Säntis
| Säntis | ||
|---|---|---|
 Säntis |
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| height | 2501.9 m above sea level M. | |
| location | Border Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden , Canton St. Gallen , ( Switzerland ) | |
| Mountains | Alpstein , Appenzell Alps | |
| Dominance | 25.78 km → Magerrain | |
| Notch height | 2016 m ↓ Mels | |
| Coordinates | 744 178 / 234920 | |
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| rock | Lime and marl | |
| Age of the rock | chalk | |
| Development | Cable car, weather station, transmitter | |
| Normal way |
Mountain trails Seealpsee - Wagenlücke T2 Unterwasser - Thurwis - Tierwis T2 Schwägalp - Tierwis T3 Rotsteinpass - Lisengrat T3 |
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| particularities | Highest mountain in the Appenzell Alps | |
 Säntis from the Laui from |
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 View from Säntis to the numerous steep rock faces |
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The Säntis is at 2501.9 m above sea level. M. the highest mountain in the Alpstein ( Eastern Switzerland ). Due to the exposed, upstream location of the Alpstein, the mountain is a landmark that can be seen from afar. For example, there are houses in the Black Forest or the Swabian Alb with the name Säntisblick . From the Säntis summit you can see six countries: Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, France and Italy.
geography
The Säntis is located in the north-western Alps ( Appenzell Alps ) in the Alpstein, just under ten kilometers (as the crow flies ) south-southwest of Appenzell . Three cantons meet on the Säntis , Appenzell Ausserrhoden (municipality of Hundwil ), Appenzell Innerrhoden (district of Schwende ) and St. Gallen (municipality of Wildhaus in Toggenburg ). Although its summit is only 2502 m above sea level, the deep separation of the Appenzell Alps makes it twelfth in the Alps and 29th in Europe after its height of 2016 m .
climate
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The exposed location of the Säntis ensures extreme weather conditions. The mean temperature is -1.9 ° C, with an annual mean of 2,837 mm, the Säntis is the “wettest place” in Switzerland. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -32 ° C in January 1905, the highest 21.0 ° C on June 26, 2019. The highest daily total of precipitation was 180 mm in June 1910. The highest precipitation in one hour was 81.9 mm measured in July 1991. During hurricane Lothar on December 26, 1999, a record wind speed of 230 km / h was measured. On April 21 and 23, 1999, below the summit in the northern snowfield of the mountain, the highest snow depth ever recorded in Switzerland was measured at 816 cm . Snow must be expected every month: in August 1995, for example, there was one meter of snow. The Säntis is hit by around 400 lightning bolts every year. From summer 2010 to around June 2011, around 50 lightning strikes were registered in the transmission tower.
geology
The Säntis Mountains (the Alpstein) are part of the Helvetic nappes. The Säntis massif is limited in the east by the rift valley of the St. Gallen Rhine Valley , in the north by the molasse formations of the Appenzellerland , onto which the Säntis cover was pushed, in the south by the flysch formations of the Wildhauser Mulde, while it continues to the west in the Mattstock near Weesen . The rocks of the Säntis were deposited in a shallow sea ( Tethys ) in the Mesozoic Era and during the more recent phase of the Alpine Folding in the Tertiary , they were transported north, where they climbed onto the molasses and made them steep ( subalpine molasses ). The series of layers in the Säntis area only includes rocks from the Lower and Middle Cretaceous Period . The following layers occur from older to younger: Öhrlischichten, Valanginia marl, Betliskalk, Pygurus layers, Kieselkalk , Altmann layers, Drusbergschichten , Schrattenkalk , Gault and the Seewerschichten.
Tectonically, the area can be divided into three zones:
- Säntis zone: It extends to the Lisengrat-Widderalp line and shows a rigid structure of folds. Longitudinal breaks in the vertex of the fold, along which the southern leg of the fold was advanced, are common. Brittle limestones predominate in this zone.
