Campbell dwarf hamster

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Campbell dwarf hamster
Campbell's hamster (Phodopus campbelli)

Campbell's hamster ( Phodopus campbelli )

Systematics
Superfamily : Mice-like (Muroidea)
Family : Burrowers (Cricetidae)
Subfamily : Hamster (Cricetinae)
Genre : Short-tailed dwarf hamster ( Phodopus )
without rank: Phodopus sungorus group
Type : Campbell dwarf hamster
Scientific name
Phodopus campbelli
( Thomas , 1905)

The Campbell dwarf hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ) is assigned as a subspecies to the Djungarian dwarf hamster or, as here, as a species to the Phodopus sungorus group . It inhabits the steppes and semi-deserts of Mongolia , northeastern China and Dauriens , Tuwas and Altai in southern Siberia and is not endangered.

The Campbell dwarf hamster becomes eight to ten centimeters long. The soft fur on the upper side is grayish-brown-yellow with a dark eel line. The fur on the underside is cream-brown-yellow and runs up the body in three brown-yellow arcs.

The self-dug burrow of the Campbell dwarf hamster consists of a horizontal passage with a nest chamber into which several vertical shafts open. It often inhabits the burrows of other small mammals. It feeds mainly on plant seeds and less on insects .

The Campbell dwarf hamster is kept as a pet and is bred in many different colors. It is also used as an experimental animal. The University of Alaska Anchorage discovered that the Campbell dwarf hamster did not experience any movement disorders despite blood alcohol concentrations of over seven grams per kilogram of body weight.

Body features

Body measurements

The head-trunk length of the Campbell dwarf hamster is 80 to 103 millimeters, the length of the tail 4 to 14 millimeters. The hind paws are 12 to 18 millimeters long, the auricles 13 to 15 millimeters.

There is little information about the body weight of the Campbell dwarf hamster in nature. Zimmermann (1964) gives the average weight of hamsters caught near Manjur and Lake Hulun in northern Manchuria as 23.4 grams. According to Herberg and coworkers (1980), males begin to grow larger than females under natural conditions after 45 days and have a statistically significantly higher weight after 145 days. According to Sawrey and co-workers (1984), males are significantly larger than females under laboratory conditions after 35 days.

Body measurements of the subspecies of the Campbell dwarf hamster
Dimensions in millimeters Phodopus campbelli crepidatus Phodopus campbelli campbelli
Head to torso length 102 80-103
Length of the tail   4-14
Length of the hind paws 13.5 12-18
Length of the auricles   13-15

Fur and color

In summer the fur of the Campbell dwarf hamster is greyish-brownish yellow on the upper side. The ends of the hair are black, the base of the hair is slate gray. A clearly defined, dark brown eel line runs from the neck to the base of the tail . At the narrowest point, this is up to two and a half millimeters wide. The auricles are gray-brown, the lips and cheeks are cream-colored and white, and the throat, underside, tail and limbs are cream-colored and brown-yellow. The hairs on the underside also have a slate gray base. The fur on the underside runs upwards in three brown-yellow arcs on the shoulder, flank and hips. The top of the paws is silvery white. In winter, the fur on the upper side is light gray without a yellow tinge.

The subspecies Phodopus campbelli crepidatus are characterized by a brownish yellow tail, a shorter eel line that ends two and a half centimeters in front of the base of the tail, a slightly grayer color and darker edges on the lateral border of the dorsal fur.

The Campbell hamster's eyes are black.

skull

The Campbell hamster's skull is short. The brain capsule is relatively large and rounded. The incisor holes are parallel. The tympanic membranes are small and flattened with funnel-shaped, bony eustachian tubes .

