Battle of Ulm

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Battle of Ulm
Oil painting The Surrender of Ulm by Charles Thévenin
Oil painting The Surrender of Ulm by Charles Thévenin
date 16th bis 19th October , 1805
place Ulm , at the time of the battle Electorate of Bavaria , today Baden-Württemberg
output decisive victory of the French and the capture of part of the opposing army
Parties to the conflict

France 1804First empire France

Austrian EmpireEmpire of Austria Austria

Commander

France 1804First empire Napoleon Bonaparte

Austrian EmpireEmpire of Austria Karl Mack von Leiberich

Troop strength
150,000 men 72,000 men
losses

6000 dead and wounded

12,000 dead and wounded
48,000 prisoners

The Battle of Ulm is the collective name for a series of skirmishes and battles during the third coalition war , during the course of which between October 8 and 20, 1805, part of the Austrian army that had advanced to the Iller was encircled by French troops under Napoleon I. was captured. The Battle of Elchingen on October 14, 1805 was the largest single battle in the course of these battles for Ulm , which are mostly referred to in literature as the "Campaign of Ulm" or "Campagne of Ulm".

prehistory

Political history

After the relatively peaceful years 1802 and 1803, which followed the peace treaties of Lunéville and Amiens, the French Republic found itself at war with England since May 1803. From the summer of 1803 Napoleon was preparing an invasion of England and for this purpose assembled an army in the seaports between Brittany and Holland, of which about 150,000 were in the camp of Boulogne . The first phase of this war was fought mainly at sea and in the colonies. During this time France occupied the Electorate of Hanover in Germany, which was in personal union with the English crown, but was not involved in the war, and it also blocked the German North Sea coast. Not least because of this, England signed an alliance treaty with Sweden in December 1804, which was followed on April 11, 1805 by an alliance treaty with Russia for the liberation of Holland and Switzerland. Sardinia (Piedmont) and Naples soon joined the alliance . At the urging of the allies, Austria finally joined the alliance on August 9th. The government in Vienna was outraged that France had annexed the Republic of Liguria and other territories in northern Italy and, on the other hand, the coronation of Napoleon as King of Italy raised fears that he would now also claim the Austrian possessions in northern Italy.

On the other hand, after the defeat of his fleet in the Battle of Cape Finisterre on July 22, 1805 , Napoleon probably had to postpone his plans to invade Great Britain for years. In anticipation of a war with Austria, the emperor ordered the transfer of the army from Boulogne to the Rhine at the end of August. At the same time the order was given to the army corps from Marmont in Holland and from Bernadotte in Hanover to advance to the Main. Marshal Augereau was to follow from Brittany to Strasbourg, where Napoleon also directed the "cavalry reserve", that is, the heavy cavalry under Marshal Murat , as well as the imperial guard. From August 27, the Grande Armée , which at that time was almost 195,000 strong, marched in forced marches on separate paths towards southern Germany.

Even before the French army left their camps on the coast, France managed to conclude a secret alliance agreement with the Electorate of Bavaria on August 25, 1805, in which the Elector undertook to provide France with an army of 20,000 men in the event of war. Shortly before the outbreak of fighting, Baden also signed an alliance treaty with France (on September 5). The Elector of Württemberg, on the other hand, only accepted the alliance offer when French troops had already reached his residence (on October 5th in Ludwigsburg).

On September 8th, the Austrian “Danube Army” crossed the Inn and thus started open war with France. Since, according to the alliance agreement, the promised Russian troops were to be placed under the command of an Austrian general, Emperor Franz appointed the still very young Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este as commander-in-chief of the army in Germany, to whom he, however, at the insistence of the "war party", was field marshal lieutenant (FML ) Mack as Quartermaster General (i.e. as Chief of Staff). In a secret order he granted FML Mack the right to also establish direct contact with the Kaiser. As a result, the army actually had two commanders-in-chief who, on top of that, did not hold the same views on any point. Archduke Ferdinand was only to find out about this strange fact in Ulm, even though Mack had repeatedly enforced his dissenting opinion from the start, citing secret instructions.

