Red cardinal

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Red cardinal
Red cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)

Red cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : Cardinals (Cardinalidae)
Genre : Cardinalis
Type : Red cardinal
Scientific name
Cardinalis cardinalis
( Linnaeus , 1758)

The Northern Cardinal or Red Cardinal ( cardinalis cardinalis called), also called "Bobwhite Nightingale" is a bird art from the family of the Cardinals (Cardinalidae).

description

The red cardinal is about 20–23 cm tall. Northern races are slightly larger. It has a strong, conical beak and an adjustable spring hood . The male has a reddish beak and mostly gray legs. Northern races are darker, southern races are more bright red in color. The red cardinal shows a preference for populated areas. It lives in open terrain with plenty of bushes and hedges , in parks , gardens , on the edges of forests , in clearings and in alluvial forests .

The plumage

The two sexes differ in the color of the plumage . The male has a predominantly scarlet plumage with more brownish-red hues on the wings , back and tail, and a black face mask. The female differs from the male in having an olive-brownish plumage with reddish hues on the wings, on the tail and in the hood, as well as in a less well-defined, more gray-colored face mask. Young birds are colored similar to the females, but without a face mask.

singing

The rather variable singing is performed by both sexes - often in a duet - and can be heard all year round. A typical stanza begins with some powerful whistle and flute tones and then changes to a quick, sometimes soft fading sequence.

The female's song changes seasonally and is also influenced by the social environment. At the beginning of the breeding season the female sings on a higher pitch than later, and females in new pairs sing more than in long-standing pairs. Such differences were not observed in the males.

Distribution area of ​​the red cardinal

distribution and habitat

The red cardinal lives in almost all of Mexico and the eastern states of the USA , reaching west to southern Minnesota , Nebraska , Texas and southern Arizona . In the south it still reaches Guatemala and Belize , in the north the southeast of Canada . As a cultural follower, he has only expanded his area beyond the Ohio River to the northwest and north since about 1890, reaching the south of Ontario and Québec . The species was introduced in Hawaii.

Diet and Lifestyle

Red cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis ), female

The diet consists mainly of seeds and fruits , in summer up to 1/3 also of insects , and also of flowers and buds .
In the entire distribution area it is a stationary and line bird. In winter , groups of up to 60 or 70 birds can often be found together, migrating over short distances.

Reproduction

In the course of the year usually two, sometimes up to four broods are raised, starting in March. The male defends the breeding area quite aggressively. The female meanwhile builds the nest almost alone. It builds the well-hidden, bowl-shaped nest out of grass , plant stems and moss in dense bushes or near the trunk in the crown of conifers . The female lays 3–4 greenish to white, brown-spotted eggs and incubates them alone for about 12 days. The young birds are nests and fledged after about 10 days, but are then dependent on their parents for another 2–4 weeks. While the male takes care of the young birds, the female already begins the next brood.

Meaning, culture

The male's winter dress

It is one of the most striking wild animals in the USA , especially in winter the bright red animals are often the only spots of color in a white landscape.

It was once liked to be kept as a pet in North America - comparable to the canary . In the USA and Canada it has been strictly protected since 1918 as a result of the "Migratory Bird Treaty". Whoever catches, kills, buys, sells, or keeps him in a cage can be sentenced to fines and imprisonment.

It is the state bird in several states of the USA ( Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , North Carolina , Ohio , Virginia and West Virginia ). It is featured on specialty license plates from Kentucky, Illinois, and Ohio. He is also popular as a heraldic animal and namesake of American sports teams. First and foremost are the St. Louis Cardinals in Major League Baseball and the Arizona Cardinals in the National Football League . Many more "Cardinals" can be found in the lower leagues down to school teams.

Danger

The total population is estimated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) at around 100 million animals, the species is therefore considered to be harmless.

Subspecies

Nineteen subspecies are known:

  • C. c. cardinalis ( Linnaeus , 1758) - The nominate form occurs in southeastern Canada and the central and eastern parts of the United States with the exception of southeast Georgia and Florida .
  • C. c. floridanus Ridgway , 1896 - This subspecies is common in southeast Georgia and Florida.
  • C. c. magnirostris Bangs , 1903 - This subspecies is found in southern Texas and central areas from Oklahoma to Mississippi .
  • C. c. canicaudus Chapman , 1891 - This subspecies occurs in western Oklahoma and the western and central parts from Texas to central Mexico .
  • C. c. coccineus Ridgway , 1873 - This subspecies is distributed from San Luis Potosi to northern Oaxaca .
  • C. c. littoralis Nelson , 1897 - This subspecies occurs from Veracruz to Tabasco .
  • C. c. yucatanicus Ridgway , 1887 - This subspecies occurs at the base of the Yucatán Peninsula .
  • C. c. phillipsi Parkes , 1997 - The subspecies is common on the Yucatán Peninsula.
  • C. c. flammiger Peters, JL , 1913 - The range of this subspecies is the southern Quintana Roos , the northeast of Belize and the northern Guatemala .
  • C. c. saturatus Ridgway , 1885 - This subspecies occurs on Cozumel Island .
  • C. c. superbus Ridgway , 1885 - The range of this subspecies extends over the southwest of the USA and the north of Sonora
  • C. c. seftoni ( Huey , 1940) - This subspecies occurs in central Baja California .
  • C. c. igneus Baird, SF , 1860 - This subspecies is found in southern Baja California.
  • C. c. clintoni Banks , 1963 - This subspecies is common on Seralvo Island in northeastern Mexico.
  • C. c. townsendi ( van Rossem , 1932) - This subspecies is common on Tiburón Island and the adjacent coastal areas of Sonora.
  • C. c. affinis Nelson , 1899 - This subspecies occurs in the north-central and west-central areas of Mexico.
  • C. c. sinaloensis Nelson , 1899 - This subspecies is found in western Mexico.
  • C. c. mariae Nelson , 1898 - The range of this subspecies are the Tres Marias Islands .
  • C. c. carneus ( Lesson, A , 1842) - This subspecies is found in southwest Mexico.