Skull dimensions of the subspecies of the Campbell dwarf hamster
Dimensions in millimeters Phodopus campbelli crepidatus Phodopus campbelli campbelli
Length of skull 27.0 22.6-26.5
25.0 ( condylobasal ) 19.2-22.7 ( basal )
Length of the palate   10.8-12.9 ( palatal )
Length of the nasal bones 11.1  
Width across the zygomatic arches 13.0 11.8-14.3
Width of the skull   9.9-11.1 (via the mastoid processes )
Distance between the eye sockets 3.7  
Width across the molars   4.6-5.2
Length of the upper molar row 4.0 3.2-3.9
Length of the lower molar row   3.5-3.8

Way of life

Population density

The population density of the Campbell dwarf hamster is low and stable. In Daurien, the number of catches per 100  fall days between 1944 and 1958 in grain fields was between 0.01 and 6.0.

construction

The Campbell dwarf hamster often inhabits the burrows of the Mongolian gerbil .

In Daurien, the construction of the Campbell dwarf hamster consists of a horizontal passage with a nest chamber into which four to six vertical shafts open. The passage is up to one meter long and the nest chamber is usually 25 to 30 centimeters below the surface of the earth. The nest is made of dry grass and sheep's wool .

In the high steppes and semi-deserts of the Barga plateau in northern Manchuria, the Campbell's dwarf hamster also inhabits the burrows of the Daurian whistling hare and in the rocks and cliffs of the Great Hinggan Mountains the burrows of the Manchurian whistling hare . On the Mongolian plateau, 160 kilometers north of Zhangjiakou, he prefers the Mongolian gerbil's burrows to burrows that he dug himself.

nutrition

The diet of the Campbell dwarf hamster varies in different parts of its range as well as from year to year and is similar to the diet of the Daurian dwarf hamster , which partly lives in the same area .

In Daurien, Peschkow (1960) found the consumption of the seeds of 51 plant species. First and foremost are the seeds of hairy awl grass , wild leek , irises iris ruthenica and iris flavissima, as well as hollow teeth . In addition, the seeds are cinquefoils , cowbells , Thermopsis , the finial Polygala sibirica , Kalidium sinense and sedges as well as insects , especially beetles , eaten.

In Tuwa, Flint and Golowkin (1961) determine the consumption of the seeds of ten plant species and genera. First and foremost are the seeds of finger herbs, saltpeter herbs , awl grass , aneurolepidum and sedges. Animal food is eaten in smaller quantities, vegetative parts of plants almost not at all. For example, Flint and Golowkin found vegetable food in over 90 percent of hamsters caught with filled cheek pouches, whereas animal food was found in only 50 percent.

Of the 51 plant species identified in Daurien in the food spectrum of the Campbell dwarf hamster, 36 are also found in the Daurian dwarf hamster, nine of the ten species and genera identified in Tuwa are found. The food spectrum of the Daurian and that of the Tuvinian population of the Campbell dwarf hamster, on the other hand, has only four common species.

The cheek pouches of a male captured near Manjur in northern Manchuria contained 120 plant seeds and a trunk of the beetle Pacephorus umbratus .

Food of the Campbell dwarf hamster
  Daurien Tuva
  1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
Seeds of ... Percentage of hamsters caught with full cheek pouches or with a full stomach
Hair awl grass 52          
wild leek 30th          
Hollow tooth 23          
Finger herbs 23     25th 87 42
Iris ruthenica   40 44 25th    
Iris flavissima   38 33      
Cow bells   30th        
Thermopsis   28        
Polygala sibirica     49      
Potassium sinense     37      
Sedges       40   18th
Saltpetre herbs         18th 42
Aneurolepidum           20th
whole vegetable food         97 90
animal food         50 50

Predators and parasites

In Daurien the Campbell dwarf hamster is an important prey of the eagle owl .
The steppe fox is another predator of the Campbell dwarf hamster.

The predators of the Campbell dwarf hamster include eagle owls , highland buzzards , steppe eagles , kestrel , saker falcon and steppe fox .

