Ptolemy XII

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Head of a statue of Ptolemy XII, Paris, Louvre Ma 3449
King's statue of Ptolemy XII. in hieroglyphics from Athribis (Menu)

Ptolemy XII (also Theos Philopator Philadelphos Neos Dionysos ; nickname: Auletes ( flute player ); * between 115 and 107 BC; † February / March (?) 51 BC) was a king of Egypt . He was a son of Ptolemy IX. Soter II , climbed 80 BC The throne (coronation in Alexandria only 76 BC), was 58 BC. And went to Rome . 55 BC He was able to achieve his reinstatement with Roman help and was then again King of Egypt until his death (51 BC). He chose the nickname Neos Dionysus because of the prevailing cult of the god Dionysus , which corresponds to the Egyptian Osiris . He is the father of the famous Cleopatra VII.

origin

It is not known who was the mother of Ptolemy XII. was. In research, two different views are usually held. According to one theory, he was the son of Cleopatra V. Selene , the second wife of Ptolemy IX. According to another view, however, he was the unequal child of an unknown woman (perhaps an elegant Egyptian) of Ptolemy IX. The latter opinion is held by the majority of historians, including Werner Huss .

Huss gives several reasons to justify his thesis: Pausanias states that Cleopatra Berenike III. the only legitimate child of Ptolemy IX. was, and accordingly the ancient historian Pompeius Trogus and Cicero call Ptolemy XII. as Nothos (= bastard). In addition, Cleopatra was looking for Selene in 75 BC. To achieve that her two sons of Antiochus X. came to rule in Egypt. But if she were also the mother of Ptolemy XII. had been, she would hardly have challenged his rule. Finally, Ptolemy XII could. The nickname Philopator (= father-lover) could be an indication that he could only derive his legitimacy from his father's side and, in return, emphasized this by choosing his nickname. The fact that he found it difficult to gain recognition as an Egyptian ruler in Rome could also be more easily explained with an illegitimate origin.

Against this speaks the statement of Junianus Justinus that Ptolemy IX. had two sons of Cleopatra Selene, for being the mother of Ptolemy XII. (and his brother, Ptolemy of Cyprus ), because otherwise it would be unknown what happened to these two sons. However, given the poor sources, this seems possible. The historian Hans Volkmann believes because of Justinus' remark and for other reasons that Ptolemy XII. a legitimate son of Ptolemy IX. was from Cleopatra Selene. Christopher Bennett finally takes the view that the first wife of Ptolemy IX, Cleopatra IV , the mother of Ptolemy XII. has been.

Early life and accession to the throne

Probably belonged to Ptolemy XII. and his brother Ptolemy of Cyprus to the grandchildren, Cleopatra III. 103 BC Before the war against her expelled son Ptolemaios IX. brought to safety in the Temple of Asclepius on the island of Kos . 88 BC Ptolemy XII. then probably with the other grandchildren of Cleopatra III. into the captivity of King Mithridates VI. von Pontus, who allegedly shared his daughters Mithridatis and Nysa with Ptolemy XII. and betrothed his brother (before 84 BC).

80 BC Was Ptolemy XI. Alexander II. Killed by an angry crowd after he killed his popular co-regent Cleopatra Berenike III. had killed. After that, the Alexandrians made use of their old right to choose their new ruler themselves. However, they had to take the initiative quickly, as the world power Rome, which was under Sulla's dictatorship at the time, might interfere again, and Cleopatra Selene , who resided in Cilicia , as the only legitimate Ptolemaic offspring still alive for her sons from the Seleucid Antiochus X, was entitled to the Egyptian claim Ascend to the throne (there is evidence that she did so five years later). Since there were no other male descendants of a Ptolemaic king left, the Alexandrians let Ptolemy XII , who was then in Syria . to communicate by messenger that they wanted him to be the new king. The competitor gladly accepted the election. At the same time his brother Ptolemy was elected King of Cyprus (independent of Egypt); this division of power was supposed to prevent dynastic power struggles. Under Sulla's leadership, Rome temporarily refrained from interfering in the Egyptian king's election. Nevertheless for Ptolemy XII. since the beginning of his rule there has been a constant danger that Rome would annex its kingdom, citing that Ptolemy X. Alexander I bequeathed the land of Egypt to world power in his will.