- Rotstein Pass Zone : It extends as an intermediate zone from the north foot of the Wildhauser Schafberg to the Marwees . This is where the effect of the shear forces is most evident; several scales lay on top of each other.
- Altmann- Schafberg-Zone: To the north this zone is bounded by Wildhauser Schafberg , Altmann, Hundstein and Alp Sigel . The high proportion of marl led to a three-dimensional, wide-spreading fold style, which in the east even merges into horizontal cover folds.
The flocks of folds are chopped up by numerous transverse breaks. The mightiest and most impressive is the Sax-Schwendi-Bruch, which divides the massif into a western and an eastern part along a line Saxerlücke - Bollenwees - Stifel - Bogartenlücke - Hüttentobel.
The formation of today's surface through weathering and erosion was delayed, as the mountains were protected for a long time by a shell of flysch rocks. The alternation of hard ( competent ) limestone and soft ( incompetent ) marl is evident today in the gradation of the slopes. Karst weathering also plays an important role.
During the last ice age ( Würm ) the area was heavily glaciated. The ice flow of the Rhine glacier reached up to approx. 1400 m. ü. M. There were also numerous local glaciers. Today the two glaciers Blauschnee (northeast of the summit) and Gross Schnee (southeast of the summit) still exist .
history
The name Säntis has been documented in writing since the 9th century, namely as Sambutinus ~ Sambatina ~ Sambiti . It is derived from the early Rhaeto-Romanic proper name Sambatinus (the one born on Saturday), which initially probably referred to an alp on the mountain slope . The name was later transferred to the summit and Germanized to Semptis or Samptis .
In the Helvetic Republic (1798 to 1803), the Säntis was named after the canton of Säntis .
The Säntis is one of the rocky mountains climbed early on, including for hunting. The Benedictine Father Desiderius Wetter (1702–1751) reports in his chronicle that on December 14, 1680 two clergymen and a naturalist from Zurich climbed the Säntis with a guide from Innerrhoden in order to see a comet with a tail as high as possible can.
Tourist development
In 1802, mountain friends built a stone man on the summit (copper engraving by Johann Baptist Isenring and drawing by the German romantic Albert Weiler). In 1842 the first refuge - a wooden shack with a bar - was built near the Säntis summit on the sheltered east side. This was replaced by a solid inn in 1846. By 1850, when the weather was fine, up to a hundred guests were eating there, including Richard Wagner . From 1882 until the weather station was completed in 1887, the guest house also served the weather station as accommodation. By 1900 up to a thousand guests a day reached the summit.
The mountain is well developed: its summit has been accessible since 1935 by cable car from Schwägalp , along hiking trails from there, from Wasserauen , Wildhaus , Unterwasser or other routes.
Triangulation
The Säntis is a first-order triangulation point in the fixed point networks CH1840, CH1870 and CH1903 . During the first measurements, the engineer Buchwalder and his assistant were struck by lightning on July 4, 1832. The assistant died at the scene of the accident. Buchwalder reached Alt St. Johann with great difficulty and pain and was only able to resume work the following year.
In 1873 the Steinmann was replaced by a trigonometric signal by the St. Gallen SAC section, which nine years later had to give way to an anemometer house.
Weather station
The international meteorological congress in Rome in 1879 declared it necessary to set up weather stations on suitable and as freely accessible mountain peaks as possible . The Swiss responded to this request by setting up the Säntis station. The upstream position north of the main Alpine ridge turned out to be particularly favorable. Creating the necessary telegraph line was a particular challenge . The weather station was put into operation in the autumn of 1882 by Messrs Beyer and Saxer. They initially found accommodation in the Säntis inn and only had to do their work from spring to autumn. In 1887 the massive weather station near the summit was completed. An underground passage blasted into the rock led to the summit. This enabled year-round observation.