The external parasites include the fleas Amphipsylla longispina , Amphipsylla anceps , Amphipsylla schelkovnikovi , Paradoxopsyllus narnyi , Wagneria tecta , Wagneria schelkovnikovi and Neopsylla . The external parasites are not limited to the Campbell dwarf hamster. According to Ross (1995) no internal parasites have been described.

Predatory predators of the Campbell dwarf hamster
Predator region Share in lumps and excrement in percent Share of total food in percent Rank in nutrition source
Campbell's dwarf hamster and Daurian dwarf hamster
Eagle owl Daurien - 10.9 -
eastern Chita area 12.5 - 2-3
western Chita area - - -
Highland buzzard Daurien - 12.9 -
eastern Chita area 1.8 - 5.
western Chita area 3.2 - 5.
Steppe eagle Daurien 2.0 - 6th
eastern Chita area 0.5 - 5.
western Chita area 0.4 - 6th
Kestrel Chita area - - -
Saker falcon Daurien - - -
Chita area - - -
Campbell dwarf hamster
Steppe fox Daurien in summer 1.5 7.7 -
Daurien in winter 2.8 - -
southeast Daurien in summer - 7.7 -
southeast Daurien in winter - 2.6 -

Distribution and existence

The Campbell dwarf hamster inhabits the steppes and semi-deserts of Mongolia as well as neighboring areas in China and Siberia .

The distribution area of the Campbell dwarf hamster are the steppes and semi-deserts of Mongolia, northeastern China and Dauria, Tuwas and the Altai in southern Siberia. In China, its distribution area extends over northern Inner Mongolia , northern Hebei and adjacent parts of Heilongjiang as well as western Xinjiang . The northern border in Tuwa runs between Chandagaity and Samagaltai along the southern edge of the Tannu-ola Mountains .

The World Conservation Organization IUCN classifies the Campbell dwarf hamster as not endangered .

Systematics and nomenclature

The Campbell dwarf hamster is assigned as a species of the Phodopus sungorus group or as a subspecies to the Djungarian dwarf hamster. Sokolow and coworkers (1990) distinguish two subspecies:

  • Phodopus campbelli crepidatus Hollister, 1912 in the western part of the range and
  • Phodopus campbelli campbelli (Thomas, 1905) in the eastern part of the range.

Winogradow and Argiropulo (1941), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet (1978), Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1987), as well as Musser and Carleton (2005) combine the two forms, Hollister (1912) regards them as separate species.

The type specimen of the Campbell dwarf hamster was discovered by Charles William Campbell on July 1, 1902 in northeastern Mongolia or Inner Mongolia. Since the "Shaborte" specified as the place of discovery is not a geographical location, but the Mongolian name for a periodically drying lake, the exact place of discovery is not known and various coordinates are given (Thomas 1905: 46 ° 40 ′  N , 114 ° 0 ′  E ; Thomas 1908: 42 ° 40 '  N , 116 ° 20'  O ; Allen 1940: 42 ° 40 '  N , 110 ° 0'  O . Oldfield Thomas described the type specimen 1905 as Cricetulus campbelli .

The population of Tschujasteppe , 13 kilometers south of Kosh-Agach ( 50 ° 0 '  N , 88 ° 40'  O ) in the Republic of Altai described Ned Hollister 1912 as Phodopus crepidatus  - from the Latin crepidatus "Sandals supporting". In addition to this population, Hollister also assigned Cricetulus campbelli to the genus Phodopus .

In 1917 Thomas introduced the Campbell dwarf hamster as a type species in the new genus Cricetiscus . AI Argiropulo united it in 1933 as the subspecies Phodopus sungorus campbelli with the Djungarian dwarf hamster.

Orlow and Ischakowa (1974) refer to the population in Tuwa as Phodopus sungorus tuvinicus . According to Pawlinow and Rossolimo (1987), however, the requirements for a scientific name are not met due to a lack of description and information from the authors, and they classify the name as a noun nudum .

