Ski flying
The ski flying is a variant of ski jumping , in which the jumps on ski jump will be completed. From a hill size of 185 meters and a construction point of at least 145 m, ski jumping facilities are considered flying hills.
The history of ski flying began in the 1930s when Stanko Bloudek had the first ski jump built in Planica, Yugoslavia , that allowed jumps over 100 meters. The first athlete who succeeded in such an attempt was the Austrian Josef Bradl , who reached the distance of 101 meters on March 15, 1936. In the 1950s, further ski flying hills were built in Oberstdorf and Tauplitz , on which jumps of over 150 meters were possible thanks to constant enlargements. In 1972 the International Ski Federation (FIS) held ski flying world championships for the first time ; A decade later, ski flying was incorporated into the Ski Jumping World Cup . After the first jumpers exceeded the 200 meter mark in 1994, the current unofficial world record is 253.5 meters. The FIS itself does not keep record lists in order not to promote long-range hunting, which could endanger the health of ski jumpers.
Today there are five usable ski flying hills, all of which are located in Europe. The world's best in ski flying largely corresponds to that in ski jumping. The ski flying world champion from the 2009/2010 season, Simon Ammann, was also Olympic champion on the normal hill. The regulations are almost identical in both disciplines and only show differences with regard to the distance rating. On the other hand, the psychological stress for the athletes is significantly higher with ski flying, as the sport can overstrain the nervous system due to the high speeds and the many optical stimuli. In addition, aerodynamics play a greater role than in ski jumping, but athletes use the same technique in both disciplines.
history
Beginning of the chase and first 100-meter jumps in Planica (1930s)
As early as the beginning of the 20th century, the Norwegian athletes in particular , who dominated ski jumping at that time, frequently set new world records. Many of these records were achieved in the United States , where audiences were greatly drawn to particularly long jumps. Therefore, the organizers often invited leading Norwegian ski jumpers to the competitions. These often improved the existing hill records or even exceeded the world record, for example Ragnar Omtvedt , who was the first athlete to jump more than 50 meters in Ironwood in 1913 . In Norway itself, this record hunt was viewed critically, as the great distances were not due to the skills of the athletes, but to the size of the facilities.
Since the early 1930s, the brothers Sigmund and Birger Ruud have been among the most successful ski jumpers in the world: Sigmund, who won the world championship title in 1929, made the first jump over 80 meters in Davos in 1931 and sat two years later in Villars-sur-Ollon the new world record at 86 meters.
In 1931 the Slovenian engineer Stanko Bloudek started planning a ski jumping hill that should allow significantly more jumps. The Bloudkova Velikanka in Planica , named after him, was completed three years later and had a construction point of 108 meters. Even during training for the opening competition, some Norwegians jumped more than 80 meters. In the competition, Sigmund Ruud first set a new world record with 87.5 meters, before his brother Birger, after the actual jumping, drove the hill again "at full speed" - without a short run-up - and made an attempt at 92 meters.
The organizers of the competition in Planica saw the enthusiasm of the spectators and the great media coverage as an opportunity to increase the popularity of the place and expanded the hill in the years to come, in order to finally enable the first jumps over 100 meters. By 1936, the jump was moved a total of 50 meters upwards, so that the new construction point was 120 meters.
In order to counteract this development of ever wider and more dangerous jumps, the International Ski Federation (FIS) decided in February 1936 to only approve jumps with a construction point of no more than 80 meters.
In the case of a jump that exceeded this design point by more than eight percent, the approach had to be shortened. Larger jumps were also no longer allowed to be used. Athletes who did so despite the FIS ban should be banned. Nevertheless, a competition took place in Planica in March 1936, for which the favored Norwegians were not admitted by their association at short notice. Instead, the 17-year-old Austrian Sepp Bradl won the competition and set a new world record with 101 meters. Sigmund Ruud, who was one of the Norwegians who were not allowed to take part in the competition in Planica in 1936, described Bloudkova Velikanka in his autobiography from 1938 as "the greatest abyss that a person has ever deliberately plunged into" . Shortly after Bradl's world record jump, the FIS closed the Planica hill, so that no competition was possible on it for the time being.