The accession to the throne of Ptolemy XII. found shortly before September 11, 80 BC. Instead of. In the official calendar, the new king overlooked the brief reign of his predecessor Ptolemy XI. and his co-regent Cleopatra Berenike III. and instead closed his first year of reign directly on the last (37th) year of his father Ptolemy IX. on.

The cult title theos Philopator (= Father-loving God) was given to Ptolemy XII. immediately after his accession to the throne. On the basis of papyrological data, it is obvious that it was only a little later, at the beginning of 79 BC. BC, also took on the nickname Philadelphos (= sister-loving), namely when he was his full or half-sister Cleopatra VI. Tryphaina married, and that he wanted to use the title to emphasize the unity of the royal family. Ptolemy XII chose the title Neos Dionysus . probably because Dionysus had long been considered the patron god of his dynasty; he also considered himself to be his incarnation and felt personally connected to him. The Alexandrians mockingly called their king Auletes (= flute player) because he held musical competitions in his palace where he liked to play the aulos himself . Strabo , who narrates this, judges this habit extremely negatively and counts him among the rulers who were most to blame for the decline of the Ptolemaic Empire. In the Dionysus cult, however, musical agons played an important role, and the aulos was one of the standard instruments. With his aulos game, the king was probably not only fulfilling his passion, but above all was fulfilling political representation duties. Possibly Ptolemy XII. for the choice of his surnames Philopator and Neos Dionysus also his ancestor Ptolemaios IV. as a model.

Domestic political consolidation of rule

After Sulla's abdication (79 BC), the rival senators were initially too preoccupied with themselves to deal with Egyptian affairs. But whether after the consolidation of the balance of power the rule of Ptolemy XII. would accept could not be foreseen.

Perhaps due to internal political resistance, Ptolemy XII's coronation took place. according to the Egyptian rite not until 76 BC. Instead of. Not the old high priest of Ptah at Memphis , Petobastis III , who was once appointed by (belonging to the rival Ptolemaic branch ) Ptolemy X. (* 121; † 76 BC), but only his son Psenptais III. (or Psenptah III., * 90; † 41 BC) performed this ceremony in Memphis at the age of 14, as can be seen from the tomb inscription on the Harris stele of the high priest. From this it can also be seen that Psenptais III. visited the king after his coronation in Alexandria and was appointed "Prophet of Pharaoh", as well as that Ptolemy XII. maintained close contact with him and therefore came to him several times on an official mission in Memphis. On one of these visits the king came with "his wives", children and courtiers and resided in the royal palace of the Serapeum district at Memphis.

This official enthronement was for Ptolemy XII. very important, since already 75 BC Cleopatra Selene laid claim to Egypt for her two sons. She sent Antiochus XIII. and his brother to Rome, who received no support from the world power and had to leave without having achieved anything. For this, the Senate in the same year took a long time to Ptolemaic associated Cyrenaica one as a Roman province.

Ptolemy XII sought to consolidate his rule domestically by establishing good relations with the powerful local priesthood. For example, he made sure that their most important representative, Psenptais III, had sufficient income from temples all over Egypt. He also granted important sanctuaries the coveted right of asylum, such as the Temple of Isis at Ptolemais Hermaiou (March 14, 75 BC), the Temple of Isis in Theadelphia in Faijum (July 29, 70 BC), the temple of the crocodile gods in Euhemeria in Faijum (May 5, 69 BC) and the Temple of Ammont in Euhemeria (69/68 BC). The king's endeavor to win the sympathy of the priesthood is also evident in his concern for the security of the temple treasures and in the development of extensive building work for the construction of shrines. He had a large number of temples built or completed, and when the temple of Isis at Philae was built , he himself probably laid the foundation stone in a ceremony. In addition, on the 9th day of the second month of Shemu ( July 15th June; Greg. Date June 12th) in the year 70 B.C. The inauguration of the complete construction of the Edfu temple .