Campbell hamster and human

The Campbell dwarf hamster comes in many different colors. While in Europe the keeping of the Djungarian dwarf hamster in private households is very popular, in North America the Campbell dwarf hamster is much better known. However, it can also be found more and more often in German pet stores.

Additional information

References and comments

  1. ↑ Does the human weakness for alcohol come from monkeys? , badische-zeitung.de
  2. ↑ Ross 1995 (p. 1, "General Characters").
  3. ↑ Zimmermann 1964. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “General Characters”). The information relates to four males and one female.
  4. ↑ Lieselotte Herberg, KD Buchanan, LM Herbertz, Horst F. Kern, HK Riley: The Djungarian hamster, a laboratory animal with inappropriate hyperglycemia . In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology . tape 65 , 1980, pp. 35-60 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Form and Function").
  5. ↑ D. Kim Sawrey, Denis J. Baumgardner, MJ Campa, Bruce Ferguson, Alan W. Hodges, Donald A. Dewsbury: Behavioral patterns of Djungarian hamsters: an adaptive profile . In: Animal Learning and Behavior . tape 12 , 1984, pp. 297-306 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Form and Function").
  6. ↑ a b Hollister 1912. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “General Characters”). The information relates to a specimen from the Chuja steppe in the Altai Republic.
  7. ↑ Allen 1940. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “General Characters”). The information relates to eight specimens from Mongolia.
  8. ↑ a b c Thomas 1905. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “General Characters”).
  9. ↑ Patricia D. Ross: Morphological variation and phylogeny of Palaearctic hamsters (Rodentia, Cricetinae) . University of Toronto, Toronto 1992 (710 pages; dissertation). Quoted in: Ross 1998 (p. 1, "Diagnosis").
  10. ↑ a b Chris Logsdail, Peter Logsdail, Kate Hovers: Hamsterlopaedia. A Complete Guide to Hamster Care . Ringpress Books, Dorking 2005, ISBN 1-86054-246-8 (174 pages; reprint of the 2002 edition; p. 156).
  11. ↑ Allen 1940. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “Diagnosis”).
  12. ↑ Ross 1998 (p. 1, "Context and Content" of the genre). However, its fur can also have other colors. They are even available in a Dalmariner look
  13. ↑ Hollister 1912. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “Diagnosis”).
  14. ↑ Thomas 1905. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Form and Function").
  15. ↑ Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Form and Function").
  16. ↑ Allen 1940. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “General Characters”). The information relates to ten specimens from Mongolia.
  17. ↑ a b Ross 1995 (p. 4, "Ecology").
  18. ↑ NW Nekipelow: The Transbaikal dwarf hamsters and some ecological peculiarities of the dwarf hamster subfamily . In: Izvestija Irkutskowo nautschno-issledowatelskowo . tape 23 . Antipest Institute for Siberia and the Far East, 1960 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint 1966 (p. 38).
  19. ↑ a b N. W. Nekipelow: [Materials of the biology of the Daurian and Djungarian hamster] . In: Trudy Mosk. Zootechn. Inst . tape 1 , 1941 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint 1966 (p. 61).
  20. ↑ Zdenêk Veselovský, S. Grundová: Contribution to the knowledge of the jungle hamster, Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773) . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 30 , 1964, pp. 305-311 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 4, “Ecology”).
  21. ↑ Judin and coworkers 1979. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 4, “Ecology”).
  22. ↑ Anatoli Stefanowitsch Lukaschkin: On the pikas of North Manchuria . In: Journal of Mammalogy . tape 21 , 1940, p. 402-404 ( full text ). Full text ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.loukashkin.org
  23. ↑ Allen 1940; Thomas 1905. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 4, “Ecology”).
  24. ↑ a b Flint 1966 (pp. 34-35).
  25. ↑ a b B. I. Peschkow: [About the diet of the Daurian and Djungarian dwarf hamster] . In: Izvestija Irkutskowo nautschno-issledowatelskowo . tape 23 . Antipest Institute for Siberia and the Far East, 1960 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint 1966 (pp. 31, 34-36).
  26. ↑ a b Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint, Alexander Nikolajewitsch Golowkin: [Comparative ecology of the dwarf hamsters of Tuwa] . In: Bjulleten Moskowskowo obschtschestwa ispytatelei prirody, otdel biologitscheski . tape 66 , no. 5 , 1961, pp. 57-76 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint 1966 (pp. 31, 34-36).
  27. ↑ Zimmermann 1964. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 4, “Ecology”).
  28. ↑ Flint 1966 (p. 81).
  29. ↑ a b c d W. M. Lipajew, PP Tarasow: [Materials on the food of birds of prey in southwestern Transbaikalia according to dune analyzes] . In: Izvestija Irkutskowo nautschno-issledowatelskowo . tape 10 . Antipest Institute for Siberia and the Far East, 1952 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint 1966 (pp. 50-56).