Several years before the construction of the Bloudkova Velikanka, the Swiss engineer Reinhard Straumann had already made the aerodynamic calculations in 1927 , which later formed the basis of ski flying. The knowledge gained in the wind tunnel, among other things, was initially not implemented and only became important in 1936, when a member of the Yugoslav Ski Association suggested separating ski flying from ski jumping as an independent discipline. The FIS did not take this suggestion into account. To do this, she commissioned Straumann, who was a member of the association's jumping committee at the time, to contact Stanko Bloudek. The FIS justified this step by stating that they wanted to “experiment” with the ski flying tests and thus promote Straumann's research into aerodynamics. That is why the International Ski Association lifted the ban on the Planica ski jump so that Sepp Bradl was able to improve his own world record there in 1938 to 107 meters. For all other systems, the limitation to a construction point of a maximum of 80 meters remained. Even at the beginning of the Second World War, competitions continued to be held on the Bloudkova Velikanka: in 1941 the German Rudi Gehring increased the world record to 118 meters.
World records in Oberstdorf: ski flying under discussion (beginning of the 1950s)
In the first years after the Second World War, German athletes were excluded from international ski jumping competitions, including those in Planica. In 1948 the Swiss Fritz Tschannen jumped there to 120 meters and thus took over the world record that Rudi Gehring had previously held. Shortly thereafter, his brother-in-law Sepp Weiler was involved in the construction of the second ski flying hill in the world, the Oberstdorf ski flying hill , which later received the name of its main architect Heini Klopfer . Before the opening competition, Klopfer stated that the construction of the German ski jumping hill could not be traced back to the “intention to chase after sensations”, but was “the logical conclusion from the […] political and ski jumping situation”.
The Oberstdorf facility, which was completed in February 1950, had a construction point of 120 meters and was therefore initially an illegal hill for the FIS. The decision made in 1936 to forbid jumps with a K-point of over 80 meters was not repealed until 1951 and replaced by a new one that now allowed flying hills with a maximum critical point of 120 meters. The first competition on the new hill was the Oberstdorf Ski Flying Week , a five-day event in which the overall winner was determined by adding up the five largest distances. On the first day of the ski-flying week, the Austrian Willi Gantschnigg set a world record, despite poor external conditions, which Sepp Weiler broke two days later and the Swede Dan Netzell again a day later with a jump of 135 meters. The athletes improved the old world record from Planica by a total of 15 meters during the 1st Oberstdorf ski flying week . A year later, on March 2, 1951, the 19-year-old Finn Tauno Luiro landed at 139 meters, setting a record that lasted a decade.
The ever larger widths clearly popularized ski flying. About 170,000 spectators came to the first ski flying week in Oberstdorf; Also in the following years about 100,000 people attended the jumping. This crowd was also the basis for criticism, especially from the two Ruud brothers, who had been world record holders themselves 20 years earlier. During the ski flying week in 1951, Sigmund Ruud explained that “when it comes to ski flying, the sensation is still a little too much in the foreground”, while his brother Birger described himself as a “bitter enemy of this kind of ski flying”. Ski jumping becomes a business here alone. Another point of discussion at the beginning of the 1950s was the question of whether ski flying was any different from ski jumping. This was denied by Sepp Bradl, who was still active in the 1950s and therefore jumped the ski jumping hills in Planica and Oberstdorf himself. In a 1952 edition of his biography he wrote:
“The ski jump over 100 or even 120 meters is, in terms of its technical and physical process, a ski jump like any other [...]. But the coincidence of all fortunate circumstances and the natural and human help and strength that are necessary for such a perfect long jump and giant flight are less common than on normal hills and therefore the dangers are much greater. For this reason, I would like to consider large-scale jumping as unsuitable for competitions, so it is still an attempt to fly or jump. [...] Nevertheless, ski flying can be responsible and become one of the most wonderful sports. "
In contrast to Bradl and other active players, Reinhard Straumann saw the difference in the aerodynamics, which only play a role in ski flying. According to Straumann, the jumper can completely master a ski flight in contrast to ski jumping. He envisioned “target competitions” for the future, in which the athletes had to jump to a pre-determined point. He also saw the possibility of a flying slalom, in which the athletes should fly serpentine lines in the air.