The entry of Austrian troops into Bavaria had been based on the premise that Prussia would remain neutral and that the French army would also respect the neutrality of the Prussian Principality of Ansbach (which it did not do), and also on the assumption that Napoleon would act because of the British threat See had to leave part of his army behind on the Channel coast. In addition, it was hoped in Vienna that the southern German princes would probably take the side of Austria as soon as the army appeared in their residences, and for the fourth time the Court War Council was convinced that France, just as in the wars before, would make the decision would look again in northern Italy. Therefore, although it was already known at the end of August that Emperor Napoleon had set out for Strasbourg with his “coastal army”, Vienna sent the greater part of his army to Italy under the command of Archduke Karl.

Previous operations

The Bavarian troops withdrew from the Austrian army without resistance to the Main, where they waited for the French army. The slowly advancing Austrians, who were still trying to get the southern German princes on their side, only reached the Iller on September 21. Only a little later the Grande Army crossed the Rhine on a broad front between Mainz and Strasbourg. Even at this point in time, Napoleon knew about the formation of the Austrian army on the Iller and Danube. In order to simulate an advance through the Black Forest for the Austrians, Napoleon dispatched the heavy "reserve cavalry" under Murat, which was actually unsuitable for fighting in the forest and in the mountains, in the direction of the pass roads with the task of demonstrating their presence there. Later Murat was to follow the army north of the Black Forest via Pforzheim and Stuttgart. In the end only a few troops remained on the road to Freudenstadt in order to simulate a march through the Black Forest for as long as possible.

Circumvention of the Austrian army in Ulm by the great French army under Emperor Napoleon I in 1805.

In the meantime, part of the French Grande Army (the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Army Corps and the Bavarian troops) crossed the Margraviate of Ansbach, which belongs to Prussia, in order to reach the Danube as quickly as possible. The remaining troops (the 4th, 5th, 6th Army Corps, the cavalry reserve and the reserve artillery) marched from the Rhine, which they had crossed between Mannheim and Strasbourg, through Württemberg, initially in the direction of Ries on the Danube. At the beginning of October, the Grande Army, together with the Bavarian Army, had a strength of more than 205,000 men. In Prussia, however, which at first seemed inclined to take Napoleon's side in the hope of acquiring Hanover, the deliberate violation of his neutrality aroused great indignation. In return, Berlin now also allowed Russian troops to march through Silesia and even concluded a secret treaty with Russia on November 3rd in Potsdam, which officially referred to "armed mediation", but unofficially to the country's entry into the war for the 15th. December ran out.

Deployment of the Grande Armée until October 9th

In a surprisingly short time for the Austrian army, the foremost parts of the grand army reached the Danube on October 6th. Only one day later it crossed the river between Donauwörth and Ingolstadt, at its head the cavalry von Murat. The Austrian army in Upper Swabia, which at that time numbered almost 80,000 men, had already been bypassed and was in great danger even before the first shot was fired. Emperor Napoleon had thereby achieved his first goal before the expected Russian army had reached the Inn. Although the Austrian army in Germany was well informed early on about the arrival and distribution of the Grande Armée, at that time it was still concentrated south of the Danube in Upper Swabia. A large part of the army stood between Ulm and Günzburg, larger detached "departments" or "columns" were south of Biberach (FML Jellačić ) and near Neuburg an der Donau (FML Kienmayer ), there were also a few battalions near Stockach and in near Lake Constance (under General Mayer) to observe the roads to Alsace. More troops were to follow later from Vorarlberg and Upper Austria. The French spy Karl Ludwig Schulmeister played an important role in Mack's incorrect assessment of the situation . He provided the Austrians with false information and thus made them feel safe.

Course of the fighting

On October 6th, the French vanguard under General Vandamme had reached the Danube at Donauwörth . After the successful crossing over the river, part of the heavy reserve cavalry hurried along the Lech in the direction of Augsburg , which was reached on the evening of October 8th. From there, part of the army marched further south to Landsberg am Lech (Marshal Soult's army corps ). At the same time, Bavarian and French troops advanced towards the Isar in order to meet the expected Russian army as far to the east as possible. After crossing the Danube, however, the greater part of the Grande Armée swung west again and achieved their first success in the battle of Wertingen on October 8th. This was also the first armed struggle in this war. In the course of further operations, the Austrian army on the Danube and Iller was quickly cut off from all connections with Austria. This resulted in a series of smaller skirmishes which - as Mack writes in his defense paper published shortly after the war - " not one, but ten battles side by side at the same time and in a space of a few [German] square miles ".