Family relationships

Between August 69 BC BC and February 68 BC The name Cleopatra VI, the wife of Ptolemy XII, disappears from the Egyptian documents. The historian Werner Huss assumes that she fell out of favor, Ptolemy XII. separated from her and entered into a new marriage (which the Greeks regarded as illegitimate) with a noble Egyptian woman. This second wife may have been a member of the Memphis family of high priests, with which the king was so closely connected. Since Ptolemy XII. According to Strabo only had one legitimate daughter (namely his eldest, Berenike IV. ), Huss assumes that the king's other children came from his second marriage to the Egyptian woman, i.e. his two younger daughters Cleopatra VII (* 69 BC). Chr.) And Arsinoe IV. (* Between 68 and 65 BC) as well as his two sons Ptolemy XIII. (* 61 BC) and Ptolemy XIV (* 59 BC).

Fight for recognition in Rome

65 BC Chr. Is sought Julius Caesar , then curule aedile , probably with the support of Censors Marcus Licinius Crassus a plebiscite an extraordinary empire to collect the Nile Valley to gain as a Roman province in order of this resource-rich power base of the showdown with Pompey to be able to enter. However, the plan failed due to the opposition of the Optimates , because Crassus' counterpart Quintus Lutatius Catulus objected. After all, there was a risk that an ambitious Roman governor of Egypt would gain too much power.

Since military resistance was hopeless, the Egyptian pharaoh tried to secure his rule by transferring large bribes to leading Roman politicians. But already at the end of 64 BC The people's tribune Publius Servilius Rullus sought, probably on behalf of Caesar and Crassus, to pass an agricultural law that would have given Caesar far-reaching powers as a member of a new commission of ten. According to Cicero's remarks, these might also have been used to annex the Nile land. With four speeches directed against the bill, Cicero, who had just started his consulate, was able to thwart the plan.

Ptolemy XII, who was already very little respected in Senate circles. wanted to win the favor of the military general Pompey, who was very successful in the Eastern Mediterranean at that time - if only because of his dangerous geographical proximity. After all, in 64 BC the Roman general had The neighboring Seleucid Empire was liquidated and made the Roman province of Syria . As a result, Egypt was the last successor state not yet occupied by the Romans to the former empire of Alexander the Great . Now the Ptolemaic financed when Pompey 63 BC Waged war in Judea , 8000 horsemen fighting in the Roman army. In addition, the king sent the Roman general during his stay in Damascus (beginning of 63 BC) a gold wreath that cost 4,000 talents. This enormously expensive gift consumed about two-thirds of a state annual income of 6,000 talents. Apparently Ptolemy XII increased In order to cover his enormous bribery expenses for Roman politicians, taxes were so high that revolts broke out. King Pompey urgently asked for help to combat them. But the Roman refused to come to Alexandria and assist the Ptolemy against the rebels, arguing that he was concerned about the reactions of the other senators to such a direct intervention in Egypt. So Ptolemy XII subdued. the excitement probably because he reduced taxes again, sold the "silverware" of his country, devalued money and finally borrowed huge amounts of money from major Roman bankers, especially Gaius Rabirius Postumus , at considerable interest rates. But Rabirius was a confidante of Pompey.

The fact that the Egyptians did not have as much sympathy for the Romans as their ruler showed for political reasons is evident from the eyewitness account of the Sicilian historian Diodorus , who wrote around 60 BC. Visited Alexandria. At that time, the Egyptians tried to treat all visitors from Italy courteously so as not to give rise to a conflict with Rome. But when a Roman accidentally killed a cat (considered a sacred animal in Egypt), he was lynched by an angry crowd, despite an attempt by the royal officials to mediate.

Soon afterwards Ptolemy XII succeeded. with his policy of bribery the breakthrough for his recognition by Rome. He promised the most influential politicians Pompeius and Caesar, who were now allied because of the first triumvirate , to pay the enormous sum of 6,000 talents. Therefore Caesar - who had already turned his attention from Egypt to Gaul -, as consul (59 BC), concluded an alliance treaty ( foedus ) between Egypt and Rome and included the king in the list of “friends and allies of the Roman People ”( amici et socii populi Romani ). With Caesar and Pompey Ptolemy XII. won the most powerful Romans as guarantors for the observance of the concluded treaty of alliance, so that there seemed no longer any danger from Rome. Apparently, at least Caesar did not receive his share of the bribe, as he later (48 BC) received it partly from the children (Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII) of Ptolemy XII, who had already died at that time. demanded.