New ski jumping hills in Tauplitz and Vikersund and foundation of the KOP (1950s to 1960s)
Another ski flying hill was built in Tauplitz in 1952 through the expansion of the large Kulm hill that had been built two years earlier . With regard to the meanwhile three existing flight facilities, the FIS decided that only one ski flying competition - the International FIS Ski Flying Week - could be held each year and that Planica, Oberstdorf and Tauplitz should alternate in its organization. Therefore, the International Flight Week in 1953 took place on the Kulm, Planica carried out the event the following year. Both the competition in Austria and that in Yugoslavia were financial and sporting failures. The German news magazine Der Spiegel attributed this on the one hand to “the general oversaturation of the audience with major sporting events”, and on the other hand to the fact that the limits of the three jumps had meanwhile been reached, so that new records would hardly be possible. At the 1955 flight week, which took place again in Oberstdorf, judges were also used for the first time in a ski flying so that not only the distance but also the style counted in the total number of points. This change was mostly negative for the audience because of the judges' subjectivity. Nevertheless, the ski flying week established itself in the FIS program in the following winters. The International Ski Federation came to terms with the event and spoke of a “great success” in the final protocol for the 1957 ski flying week in Planica.
During this time, Helmut Recknagel was the most successful athlete in this discipline: between 1957 and 1962 he triumphed five times at the ski flying week and twice achieved the greatest distance. Despite these successes, Recknagel did not succeed in improving Tauno Luiro's world record, which had existed since 1951. This lasted ten years until the Yugoslav Jože Šlibar jumped 141 meters and exceeded Luiro's best by two meters.
On the occasion of the 1962 FIS ski flying week at Kulm, officials, trainers and referees from 14 nations met. At this meeting, the Oberstdorf ski jumping hill architect Heini Klopfer suggested the establishment of an international ski flying association, which took place on October 27, 1962 in Ljubljana . The newly created “International Skiclub Planica-KOP” - the abbreviation KOP stands for the first letters of the three ski flying hills Kulm, Oberstdorf and Planica - set itself the main goal of “making ski flying official” and introducing a ski flying world championship organized by the FIS. It took ten years until this project was put into practice. This delay was mainly due to the rejection of the Scandinavian nations, whose representatives in the FIS technical committee continued to oppose an expansion of the ski flying program.
In the 1960s, two new ski jumping hills were built, including the Vikersundbakken built in 1965 , the first ski flying facility in Northern Europe. The Norwegian Vikersund had prevailed against a ski club in Østerdalen , which had also applied for the construction of the prestige property. In the opening competition in 1966 Bjørn Wirkola jumped 146 meters and was the first Norwegian to hold the world record for more than 30 years. In 1968 the brothers Lado and Janez Gorišek directed the construction of a new ski jumping hill, Letalnica , in Planica , which replaced the Bloudkova Velikanka . This no longer offered the conditions for new world records and could not be enlarged further, so that a completely new building was necessary. As in Vikersund, the world record was already improved on the Letalnica in the opening competition, first by Bjørn Wirkola, then by Jiří Raška and finally by East German Manfred Wolf , who landed at the 165-meter mark. Overall, the jumpers exceeded the world record between 1964 and 1969 twelve times and improved it from 141 to 165 meters during this time. Janez Gorišek, the architect of Letalnica, answered the question when the end of the record hunt would be reached in 1970: “Under favorable external conditions, an experienced ski jumper can fly 200 m. It just depends on the hill! ”At that time there were plans for such a facility, which should allow jumps to these widths, in Oslo; however, the idea was later rejected.