  30. ↑ a b c d e Peschkow 1957. Quoted in: Flint 1966 (pp. 50–56).
  31. ↑ IP Brom: [The Diet of the Desert Fox in Transbaikalia] . In: Izvestija Irkutskowo nautschno-issledowatelskowo . tape 10 . Antipest Institute for Siberia and the Far East, 1952 (Russian). Quoted in: Flint 1966 (pp. 50-56). The information on the proportion of total food is based on the stomach contents.
  32. ↑ Wladimir Georgijewitsch Geptner, NP Naumow (ed.): The mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II: Manatees and Predators . Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Jena 1974 (1006 pages). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 4, “Ecology”). The information is based on the stomach contents of 52 steppe foxes in summer and 38 steppe foxes in winter.
  33. ^ A b Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 894-1531 (p. 1045).
  34. ↑ Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Voronzow, Sevili Ibragimowne Radschabli, KL Lyapunowa: Karyological differentiation of allopatric forms of hamsters of the superspecies Phodopus sungorus and heteromorphism of the sex chromosomes in the females . In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Biological Science Section . tape 173 , 1967, pp. 55-58 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Distribution"; Fig. 2)
  35. ↑ Zimmermann 1964. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “Distribution”).
  36. ↑ Judin and coworkers 1979. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, “Distribution”).
  37. ↑ Phodopus campbelli in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2009 Posted by: S. Shar, D. Lkhagvasuren, 2008. Accessed June 24 of 2009.
  38. ↑ Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Sokolow, NJ Wassiljewa, EP Sinkewitsch: Secretion from the midventral gland of the male Djungarian hamster ( Phodopus campbelli Thomas, 1905) contains a factor that regulates sexual maturation in offspring . In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Biological Science Section . tape 308 , 1990, pp. 570-573 . Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Context and Content").
  39. ^ Boris Stepanowitsch Vinogradow, AI Argiropulo: Key to rodents . In: SA Sernow, DA Oglobin (ed.): Fauna of the USSR Mammals . Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1968, pp. 51–56, 115–163 (English translation of the original Russian edition from 1941). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Context and Content").
  40. ↑ John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Charles Stuart Morrison-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946 . British Museum (Natural History), London 1951 (810 pages). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Context and Content").
  41. ^ Gordon Barclay Corbet: The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region: A Taxonomic Review . British Museum (Natural History) / Cornell University Press, London 1978, ISBN 0-8014-1171-8 (314 pages). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, "Context and Content").
  42. ↑ a b Pawlinow and Rossolimo 1987 (p. 171).
  43. ↑ Hollister 1912. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy).
  44. ↑ Ross 1995 (p. 5, "Remarks").
  45. ↑ Argiropulo 1933. Quoted in: Steinlechner 1998 (p. 10).
  46. ↑ a b Thomas 1905 (p. 322). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy). Original wording on the location of Cricetulus campbelli : "Shaborte, NE Mongolia (about 46 ° 40′N; 114 ° E)."
  47. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: The Duke of Bedford's zoological exploration in eastern Asia. IX. List of mammals from the Mongolian Plateau . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . No. 1 , 1908, p. 104-110 (p. 107). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy). Correction of the location of Cricetulus campbelli : “46 ° 40′N; 116 ° 20′E. "
  48. ↑ Allen 1940. Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy).
  49. ↑ Hollister 1912 (p. 3). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy). Original wording on the location of Phodopus crepidatus : “Chuiskaya Steppe (8 miles south of Kosh-Agatch), Altai District, Siberia; 7300 ft. "
  50. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: On the small hamsters that have been referred to Cricetulus phaeus and campbelli . In: Annals and Magazine of Natural History . tape 19 , 1917, pp. 456-457 (p. 703). Quoted in Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy) and Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the genus).
  51. ↑ Argiropulo 1933 (p. 136). Quoted in: Ross 1995 (p. 1, synonymy).
  52. ↑ IM Gromow, GI Baranowa (ed.): [Catalog of the mammals of the Soviet Union. Pliocene to the present] . Nauka, Leningrad 1981 (456 pages; original Russian title: Каталог млекопитающих СССР. Плиоцен – современность; p. 158). Quoted in: Pawlinow and Rossolimo 1987 (p. 171).