Säntis process
The reason for the renewed dispute over the demarcation of the border on the Säntis was a Federal Council ordinance in 1876 on the areas prohibited from big game hunting. The Ausserrhoder government insisted on its territorial claims when the meteorological station was built in 1882. The two drafts drawn up by the Federal Topographical Bureau in 1885 were also not approved. During an inspection, however, the St. Gallen representatives were able to convince with their orographic arguments. As a result, the former governor Johann Martin Meyer from Herisau and National Councilor Johann Konrad Sonderegger from Heiden took the initiative and a cantonal council commission was set up to deal with the matter, which brought the matter to the federal court. The canton of Ausserrhoden was able to use old maps to convince the court of the importance of the Säntis as a three-country stone. On December 11, 1895, the federal court ruled for the Ausserrhoder part of the mountain.
Säntismord
In February 1922, the so-called Säntismord occurred, in which the weather warden Heinrich Haas and his wife Maria Magdalena were murdered on the Säntis. It was only when the weather reports were not received on February 21 that Säntisträger climbed to the summit and found the two murdered people. The bankrupt journeyman shoemaker Gregor Anton Kreuzpointner (1892–1922), who three years earlier when the Haas couple had been selected, had unsuccessfully applied for the position of weather supervisor. He was promoted on Thursday, February 16 and, as before, was entertained by the Haas couple. On Sunday, February 19, Maria phoned the wife of a porter and mentioned Kreuzpointner's presence. On February 20, she reported to the chief of service about a guest and that she wanted to get rid of him. While fleeing, Kreuzpointner managed to silver-plate Lena's stolen jewelry, and in Heiden, under mysterious circumstances, he handed the murder weapon - a Browning 7.65 caliber - to an uninvolved third party, who delivered the weapon to the police. Kreuzpointner hanged himself in an alpine hut three weeks later. It is still unclear how the double homicide came about.
The Säntismord is the basis for the feature film Der Berg by Markus Imhoof .
Christoph Nix wrote the libretto for the opera Mord auf dem Säntis . The world premiere took place on June 4, 2011 in the panorama hall of the mountain station. The music for this chamber opera was written by the composer Friedrich Schenker .
Ascents
There are several well-known and well-marked climbs to the Säntis summit, including:
- Schwägalp (PostBus) - Säntis (approx. 3.5 hours)
- Wasserauen (train station) - Seealpsee - Mesmer - Wagenlücke - Säntis (approx. 5 hours)
- Wasserauen - Meglisalp - Wagenlücke - Säntis (approx. 5 hours)
- Wasserauen - Meglisalp - Rotsteinpass - Lisengrat - Säntis (approx. 5 hours)
- Unterwasser - (Laui) - (Thurwis) - (Tierwis) - Säntis (approx. 5 hours)
The months of August and September are best, as only then are the trails largely free of snow.
Economical meaning
Schwägalp – Säntis cable car
The first aerial cable car from Schwägalp to Säntis was built between 1933 and 1935. Previously, several projects had failed to develop the Säntis from Wasserauen or Unterwasser with a cogwheel train (see Säntis-Bahn ).
In 1960 the cable car cabins were replaced by larger ones. Between 1968 and 1976 the cable car on the Säntis was completely rebuilt. In 2000 new cabins were purchased. The Schwägalp – Säntis cable car is one of the most popular mountain railways in Switzerland. It has a length of 2307 m and overcomes the difference in altitude of 1123 m in ten minutes.
Transmitter
On the summit of the Säntis is the Säntis transmitter , a basic network transmitter from Swisscom with a 123 meter high transmission tower.
various
- The US First Lady Hillary Clinton visited the summit on the afternoon of February 2, 1998 on the occasion of the World Economic Forum in Davos .
- From July 31 to August 2, 2009 at the Saentis the hitherto world's largest was Swiss flag in honor of the Swiss National Day to see. The square national flag had a side length of 120 meters and weighed 1.2 tons. The flag tore on August 2nd, 2009 due to strong gusts of wind .
- In February 2011, a 12-ton walking excavator climbed the summit.
- In the summer of 2015 (since July 31) the world's largest Swiss flag was once again to be seen on the Säntis in honor of the Swiss national holiday , it measures 80 by 80 meters and weighs 700 kg.