With that Ptolemy XII imagined himself. probably at the goal of his long-term foreign policy efforts. Domestically, too, he took further consolidation measures to secure his rule. So he granted a large amnesty regulation and at least guaranteed the clergy of the Herakleopolitical Gaus the hereditary possession of their lands (60/59 BC). In at least three Egyptian districts, however, Jewish settlers apparently tried to assert their interests so vigorously that the strategist of the Herakleopolitical Gaus wrote to the finance minister that they were "robbers".

expulsion

When Rome at the instigation of the tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher 58 BC The independent of Egypt and therefore probably not in the agreement with Ptolemaios XII. annexed included Cyprus , the king of the island committed suicide. His brother, Ptolemy XII, had accepted the occupation of Cyprus without comment so as not to endanger his own rule. The Alexandrians, who were already anti-Roman, were extremely outraged by this confiscation of old Ptolemaic possessions as well as by their king's silent tolerance. They were not to speak well on these due to the financial burdens caused by his expensive bribery policy on leading representatives of the hated world power.

Since Ptolemy XII. did not comply with their demand to reclaim Cyprus or to break with Rome, apparently some political clubs in the capital tried to overthrow him, so that he was probably in June or the beginning of July 58 BC. Had to flee. In Rome, however, Pompey's political opponents spread the rumor that the king had left his country voluntarily and only at the urging of Theophanes of Mytilene . This would have been an extraordinary empire for Pompey to reinstate Ptolemy XII. want to obtain, which would have been connected with a further plunder of the Egyptian riches by the triumvirs.

The king's wife, Cleopatra VI, who had been driven from power for ten years. Tryphaina and his eldest daughter Berenike IV were proclaimed the new rulers, but Cleopatra VI died. probably a year later.

exile

The expelled king went on the journey to Rome, since only there he could obtain the necessary help for his reinstatement on the throne of the pharaohs. On the way he stopped in Rhodes to meet Marcus Porcius Cato . However, despite the high rank of the king, the latter refused to visit him, so that the Ptolemaic had to make himself comfortable to visit the house of Catos. The Roman treated the king rather haughty and cool, but tried to draw his attention to the greed of the Roman greats with clever advice, whose help he could only buy with additional huge bribes. Instead, Cato agreed to Ptolemy XII. to bring him back to Egypt and help him reconcile with the Alexandrians. The king could not ignore this suggestion at first, but his Egyptian advisors soon convinced him to travel on to Rome anyway. In fact, the Ptolemaic king could only expect effective support in the capital. According to an inscription, a Libyan king's daughter built around 58 BC. In Athens a funerary monument for her deceased maid. This princess is identified by some historians (first Adolf Wilhelm, 1934) with Cleopatra VII, who was about 11 years old at the time, as she could well have accompanied her father on his journey into exile. After all, she underlined her good relationship with her father throughout her life. In this case Ptolemy XII would have. and his daughter in Athens made another stopover on the trip to Rome.

After arriving in Rome, the Egyptian king was billeted on the Albanian estate of his patronus Pompeius, who was supposed to support him on his return to Egypt, but had lost his influence. Apparently the king once again bribed leading politicians with large sums of money to get Rome's help for his reinstatement. In order to raise the bribes he probably again owed large amounts of money to Roman bankers, so that they too had to have a great interest in renewing his rule, because only in this case could they get back the money they had lent.

Meanwhile, the Alexandrians did not remain idle and in turn tried to prevent the king from returning. Therefore, as early as the beginning of 57 BC, they sent About 100 ambassadors under the direction of the philosopher Dion to Italy, in order to justify their approach before the senators and to accuse Ptolemy XII. to invalidate. In order to prevent the danger, he had many members of the Alexandrian delegation murdered as soon as they landed in Puteoli , and other ambassadors also fell victim to attacks in Rome itself. The survivors were intimidated and bribed to keep them quiet. This brutal (and presumably agreed in secret with Pompey and the bankers) the Ptolemy's approach on Italian soil could not go unnoticed. Marcus Favonius , a political opponent of Pompey, and several other senators were indignant, but the bribe of Ptolemy XII turned out. than more effective. The initially surviving head of the delegation, Dion, was not allowed to speak in front of the Senate and was poisoned in Rome. Two suspects were born in 56 BC. Accused of murder, but Cicero obtained her acquittal.