It was only at this point in time (i.e. on October 6/7) that FML Mack fully recognized the imminent danger in which the Austrian army was hovering. Instead of marching towards the department of FML Jellačić near Biberach and evading south through still unoccupied Upper Swabia in order to join the army of Archduke Johann in Tirol, he wanted to switch to the northern bank of the Danube. Since Napoleon had left Marshal Ney's army corps behind on the Danube to cover his rear connections, he gave up this project on October 9th after a brief battle near the Danube bridges at Günzburg . After that, Mack and his troops increasingly withdrew to Ulm. On the other hand, in order to finally prevent the Austrians from escaping via Vorarlberg and Tyrol, Napoleon sent Marshal Soult's army corps to Memmingen, where it arrived on October 13th and forced the occupation of the city to surrender on the 14th.

On October 11, the Austrian army tried to break out from Ulm to the north. But a few kilometers north of the city the columns under Archduke Ferdinand encountered a French division (Dupont), which was advancing against Ulm. In the subsequent battle near Haslach (eight kilometers north-east of Ulm, today Jungingen ), the Austrian troops were able to smash the division that belonged to the von Ney army corps. Nevertheless, FML Mack ordered the withdrawal of the troops to Ulm. Even though the skirmish had been victorious, Mack seemed convinced that escape was no longer possible. At the same time, however, he made plans to march via Stuttgart to Ellwangen in order to block the French lines of communication, with which he spent a large part of October 12th. On that day, Mack also ordered a complete redeployment of the Austrian army in Ulm, based on the new French system. Although progress in itself, the step was taken at the wrong time, as it always takes a while before the new subordination relationships are all clearly clarified. On this day only the French Dupont division, defeated at Haslach, was still on the north bank of the Danube.

Delayed by the restructuring, the Austrian army did not attempt to break out again north of Ulm until two days later, on October 13th. This was also achieved by the approximately 12,000-strong column under the command of FML Werneck, which even pushed through to Heidenheim an der Brenz . Another column under FML Loudon, which had marched down the Danube on the express orders of Mack, drove the French out of Elchingen (approx. 15 km east of Ulm), where they waited, however, for the troops of FML Graf Riesch who followed them. In doing so, however, they failed to destroy the bridge over the Danube (it was then used the next day by French troops to attack Elchingen again). The chance resulting from the two advances to break out the entire army to the north, however, let Mack pass by unused, since he made the decision to stay in Ulm while the columns were advancing. Even the next day Mack did not allow any troops to move up when the attack by Marshal Ney on October 14th led to the battle of Elchingen, and he held back Prince Schwarzenberg , the one with his column ("Corps") on the morning of October 14th Werneck should actually follow. After the defeat of the Austrian troops at Elchingen, Mack was finally trapped in Ulm with around 27,000 men.

Course from October 11th to 14th

On the next day, on October 15, the French army succeeded in direct return to occupy the dominant heights north of the city, the Michelsberg and the Frauensberg, with the large entrenchments built on them, from which they then immediately shelled the city. Some of the French troops even advanced as far as the city gates of Ulm, after which most of the city's suburbs north of the Danube were lost. On the right bank of the Danube stood the foremost French troops on the Danube near Dellmensingen (approx. 12 km from Ulm), on the Iller near Kirchberg (5 to 6 km south of Ulm) and east of the Iller already near Pfuhl , only a little downstream from Ulm. It was now clear to everyone involved in the fight that the Austrian army could no longer hold out in the city. In the late afternoon, Marshal Ney sent a parliamentarian to FML Mack and asked him to surrender, but the latter refused. Late in the evening Mack offered the longest-serving general in town, FML Graf Riesch, to take command of the army, but the latter refused. How much Mack's authority was shaken is shown by a written declaration signed by all the Austrian generals present. In it they stated that the city of Ulm was not a fortress, it could not be defended in the long term. Relief by the Russian and FML Kienmaier armies could not be expected three weeks before, even under favorable conditions.

On the morning of October 16, many residents from the surrounding villages also crowded into the city. Dead horses lay in the streets and dead people in houses and hospitals who could no longer be buried. On that day there were further negotiations with the French army, but the parties involved could not yet agree on the terms of the surrender. After another bombardment of the city in the late afternoon by the French artillery, FML Mack finally accepted the surrender of the Austrian army in Ulm on the morning of October 17, on the condition that the arms were not handed over until October 25, if the army was by then would not be horrified from the outside. Then a French brigade occupied the Neu-Tor and the surrounding houses in Ulm; the bridge over the Danube was restored. With the ceasefire now in place, the struggle for the Austrian army in Germany was over after only a week.