Web links
- Peter Witschi: Säntis. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- Säntis on GeoFinder.ch
- Säntis on Peakbagger.com (English)
- History of the Säntis
- Blue snow, the Säntis glacier
- Säntis suspension railway - Säntis the mountain
- Interactive spherical panorama from the Säntis
Individual evidence
- ^ Albert Heim : Säntis panorama .
- ↑ a b Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology : Records and Extreme. Retrieved January 12, 2019 . .
- ↑ a b c d e f g The Säntis and «its» weather. (PDF; 52 kB) Säntis-Schwebebahn AG, 2010, accessed on January 25, 2012 .
- ↑ Marc Hanimann: It has never been so warm on the Säntis. Retrieved June 26, 2019 .
- ↑ Olivier Dessiborg: Sky fire over the Säntis . In: Swiss National Science Foundation (Ed.): Horizonte . June 2011, p. 26–27 ( snf.ch [PDF; accessed on May 20, 2016]).
- ^ Trümpy Rudolf, Geology of Switzerland, Basel 1980.
- ^ Geological hiking guide Switzerland. Part 2: excursions. Hans Heierli, Ott Verlag, 2nd edition, Thun 1983. ISBN 3-7225-6281-3
- ↑ Hantke René, Ice Age, Thun 1978.
- ↑ www.swisseduc.ch: Blue snow on the Säntis
- ↑ S. Sonderegger: The place and field names of the Land of Appenzell, Vol. I: 58, Frauenfeld 1958
- ^ WAB Coolidge : The Alps in Nature and History. London (1908)
- ^ Hermann Bischofberger: Dörig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Walter Schmidkunz: Alpine history in individual data . (in: Alpines Handbuch, edited by the German and Austrian Alpine Association, 2 volumes, Leipzig 1931, Volume 1, pp. 307–495) p. 361
- ↑ Gottlieb Lüthi and Carl Egloff: The Säntis area. Illustrated tourist guide. Fehr'sche Buchhandlung St. Gallen (1904) pp. 102-103.
- ↑ Historical reference systems
- ↑ Swiss reference systems
- ^ Johannes Eschmann: Results of the trigonometric measurements in Switzerland . Orell, Füssli and Companie (1840) Zurich S xi-xii
- ↑ Dufour Map - top cartography in the fourth dimension. A journey through time with General Guillaume-Henri Dufour , page 3, doi: 10.5169 / seals-236067 .
- ^ National map with the border between the half-cantons of the pastor, chronicler and geographer Gabriel Walser in the Appenzeller Chronicle of 1740
- ↑ The Säntis Trial: Ausserrhoden only reached the summit in 1895. In: Tagblatt . July 21, 2008.
- ↑ How Ausserrhoden recaptured the Säntis summit in 1895. Tagblatt , July 16, 2009.
- ↑ Trinity on the Säntis. In: Wiler Zeitung . 17th August 2010.
- ↑ Michael Hugentobler: Mord am Säntis , Das Magazin , No. 3 - January 19, 2019, pp. 24–28
- ↑ Double murder on the Säntis 1922 Photobibliothek.ch (accessed on September 1, 2013)
- ↑ Gottlieb Lüthi, Carl Egloff and Karl Kleine: The Säntis area. Illustrated guide. Fehr'sche Buchhandlung St. Gallen (1946) 6th edition p. 111.
- ↑ The mountain sings. Südkurier , February 19, 2011.
- ↑ Press release ( Memento of the original from September 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Diocese of St. Gallen
- ↑ Report on www.tagblatt.ch of July 31, 2009 (requested on August 3, 2009)
- ↑ 20 minutes, print edition from August 3, 2009
- ↑ An excavator climbs the Säntis Swiss TV , broadcast: 10vor10 , February 16, 2011
- ↑ http://www.srf.ch/news/panorama/die-groesste-schweizer-fahne-haengt-am-saentis