Around September 57 BC. With his policy of bribery the expelled king finally managed to get the consul Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther from the Senate to initiate the repatriation of the Ptolemaic. It is unclear why Pompey should not carry out this task. Perhaps he feared too much opposition to his nomination or did not want to let his political opponents out of sight in Rome for so long. But since he had a good relationship with Lentulus, he was probably satisfied with this solution.

The Egyptian king left Rome (probably around November 57 BC), where he let his confidante Ammonius represent his interests (especially the continuation of the policy of bribery) from then on. He himself went to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus . There he waited to be reinstated in Egypt by Lentulus.

But Lentulus could not do his job. Many opposing senators apparently feared that if Ptolemy XII was successfully reinstated in the military, Pompey would would become too powerful, and did not shy away from the aid of religious concerns to prevent these plans. When at the beginning of January 56 BC In BC (pre-Julian) lightning struck the statue of Jupiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus , the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis consulted the sacred Sibylline books and interpreted them in such a way that the king asking for support was treated amicably, but not militarily should help. Perhaps the tribune of the people Gaius Porcius Cato was behind this action, which was supposed to prevent Lentulus from giving up . Under his unlawful pressure, the priests had to read the oracle to the people so that it could not be covered up by the Senate.

On January 14, 56 BC BC (pre-Julian) five different motions were discussed in the Senate. According to the first three proposals, the repatriation of the Egyptian king without the deployment of an army should be carried out either by Lentulus or by three legates who had an imperium (command) or by three legates without such an empire . The fourth motion stipulated that the king should not be reinstated due to religious concerns. Finally, the fifth proposal suggested entrusting Pompey with the repatriation of the Ptolemaic, albeit without the use of an army.

When Ptolemy XII. in Ephesus learned of the debates in Rome, he asked in a letter read by Aulus Plautius in a popular assembly that Pompey should bring him back. Partisans of Pompey had this wish of the Egyptian king printed on leaflets, which were then distributed in the forum and other places.

After an unsuccessful Senate meeting (January 17, 56 BC, pre-Julian), the repatriation of Ptolemy XII was held the next day. decided without using military means; but no consensus could be found as to which Roman should lead this company. Two tribunes vetoed the resolution (which was downgraded to senatus auctoritas ) that they were not allowed to negotiate the "Egyptian question" before the people.

On behalf of Crassus, the former tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher made despite this senatus auctoritas on February 6, 56 BC. BC (pre-Julian) in a popular assembly for the mood that not Pompey but Crassus should be sent to Egypt. But a month or two later, the majority of the senators took the decision, which the tribunes of the people opposed, that Pompey not even without Ptolemy XII's troops. be allowed to return to Alexandria and that the king should receive no help in restoring his power. From then on the subject of Egypt was no longer debated in the Senate.

Cicero had long been in favor of the restoration of the Ptolemaic king by Lentulus and did not consider the first senate resolution passed in this sense to have expired. But since Pompey did not express himself positively in the sense of Lentulus as hoped and therefore Ptolemy XII. was not directly asked for the return operation, Cicero gave Lentulus, who had meanwhile reached his province of Cilicia , in May 56 BC. A letter of advice on how to circumvent the saying of the Sibylline books. Lentulus should go to Egypt without the king, but with army power and there ensure military order so that he Ptolemy XII. then - in accordance with the original Senate consultation - would reinstate it and at the same time take into account the religious concerns of the Quindecemviri. But Lentulus did not risk such an undertaking.