The final handover of arms for the remaining 25,500 men (including the sick and wounded in the hospitals) took place prematurely on October 20, when Mack was also convinced that outside help was no longer to be expected. On that day, October 20, General Kutuzov was still in Braunau am Inn with a Russian army of around 50,000 men.

Napoleon accepts Mack's surrender

As ordered, the FML Werneck detachment remained standing at Giengen for three days after the successful breakout on October 13th to wait for the army from Ulm instead of marching off immediately towards Bohemia. On October 17, Werneck was overtaken and beaten near Neresheim , so that on October 18 he had to surrender with around 2,000 men near Trochtelfingen . Accompanied by the few troops led by FML Fürst Schwarzenberg, who managed to break out of the city on the evening of October 14, was the (nominal) commander-in-chief of the Austrian army in Germany, Archduke Ferdinand. On October 22nd, pursued by Murat's horsemen, he reached the town of Eger in Bohemia with about 2,000 men.

During these events, FML Kienmayer and his department had slowly withdrawn via Dachau and Munich towards Salzburg , in order to then unite with the Russian army under Kutuzov. A division under FML Jellačić (approx. 10,000 men) had already received the order from Mack on October 13th to go from Ulm via Memmingen and Bregenz to Vorarlberg in order to cover the passes to Tyrol.

consequences

Chart of the campaigns of the French armies against Austria and Russia in 1805.

After the surrender of the Austrian troops in Ulm, the way to Vienna was open to Napoleon. On October 12th, French and Bavarian troops under Marshal Bernadotte had occupied Munich, to which the Austrian department under FML Kienmaier had initially withdrawn, and from there they slowly advanced to the Austrian border. After the surrender of Ulm, Emperor Napoleon also followed with the bulk of the Grande Armée. Afterwards the French troops only had to fight a few rearguard battles with the slowly retreating Russian army along the Danube on the way to the Austrian capital and were finally able to occupy Vienna on November 13th without a fight. From there Emperor Napoleon pursued the Russian army retreating to Moravia, as he wanted to force a decisive battle as soon as possible before they could unite with the other enemy armies that were still on the march.

Kutuzov had already crossed the Danube near Krems (→ Battle of Dürnstein ) and withdrew from there to the north in the direction of Brno, where he expected these reinforcements. But Napoleon, who definitely wanted to prevent Prussia entering the war, succeeded in luring the Russians and Austrians into the battle of Austerlitz prematurely by cleverly pretending to be numerically weak , before the other Russian troops approaching from Poland or the “Italian army” “Under Archduke Karl, who was already approaching through western Hungary, could reach the battlefield.

literature

  • Franz Willbold: Napoleon's campaign around Ulm - The Battle of Elchingen on October 14, 1805. Ulm 1987.
  • Thomas Schuler: Napoleon in Bavaria. The battle of Elchingen. The liberation of Munich. Weißenhorn, 2010 ( www.napoleoninbayern.de ).
  • Jean Thiry: Ulm, Trafalgar, Austerlitz . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1962.
  • Franz Reißenauer: Günzburg - History of a Swabian City; Volume 1: From the beginnings to 1805, pp. 402-410, Wißner-Verlag, Augsburg 2009. Günzburg

