. 144
  67. ↑ Lux pp. 64-65
  68. ↑ Mundhenke p. 56
  69. ↑ see Wagner p. 91
  70. ↑ The Reich Commissioner for the Monitoring of Public Order to the Reichswehr Minister, October 19, 1923 bundesarchiv.de accessed on November 6, 2018
  71. ^ Wenceslaus, p. 225
  72. ↑ Wenceslaus, p. 226
  73. ^ Riots in Loerrach. In: Vorwärts , Morgenblatt, September 18, 1923, No. 435
  74. ↑ Engler even writes in his autobiography p. 169: "Kiesslich even outbid the communist leader Bock in scolding and screaming."
  75. ↑ see Fräulin p. 124
  76. ↑ see Breinlinger pp. 144–146
  77. ^ L'Humanité: journal socialiste quotidien Parti communiste français of September 20, 1923
  78. ↑ The bad seeds are growing! In: The Union , Volume 22, Number 39, September 29, 1923; accessed on November 15, 2018
  79. ^ The Lörrach riots in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung , January 28, 1924, 2nd sheet
  80. ↑ ; a total of 2 years and 8 months
  81. ↑ see The Lörracher prison storm in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung , January 29, 1924, 2nd sheet
  82. ↑ The Lörrach prison storm in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung , January 31, 1924, 2nd sheet
  83. ↑ see The Loerrach riots in court. In: Freiburger Zeitung , February 5, 1924, 2nd sheet
  84. ↑ The judgment in the Lörracher trial. In: Freiburger Zeitung , February 13, 1924, 1st sheet; A total of 6 years and 2 months in prison and 14 years and 2 months in prison were imposed.
  85. ↑ see storming the customs house in Rheinfelden in front of the criminal chamber of the Waldshut regional court . In: Freiburger Zeitung , February 6, 1924, 2nd sheet
  86. ^ The verdict in the Freiburg communist trial. In: Badischer Beobachter , December 3, 1924; accessed on November 12, 2018
  87. ^ The verdict in the Freiburg communist trial. In: Badischer Beobachter , December 3, 1924, accessed on November 12, 2018
  88. ↑ The verdict in the high treason trial. In: Freiburger Zeitung , December 3, 1924, 1st sheet
  89. ↑ see judgment in the trial against communist members of the Baden state parliament. In: Freiburger Zeitung , June 1, 1926, 1st sheet
  90. ↑ Kitzing Badische Biographien reports a long prison sentence without any evidence. The role of Bock in the September riots in 1923 and the preparations for the German October is represented there without evidence.