Reinstatement as king

While Ptolemy XII. Had to wait further, Pompey was able to consolidate his power through the renewal of the triumvirate and 55 BC. Again to take up a consulate. So armed, the Roman ignored the decisions of the Senate and sent the Egyptian king an unauthorized letter, commissioning Aulus Gabinius , Syrian proconsul and confidante of Pompey, with the Egyptian expedition. Gabinius should therefore Ptolemy XII. forcibly help regain the throne. When the king in early 55 BC When he presented Pompey's letter to the Syrian proconsul, he promised the payment of an immense 10,000 talents as a further incentive to carry out this undertaking. Allegedly, it was only the 27-year-old Marcus Antonius , who was then appointed as a cavalry leader, who was able to dispel Gabinius' concerns about such overstepping of competencies and risky military action. Antonius conquered the Egyptian border fortress of Pelusion surprisingly quickly , as at least the Jewish part of the occupation surrendered immediately. Many of the Egyptians captured there were supposed to avenge Ptolemy XII. fall victim, but Antony prevented their killing. After short skirmishes in which Archelaus, who had meanwhile advanced to be the husband of Berenike IV., Had fallen, Ptolemy XII. to re-ascend the Egyptian throne. His renewed rule is presumably first mentioned in an Egyptian document dated April 22, 55 BC. Confirmed, and a month earlier, according to Cicero, rumors of his successful return were already circulating in Italy.

Second term of office

Ptolemy XII Berenike IV, who had taken over the government and had opposed her father's repatriation for three years, immediately executed, as did many of her followers, whose money he had collected not least to pay off his debts. Gabinius quickly returned to his province due to unrest, but remained to secure the continued rule of Ptolemy XII. Roman troops, including many Celts and Germans, as mercenaries in Egypt. They probably helped the king put down minor local unrest. They soon took root there, lost their ties to Rome and married Egyptian women. These soldiers, known as Gabiniani after their former commander , were of considerable fighting strength and were later, after the death of Ptolemy XII, for his son Ptolemy XIII. fighting against Caesar and his lover, Cleopatra VII (48 BC).

To further consolidate his newly established power, Ptolemy XII. have given many influential posts to loyal people. But he also had to appoint his main believer, Gaius Rabirius Postumus, who had traveled to Alexandria with Gabinius and to whom he owed large sums, probably under pressure from Pompeius and Gabinius as finance minister ( Dioiketes ). The Roman big capitalist was able to exercise direct control over all financial and economic transactions in Egypt in order to collect the bribes for Gabinius and Pompey as well as his own debts. So he exported papyrus, glassware and other goods on his own account and reaped the profit made. A new papyrus find shows that he also replaced many long-established officials with devoted, but ignorant, exploitative people. He pressed as much money as possible out of the country that it was close to national bankruptcy. Out of desperation of many people about the economic burden, an exodus from the countryside ( anachoresis ) began. Rabirius' ruthless demeanor was finally felt to be so depressing after about 1 ½ years that, despite the Roman occupation soldiers, a riot threatened to arise against him. To protect him from an angry crowd, Ptolemy XII. put him and his accomplices in jail, but soon escaped. The departure of Rabirius, who immediately left the Nile land in a hurry, should have welcomed both the king and the population with relief. In Rome at the end of 54 BC. A process against Gabinius because of exceeding competence and extortion. Condemned on the latter point, the former Syrian governor had to go into exile. Rabirius was then charged with aiding and abetting and surrendering the money paid to Gabinius, but the financier appears to have been acquitted.

In strong dependence on Rome Ptolemy XII. rule for a few more years. All that is known about his “foreign policy” at the time is that he went to the Temple of Apollo at Didyma in 54 or 53 BC. BC donated 34 elephant teeth weighing 24 talents and 20 mines for the lining of doors, a value that corresponds to at least 482 kg. Ptolemy XIII repeated the same donation. after the death of his father, who might have promised it, but could no longer keep it because of his demise. Presumably Ptolemy XII wanted. with this and probably other unknown gifts to establish good relations with Greek cities.

The king was very interested in philosophy and music, and evidently promoted Alexandria's intellectual life. Several schools of philosophy, particularly oriented towards eclecticism , sprang up there. According to his cultural interests Ptolemy XII. have also given his children an appropriate education.

These four children are still alive in an inscription dated May 31, 52 BC. With the title Theoi Neoi Philadelphoi (= "New sibling- loving gods"). The title Philadelphoi was supposed to evoke the king's hope for a peaceful future for his children. In order to ensure a seamless transfer of rule, the king probably adopted his eldest surviving daughter, Cleopatra VII. In the crypts of Hathor of Dendera , the young co-ruler is depicted behind her father.