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Krauss, 1805. The Ulm campaign, 1912; Duffy The Battle of Austerlitz, 1979
  2. ^ Krauss, 1805. The Ulm campaign, 1912; Schaeben, The campaign around Ulm in 1805, 1910; Maude, The Ulm Campaign 1805, 1912; Willbold, Napoleon's campaign around Ulm, 2005
  3. ↑ Strictly speaking, the "Batavian Republic", as the state linked to France by its constitution was officially called at that time
  4. ↑ Schneidawind , Der Krieg von 1805, 1848, 2ff (at the time, however, only the King of Sweden protested against the open violation of the neutrality of the northern German states in his capacity as Duke of Pomerania and thus also the German Imperial Prince)
  5. ↑ Braubach, From the French Revolution to the Congress of Vienna (= Gebhardt, Deutsche Geschichte Vol. 14), 1974, 74ff
  6. ↑ Rabou, La Grande Armée, 1865, T.1, 9ff; Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 202ff
  7. ↑ Braubach, From the French Revolution to the Congress of Vienna (= Gebhardt, Deutsche Geschichte Vol. 14), 1974, 77
  8. ^ Treaty of Ludwigsburg (Pfister, Aus dem Lager des Rheinbund, 1897, 4; Wolzüge, Memoiren, 1851, 24ff)
  9. ↑ also written “Feldmarschall-Lieutenant”, second level of the general rank; thus corresponds to the "Général de division" according to the French, "Lieutenant General" according to the Prussian or "Major General" according to the Anglo-American hierarchy, which is also used in the Bundeswehr
  10. ↑ the responsible Minister of War, Archduke Karl, had actually Major General Mayer v. Heldenfeld provided (Krauss, 1805. The campaign of Ulm, 1912, 40, see also Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 29ff)
  11. ^ Maud, The Ulm Campaign 1805, 1912, 92ff; Krauss, 1805. The Ulm campaign, 1912, 144ff. In quite a few simplistic representations, Mack is referred to as "Commander-in-Chief of the Army". FML Mack, who enjoyed the personal confidence of Emperor Franz, often behaved as if he were the commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops in southern Germany, but he was not. He officially became commander in chief of the Austrian troops in Ulm only after Archduke Ferdinand had managed to break out of there with some parts of the army.
  12. ↑ In his confidential reports to Emperor Franz, the Archduke wrote that he repeatedly “did not agree with the plans of the FML Mack” and that the latter did not respond to the “counter-ideas of other proven generals”, so that what he wanted would ultimately always happen (Moriggl, The campaign of 1805 and its consequences, 1861, 137)
  13. ^ Mack, Defense of the campaign of 1805, 1806, 44ff and 58ff; Maud, The Ulm Campaign 1805, 1912, 95ff
  14. ^ Krauss, 1805. The Campaign of Ulm, 1912, 152
  15. ↑ Hardegg and Biffart, lectures on military history, in 1862, 75ff; Great General Staff (ed.), Studies on War History, Vol. 3, 1903, 15
  16. ↑ According to the original marching disposition, part of the army was supposed to march through the Black Forest or along the Rhine to Lake Constance. According to the disposition of September 20, the entire army should then bypass the Black Forest to the north (Krauss, 1805. The Ulm Campaign, 1912, Enclosures 15-18)
  17. ↑ until the beginning of October, then she followed the army north of the Black Forest (Krauss, 1805. Der Feldzug von Ulm, 1912, Appendix 20)
  18. ↑ Great General Staff (ed.), Studies on War History, Vol. 3, 1903, 14
  19. ^ Already in March 1803, before the outbreak of war with England, Napoleon offered King Friedrich Wilhelm the purchase of Hanover (Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte des 19. Jahrhundert, 1900, vol. 1, 213)
  20. ↑ Braubach, From the French Revolution to the Congress of Vienna (= Gebhardt, Deutsche Geschichte Vol. 14), 1974, 77
  21. ↑ including the troops that were still on the march and von Kienmayer's column; therefore the strength of the troops on the Iller was hardly much higher than 60,000 (cf. Krauss, 1805. Der Feldzug von Ulm, 1912, 295f and 520ff)
  22. ↑ the Russian troops under the command of General Kutuzov (almost 50,000 men) were in Braunau am Inn on October 20 (Maud, The Ulm Campaign 1805, 1912, 90).
  23. ^ The departments of FML Riesch and FML Fürst Schwarzenberg, which together were about 33–35,000 men. Some of these troops, however, were also detached or served as garrisons in surrounding towns (cf. Krauss, 1805. The Ulm Campaign, 1912; Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 51)
  24. ↑ In 1805 the Austrian army did not yet have any higher tactical units (such as the division or the army corps in the Grande Armée). At that time the subdivision of the army was still more or less arbitrary according to the needs and wishes of the commander in chief. The terms “Brigade”, “Columns” or “Corps” were often used, but these are simply names for associations put together at short notice for a specific task.
  25. ↑ "Jellachich" is often written in the literature
  26. ↑ only the foremost parts of the Danube had reached the Danube, but the larger part had hardly passed the Isar