First World Championships and integration into the World Cup (1970s to 1980s)
Built in the late 1960s, Copper Peak, opened in 1970 in Ironwood (Michigan), USA, was the fifth ski jumping hill in the world and the first that was not built in Europe. Unlike the other lifts, Copper Peak was never the world's largest ski jumping hill, so that a world record could never be set on it. In Ironwood, there was only one World Cup competition before the hill lost its FIS approval in 1995 and had to be closed.
At the FIS congress in 1971 in Opatija , Croatia , the International Ski Federation approved the introduction of a ski flying world championship , the first edition of which took place in Planica in 1972 . The Swiss Walter Steiner won the first world championship title, who won with a clear gap on the second Heinz Wosipiwo . For the 21-year-old Steiner, who was nicknamed “Bird Man” because of his great ski flying distances, the title was one of the first great successes. In the following years he jumped 175 meters twice, but fell both times, so that the jumps were not counted as world records. Even during his active time, Steiner described the ski jumping hills as "monuments of irrationality" and called for an end to the growth of the ski jumps in order to set new records. He later stated that he hadn't watched his competitors attempt for fear of falling; the run-out curves were "potential death traps".
During the ski flying week in 1976 in Oberstdorf, the 17-year-old Toni Innauer set new world records twice by jumping to 174 meters and two days later to 176 meters (March 5th to 7th, 1976). In his autobiography, published in 1992, Innauer described the first attempt at a record as “a leap that was so perfect that [he] had to destroy it in order to survive”. He wrote about it:
“I didn't know this dimension. What happened to me confused me. All I knew was that I wanted to go back to earth. [...] I wanted to lose height in order to come down again. I stood with both feet on the brakes and still only landed at 174 meters, that was a world record. I knew: There is no optimal jump possible for me on this hill. He would go down too far. "
The Swiss physicist Benno Nigg later investigated this jump and calculated that Innauer would have jumped 222 meters had he not stopped the experiment. At this point the run in the Oberstdorfer Schanze was already going over to the opposite slope. Like Walter Steiner, Innauer was considered to be one of the best ski flyers of the 1970s, but unlike the Swiss - who with his two successes in 1972 and 1977 to 2002 was the only double world champion in this discipline - never became ski flying world champion. This was achieved by his teammate Armin Kogler , who won the title in 1979 and two years later improved Innauer's world record to 180 meters. Overall, there was no big difference between the world leaders in ski jumping and ski flying during this period: Both Kogler and Innauer became world champions on the normal hill; Walter Steiner won the Olympic silver medal in the large hill competition in 1972.
In 1980 the sixth and to this day (as of 2011) last ski flying facility was completed in Harrachov, Czech Republic . On the Čerťák ski flying hill , the Czechoslovakian Pavel Ploc set the only world record in 1983 with 181 meters. In the same year in which the Čerťák was opened, the FIS organized a ski jumping world cup for the first time . A ski flying competition was integrated into this with the ski flying week in Vikersund, which the Norwegian Per Bergerud won. Since the first World Cup season, a ski flying event has always been part of the program of the competition series. This World Cup ski flying, which since 1981 has replaced the ski flying week that had been abolished after 30 events, was carried out by the five ski flying locations alternately, but without a regular rotation (Ironwood was only once organizer in 1981). Then there was the World Cup, which has been held every year since 1986 with an even number. The most successful ski flyer of the 1980s was the Finn Matti Nykänen , who won a medal at every ski flying World Cup between 1983 and 1990 and also improved the world record distance four times in 1984 and 1985. During the ski flying world championship in 1985 Nykänen set world records with 187 and 191 meters in both rounds and became world ski flying champion with a 50 point lead.