literature

Mainly used literature:

  • Wladimir Evgenjewitsch Flint: The dwarf hamsters of the Palearctic fauna . In: The New Brehm Library . 2nd Edition. tape 366 . Westarp-Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2006, ISBN 3-89432-766-9 (100 pages, reprint of the 1st edition from 1966).
  • Patricia D. Ross: Phodopus campbelli . In: Mammalian Species . tape 503 , 1995, pp. 1–7 ( full text [PDF; 887 kB ]).

Further literature cited several times:

  • Glover Morrill Allen: The mammals of China and Mongolia. Part 2 . In: Walter Granger (Ed.): Natural History of Central Asia . tape 11 . American Museum of Natural History, New York 1940, p. 621-1350 (Central Asiatic Expeditions).
  • Anatoly Iwanowitsch Argiropulo: The genera and species of the hamsters (Cricetinae Murray, 1866) of the Palearctic . In: Journal of Mammals . tape 8 , 1933, pp. 129-149 .
  • Ned Hollister: New mammals from the highlands of Siberia . In: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections . tape 60 , no. 14 , 1912, pp. 1-6 .
  • Boris Stepanowitsch Judin, Lijana Iwanowa Galkina, Antonina Fedorovna Potapkina: [Mammals of the Altai- Sayan mountain region] . Nauka, Novosibirsk 1979 (296 pages, Russian: Млекопитающие Алтае-Саянской горной страны .).
  • Igor Jakowlewitsch Pawlinow, Olga Leonidowna Rossolimo: [Systematics of the mammals of the Soviet Union] . Publishing house of the Moscow State University, Moscow 1987 (282 pages, online - Russian: Систематика млекопитающих СССР .).
  • Patricia D. Ross: Phodopus sungorus . In: Mammalian Species . tape 595 , 1998, pp. 1–9 ( full text [PDF; 1.1 MB ]).
  • Stephan Steinlechner: Djungarian hamster and / or Siberian hamster: Who is Who? In: European Pineal Society NEWS . tape 38 , 1998, pp. 7–11 ( full text [PDF; 104 kB ]).
  • Oldfield Thomas: A new Cricetulus from Mongolia . In: Annals and Magazine of Natural History . tape 6 , 1905, pp. 322-323 .
  • K. Zimmermann: On the mammal fauna of China: Results of the Sino-German collecting trip through north and north-east China in 1956 . In: Communications Zoological Museum Berlin . tape 40 , no. 15 , 1964, pp. 87-140 .

Web links

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