In his will, Ptolemy XII. states that Cleopatra VII and his eldest son Ptolemy XIII. According to dynastic tradition, they should enter into a sibling marriage and join him on the throne. In order to get his way, he made the people of Rome his executor, referring to the Egyptian-Roman alliance. This order clearly shows how well the ancient king was aware of Egypt's client status vis-à-vis Rome. But he had made this tactically wise to protect the continued existence of the Ptolemaic house. In addition to a copy of his last will deposited in Alexandria, a copy was to be kept in the Aerarium in the metropolis on the Tiber, but for security reasons it was kept in Pompey's house.

death

Ptolemy XII died of complications from an illness. Due to papyrus dating, the time of his death is usually around February or March 51 BC. Set. According to a letter from Marcus Caelius Rufus , his death in Rome was still at the end of June 51 BC. Known only as a rumor.

literature

Web links

Commons : Ptolemy XII Auletes  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Pausanias 1: 9, 3; Pompey Trogus , prologue to book 39; Cicero , de lege agraria 2, 42; unclear, however, per Sestio 57.
  2. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, p. 672f.
  3. ↑ Junianus Justinus 39: 4, 1.
  4. ↑ H. Volkmann, 1959, Col. 1748f.
  5. ↑ Christopher Bennett: Ptolemy XII., Note 5
  6. ^ Appian , Mithridateios 23 and 111, Civil Wars 1, 102.
  7. ↑ Porphyrios at Felix Jacoby in: The fragments of the Greek historians . (FGrH), No. 260, F 6, 26.
  8. ↑ Cicero, de lege agraria 2, 41f.
  9. ^ Egyptian documents from the Berlin State Museums, Greek documents (BGU) VI 1292; on this W. Huss, 2001, p. 673f.
  10. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, p. 674f.
  11. ^ Strabo , Geôgraphiká. 17, 1, 11 p. 796, on this C. Schäfer, 2006, p. 16f .; W. Huss, 2001, p. 675.
  12. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, p. 675f.
  13. ↑ G. Hölbl, 1994, pp. 196 and 258f .; W. Huss, 2001, p. 677.
  14. ↑ Cicero, in Verrem actio 2, 4, 61-68.
  15. ^ Appian, Civil Wars 1, 111.
  16. ^ Collective book of Greek documents from Egypt (SB) 3926; 6236; 6154; 6155.
  17. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, pp. 700ff.
  18. ↑ a b Strabo, Geôgraphiká. 17, 796.
  19. ↑ W. Huss, The Origin of Cleopatra Philopator , Aegyptus 70, 1990, pp. 191-203.
  20. ↑ Plutarch , Crassus 13, 2; Caesar 5, 9; Suetonius , Caesar 11; on this W. Huss, 2001, p. 680; G. Hölbl, 1994, p. 197, on the other hand, doubts Sueton's statement that Caesar was the driving force behind the annexation plans.
  21. ↑ Cicero, de lege agraria 2, 41 and 44; on this G. Hölbl, 1994, p. 198; W. Huss, 2001, pp. 680f.
  22. ↑ Pliny , Natural History 33, 136.
  23. ↑ Strabo in Josephus , Jüdische Antiquities 14, 35; Appian, Mithridateios 114.
  24. ^ Diodor , Bibliothéke historiké. 17, 52, 6; according to Cicero at Strabo, Geôgraphiká. 17,797, on the other hand, the Ptolemy's annual income from taxes was 12,500 talents.
  25. ↑ Appian, Mithridateios 114.
  26. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, p. 682; C. Schäfer, 2006, p. 21f.
  27. ^ Diodor, Bibliothéke historiké. 1, 83, 8f.
  28. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 6; ad Atticum 2, 16, 2; Caesar , Civil Wars 3, 107, 2; Suetonius, Caesar 11 and 54, 3; Cassius Dio , Roman History. 39, 12, 1.
  29. ↑ Plutarch, Caesar 48, 8.
  30. ↑ BGU IV 1185; on this W. Huss, 2001, p. 683f.
  31. ↑ BGU VIII 1764; on this W. Huss, 2001, p. 684.
  32. ↑ On the dating Chris Bennett, Mark Depauw: The reign of Berenike IV (summer 58 – spring 55 BC). In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 160, 2007, pp. 211-214. Chris Bennett: Ptolemy XII. Note 18 .