literature

  • Vondrasek JR (2006): Social factors affect the singing rates of female northern cardinals Cardinalis cardinalis Journal of Avian Biology, 37: 52-57
  • Carl von Linné: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . 10th edition. tape 1 . Imprensis Direct Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm 1758 ( gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de [accessed on March 30, 2015]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Preliminary Descriptions of New Birds From Mexico and Guatemala In the Collection of the United States Department of Agriculture . In: The Auk . tape 14 , no. 1 , 1897, p. 42–76 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1.5 MB ; accessed on March 30, 2015]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Descriptions of new birds from the Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 12 , 1898, pp. 5–11 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Descriptions of new birds from Northwestern Mexico . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 13 , 1899, pp. 25–31 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • James Lee Peters: List of Birds Collected in the Territory of Quintana Roo, Mexico, in the Winter and Spring of 1912 . In: The Auk . tape 30 , no. 3 , 1913, pp. 367–380 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 519 kB ; accessed on March 30, 2015]).
  • Robert Ridgway: On the relation between Color and Geographical Distribution in Birds, as exhibited in Melanism and Hyperchromism . In: The American journal of science and arts (=  3 ). tape 5 , no. 25 , 1873, pp. 39-44 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Robert Ridgway: Description of some new species of birds from Cozumel Island, Yucatan . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 3 , 1885, p. 21–24 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015] a).
  • Robert Ridgway: Description of a New Cardinal Grosbeak From Arizona . In: The Auk . tape 2 , no. 4 , 1885, p. 343–345 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 124 kB ; accessed on March 30, 2015] b).
  • Robert Ridgway: A manual of North American birds . JB Lippincott company, Philadelphia 1887 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Robert Ridgway: A manual of North American birds . 2nd Edition. JB Lippincott company, Philadelphia 1896 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Adriaan Joseph van Rossem: The Avifauna of Tiburon Island, Sonora, Mexico, with description of four new races . In: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History . tape 7 , no. 30 , 1932, pp. 119–150 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Laurence Markham Huey: A new Cardinal from central Lower California, Mexico . In: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History . tape 9 , no. 21 , 1940, p. 215-218 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Adolphe Lesson: Note sur les Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus rapportés de la mer du Sud . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 4 , 1842, p. 209–210 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Frank Michler Chapman : On the birds observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and April, 1891 . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 33 , no. 22 , 1914, pp. 315–328 (English, digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ; accessed on March 30, 2015]).
  • Kenneth Carroll Parkes in Robert William Dickerman: The Era of Allan R. Phillips: A Festschrift Kapitel: The Northern Cardinals of the Caribbean Slope of Mexico, with the description of an additional subspecies from Yucatan . Horizon Communications, Albuquerque, NM 1997, ISBN 0-913945-58-7 , pp. 129-138 .
  • Spencer Fullerton Baird: Notes on a collection of birds made by Mr. John Xantus, at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, and now in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1859 . tape 11 , 1860, p. 299-306 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Outram Bangs: The Louisiana Cardinal . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 4 , 1903, pp. 5-7 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).
  • Richard Charles Banks: New Birds from Cerralvo Island, Baja California, Mexico . In: Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences . No. 37 , 1963, pp. 1-5 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed March 30, 2015]).

Web links

Commons : Red Cardinal  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Single receipts

  1. ↑ IOC World Bird List Longspurs, grosbeaks & saltators ( Memento of the original from July 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.worldbirdnames.org
  2. ↑ Carl von Linné, p. 172.
  3. ^ Robert Ridgway (1896), p. 606.
  4. ^ Outram Bangs, p. 6.
  5. ↑ Frank Michler Chapman, p. 324.
  6. ^ Robert Ridgway (1873), p. 39.
  7. ^ Edward William Nelson (1897), p. 64.
  8. ^ Robert Ridgway (1887), p. 443.
  9. ↑ Kenneth Carroll Parkes, p. 133.
  10. ↑ James Lee Peters, p. 380.
  11. ↑ Robert Ridgway (1885a), p. 24
  12. ↑ Robert Ridgway (1885b), S. 344th
  13. ↑ Laurence Markham Huey, p. 216.
  14. ^ Spencer Fullerton Baird, p. 305.
  15. ^ Richard Charles Banks, p. 3.
  16. ^ Adriaan Joseph van Rossem, p. 142.
  17. ^ A b Edward William Nelson (1899), p. 28.
  18. ^ Edward William Nelson (1898), p. 10.
  19. ^ Adolphe Lesson, p. 210.

Red cardinal is also the name of an apple variety