The Austrian Andreas Felder set Nykänens record at the Ski Flying World Championships 1986 at Kulm. Shortly afterwards, the FIS decided to “freeze” the world record at 191 meters: Any jump that exceeded this distance should no longer be measured and counted as a 191 meter jump. This measure proved to be ineffective: a distance judge measured the jump of the Pole Pjotr Fijas at the Planica competition in 1987 to 194 meters and communicated the result to the audience. Later, both Toni Innauer and Matti Nykänen described the record ban of the International Ski Federation as "absurd" or "nonsensical" in their biographies. Nevertheless, the rule partially influenced the competition rankings, including the 1994 Ski Flying World Championships . There the Norwegian Espen Bredesen won the silver medal ahead of the Italian Roberto Cecon , although Cecon jumped further with attempts at 160 and 199 meters than Bredesen, who had landed at 172 and 182 meters. At the subsequent press conference, Bredesen exchanged medals with Cecon, explaining that the rule was "nonsense" and that the Italian had deserved the runner-up in the world championship from a sporting point of view.
First jumps over 200 meters and new developments (1990s to today)
In the winter of 1990/91, two ski flying world cup events took place in one season for the first time. In these four competitions, the FIS determined a ski flying World Cup winner for the first time in the Swiss Stephan Zünd . The decision to introduce such a rating was taken in May 1990 at the FIS Congress in Montreux . Although only one ski flying competition was held in some of the following winters, there was the ski flying World Cup up to and including the 2000/01 season. Eight years later - meanwhile six ski flying events took place every year - the International Ski Federation reintroduced the discipline scoring.
On the occasion of the ski flying world championship in Planica in 1994, the Letalnica was enlarged so that it made jumps of over 200 meters possible. During training on March 17th, the Austrian forerunner Martin Höllwarth improved the world record with a jump of 196 meters, before his teammate Andreas Goldberger made it to 202 meters. Goldberger, who later wrote in his autobiography that the 200 meters counted for him more than the world title, had to reach into the snow when landing, which made the attempt invalid. On the same day Toni Nieminen reached 203 meters and stood the test, whereby the organizers awarded him as the first 200-meter jumper with a Mercedes . During the world championship there were several other jumps that exceeded the 200-meter mark; Overall, Espen Bredesen reached the greatest distance with 209 meters. The FIS did not recognize the record, however, as it had still set the record at 191 meters.
From the beginning of the 2000s, ski flying became more and more important within the FIS program: In the winter of 2000/01 , five competitions were included in the Ski Flying World Cup, which was initially held for the last time, which corresponds to almost a quarter of all competitions. In 2004, a team competition was held for the first time as part of the ski flying world championship , which the Norwegian team won. The individual winner was the Norwegian Roar Ljøkelsøy , who repeated this success - double world champion in individual and with the team - in 2006 and was the first ski flyer to win four world championship titles. On February 11, 2011, Johan Remen Evensen improved the - not recognized by the FIS and therefore unofficial world record - to 246.5 meters during the competition on the enlarged hill in Vikersund. This was the first world record after 26 years that was not set at Letalnica: from 1985 to 2005, 13 different athletes broke the world record 19 times in Planica.
After the Slovene Peter Prevc had set a new world record at the World Cup event on the hill in Vikersund on February 14, 2015 with a flight of 250 meters, the record at the same place was set just one day later by the Norwegian Anders Fannemel on 251, 5 meters improved. On March 18, 2017, the Austrian Stefan Kraft improved the world record to 253.5 meters again in ski flying in Vikersund.
In 1997, Austrian Eva Ganster was the first woman to jump on a ski jumping hill when she set the women's world record of 167 meters on the Kulm. Ganster, who had previously held the women's best distance of 112 meters, received entries in the Guinness Book of Records for several years in a row . Six years after Ganster's world record, her compatriot Daniela Iraschko landed as the first woman a 200-meter jump on January 29, 2003, also on the Kulm as part of the Ski Flying World Cup. It was only five meters below the hill record of the Japanese Takanobu Okabe at the time . As a reaction to Iraschko's jump, the German national trainer Reinhard Heß expressed her "[s] respect", but pointed out that the Austrian had jumped after a long run. Iraschko, however, said that her jump showed that women could jump just as well as men. To this day there has been no women's ski flying of their own: women jump from ski flying hills at best as jumpers and Iraschko's record is still unbroken.