  27. ↑ Terry Crowdy: The Enemy Within: A History of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage. Osprey, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-217-2 . P. 147f (see also below: Mack's behavior on October 13th).
  28. ↑ Burton, From Boulogne to Austerlitz, 1912, 38f; Krauss, 1805. The Ulm campaign, 1912; Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 55ff and 60
  29. ↑ Mack, Defense of the Campaign of 1805, 1806, 68f (a German square mile covers an area of ​​more than 56 square kilometers)
  30. ↑ However, in a written question on October 1st, Archduke Ferdinand had already pointed out to him the French troops on the Neckar in order to find out what he (i.e. Mack) was going to do about it (Krauss, 1805. Der Feldzug von Ulm, 1912, 520)
  31. ^ Burton, From Boulogne to Austerlitz, 1912, 40; Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 220f
  32. ↑ Moriggel, the campaign of 1805 and its aftermath, in 1861, 147
  33. ^ Burton, From Boulogne to Austerlitz, 1912, 42
  34. ↑ Krauss, 1805. The Ulm Campaign, 1912, 521
  35. ^ Schneidawind, The War in 1805, 1848, 96
  36. ^ Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 225; Krauss, 1805. The Ulm campaign, 1912, 521; Moriggel, The Campaign of 1805 and Its Consequences, 1861, 140 (in secret reports he received from an agent from Württemberg it was alleged that the English had landed in Boulogne. Since then Mack has been interpreting the movements of the French army south of Ulm in Westwards as "retreat movements"; he rejected the objections of other generals to this interpretation.)
  37. ↑ Krauss, 1805. The Ulm Campaign, 1912, 456 ff.
  38. ↑ Moriggel, the campaign of 1805 and its aftermath, in 1861, 142
  39. ^ Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 226
  40. ↑ so the name of the mountain on contemporary maps, today Fort Albeck
  41. ^ Burton, From Boulogne to Austerlitz, 1912, 46; Krauss, 1805. The Ulm campaign, 1912, 470; Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 91ff
  42. ↑ Archduke Ferdinand was with the troops that broke out on October 14th, so that Mack was now the sole commander in chief in Ulm
  43. ↑ Krauss, 1805. The Ulm Campaign, 1912, 472
  44. ↑ the fortifications of Ulm were largely razed in 1800
  45. ^ Krauss, 1805. The campaign of Ulm, 1912, 473ff; Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 92
  46. ↑ in his defense of 1806 (Mack, Defense of the Campaign of 1805, 1806) and in several letters to Prince Schwarzenberg, Mack takes the view that Ulm could still be held, especially since the French had not carried any siege guns with them. He only reluctantly signed the surrender because of the insubordination of his comrades.
  47. ^ Krauss, 1805. The campaign of Ulm, 1912, 478; Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 226
  48. ↑ Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 101
  49. ↑ an exact statement of the Austrian losses is not possible, as there are no documents in the Austrian war archive; Moreover, the Austrian army suffered most of the casualties of dead and wounded not in Ulm itself, but in the numerous smaller skirmishes that took place in the course of this campaign. See the detailed account by Krauss, 1805. The campaign in Ulm (1912)
  50. ↑ after Marshal Berthier had previously given him the current positions of the French troops on a map with his staff in Elchingen Abbey on October 19 (Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 102)
  51. ↑ The first 8,000 Russians had already arrived there on October 10th (Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 222; Bernhardi, Memoirs of the Colonel Toll, Vol. 1, 130)
  52. ↑ Because of the devastating political effect that the capture of an archduke must have, several high-ranking officers urged the prince to attempt an escape in a council of war on October 14th. Despite the objections that Mack raised against it, this was decided and successfully carried out in the evening (Moriggel, The campaign of the year 1805 and its consequences, 1861, 147ff; Schoenhals, Der Krieg in Deutschland 1805, 1873, 89ff).
  53. ↑ Krauss, 1805. The Ulm Campaign, 1912, 481–493
  54. ↑ under the command of Jellačić, however, were also the crews from Memmingen, Wangen and Lindau, so that at most 5,000–6,000 men were with him
  55. ↑ Since Marshal Soult appeared before Memmingen on October 13th, he marched across Biberach and Wangen
  56. ^ Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 225; Moriggel, The Campaign of 1805 and Its Consequences, 1861, 145
  57. ^ Burton, From Boulogne to Austerlitz, 1912, 42; Yorck v. Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General, 1902, Vol. 1, 223
  58. ↑ the heaviest battle took place on November 11th near Dürnstein near Krems (see Duffy, Die Schlacht bei Austerlitz, 1979, 80f)
  59. ^ Duffy, The Battle of Austerlitz, 1979, 91ff
  60. ↑ tearing Auer, Franz: Gunzburg - story of a Swabian town . Ed .: www.wissner.com. 1st edition. tape 1 , pp. 402-410. Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89639-721-8 , pp. 402-410 .