  33. ↑ Cassius Dio, Römische Geschichte 39, 12, 1ff .; Strabon, Geôgraphiká 12, 558; 17, 796; Timagenes of Alexandria with Plutarch, Pompey 49, 14; Dion Chrysostom , speeches 32, 70; Appian, Syriaca 51; Titus Livius , periochae 104; on this W. Huss, 2001, pp. 685f.
  34. ↑ Strabon, Geôgraphiká 12, 558 and 17, 796, Cassius Dio, Römische Geschichte 39, 13, 1; Porphyry. In: FGrH No. 260, F 2, 14.
  35. ↑ Plutarch, Cato Minor 35, 4-7; the credibility of this anecdote is given by W. Huss, 2001, pp. 686f. and C. Schäfer, 2006, p. 25 doubted.
  36. ^ Inscriptiones Graecae 3, 1309.
  37. ↑ M. Clauss, 2000, p. 19; M. Grant, 1998, p. 31.
  38. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 6; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 14, 3.
  39. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 6.
  40. ↑ Cicero, per M. Caelio 23; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 13, 2.
  41. ↑ Cicero, per M. Caelio 23f. and 54.
  42. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 12, 4; 1, 18, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 12, 3.
  43. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, p. 687.
  44. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 12, 1.
  45. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 16, 3.
  46. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 15, 2.4; 39, 16, 1; Cicero, ad familiares 1, 15, 2; on this W. Huss, 2001, p. 689.
  47. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 12, 3.
  48. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 16, 1f .; Plutarch, Pompey 49, 12.
  49. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 13; ad Quintum fratrem 2, 2, 3.
  50. ↑ Cicero, ad Quintum fratrem 2, 3, 2; Plutarch, Pompey 48, 11f .; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 19, 1f.
  51. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 18, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 55, 1.
  52. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 16, 1f .; 1, 18, 4.
  53. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 21 and 30; Strabo, Geôgraphiká. 17, 796; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 55, 2f .; 39, 56, 3; Plutarch, Antonius 3, 4f.
  54. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 58, 1-3; Plutarch, Antonius 3, 6-10; Strabo, Geôgraphiká. 12, 558 and 17, 796; Josephus, Jüdische Antiquities 14, 99f .; Jewish War 1, 175–178; on this W. Huss, 2001, p. 693f.
  55. ↑ BGU 1820; Cicero, ad Atticum 4, 10, 1.
  56. ^ Strabo, Geôgraphiká. 17, 796; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 39, 58, 3; Porphyry. In: FGrH No. 260 F 2, 14.
  57. ↑ Caesar, Civil Wars 3, 4, 4; 3, 103, 5; 3, 110, 2; Valerius Maximus 4, 1, 15; Appian, Civil Wars 2, 24; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 42, 5, 4.
  58. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 22; 28.
  59. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 30f .; Suetonius, Claudius 16, 2.
  60. ^ Cicero, per Rabirio Postumo 40.
  61. ^ Cicero, pro Rabirio Postumo 22; 39; C. Schäfer, 2006, p. 29f.
  62. ↑ W. Huss, 2001, p. 698.
  63. ↑ J. Brambach, 1996, p. 46; G. Hölbl, 1994, p. 204.
  64. ↑ OGIS 741.
  65. ↑ M. Grant, 1998, p. 48f .; C. Schäfer, 2006, p. 30f.
  66. ↑ Caesar, Civil Wars 3, 108, 4-6; Alexandrian War 33, 1; Cassius Dio, Roman History. 42, 35, 4; Porphyry. In: FGrH No. 260 F 2, 15; M. Grant, 1998, p. 48f .; C. Schäfer, 2006, p. 30f.
  67. ↑ For example H. Volkmann, 1959, col. 1755; different W. Huss, 2001, p. 697: June 51 v. Chr.
  68. ↑ Cicero, ad familiares 1, 81, 5.
predecessor Office successor

Ptolemy XI.
Berenike IV. 		King of Egypt
80–58 BC Chr.
55–51 BC Chr.
Berenike IV. And Cleopatra VI.
Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII.
personal data
SURNAME Ptolemy XII
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of Egypt
DATE OF BIRTH between 115 BC BC and 107 BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 51 BC Chr.