In February 2010, the Norwegian Nordic combined athlete Magnus Moan told the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) that he could well imagine adding a ski flying combination to the combination, which would then be followed by a longer cross-country skiing of, for example, 20 kilometers. Moan named Oberstdorf and the Kulm as possible venues.
aerodynamics
A ski flight on a 200-meter hill today takes about eight seconds and is therefore roughly twice as long as a jump on a large or normal hill. Due to the longer flight duration, aerodynamics play a greater role in ski flying than in ski jumping, where the jump determines the distance. Therefore, in the 1950s and 1960s, many stylistic changes occurred for the first time in ski flying, before they also caught on in ski jumping. The sports journalist Bruno Moravetz described the Oberstdorf ski flying hill as the “largest open-air laboratory”. During the ski flying week in 1950, for example, the Swiss Andreas Däscher demonstrated the fish style developed by Reinhard Straumann for the first time . In this ski jumping technique, the athlete no longer stretched his arms forward, but put them close to the body. With this change in style, Däscher achieved lower air resistance and greater lift. The fish style prevailed throughout the entire Springer field by the end of the 1950s.
In order to enable further ski flying world records despite the FIS restrictions, another change spread in the 1960s: the designers moved the take-off table a few meters back, which flattened the flight curve. Heini Klopfer, the architect of the Oberstdorf ski flying facility, explained in 1967 that the more aerodynamic, flat flight curve made further jumps possible and also made ski flying safer. Due to the reduced risk of falling, the FIS did not prohibit the ever-growing jumps, although the jumps clearly exceeded the maximum permitted distance of 120 meters. Since the late 1980s, the athletes have been jumping in the V-style, which contributed fundamentally to the further increase in the distance. The approach and landing speeds, however, did not increase: in 1969 the speed in Planica was 114 km / h before the jump and 145.8 km / h during the landing. In 2011, the approach speed on the converted hill in Vikersund was given as 108 km / h, the landing speed in 2010 was around 130 km / h.
Since the changes that were tried and tested in ski flying, such as the fish style, were also used in ski jumping within a few years, there are no technical differences between the two variants today. Nevertheless, there are some athletes like the Slovenian Robert Kranjec or the Austrian Martin Koch , who are regarded as "flight specialists" due to their good results in ski flying.
Psychological stress
The maximum speeds achieved in ski flying put the athletes under enormous psychological pressure. A study by the University of Innsbruck showed that the "flood of optical stimuli" overused the nervous system. This can eventually lead to the ski jumpers getting into a catabolic state and unable to compensate for the load . The constant stress caused by the protective mechanism fear is also shown physically, for example through an increased urge to urinate (fear diuresis ) or through coordinative disorders. Another problem is that there are hardly any training opportunities: Since the preparation of the ski flying hills is expensive, they are only made ready to jump for competitions. Therefore the athletes can only gain ski flying experience in a few training jumps, so that certain wind conditions are unknown to the jumpers. Because even small mistakes pose a safety risk, serious falls often occur during ski flying, which can trigger long-term trauma. This happened, for example, to the German Jens Weißflog , who fell as a 19-year-old in Harrachov in 1983 due to a gust of wind, suffered bruises and in the following years panicked on large hills. In order to prevent coordinative restrictions, trainers prepare their athletes for the "extreme ski flying situation" by training their ability to concentrate in particular. At the beginning of the 2000s, the German national coach Reinhard Hess first let his athletes play football and immediately afterwards a kart race. Hess justified this exercise with the fact that the jumpers should get to know "new limits". In addition, the co-ordination skills of the athletes are trained even when they are tired due to the double load.
The reigning world record holder Bjørn Einar Romøren said before the first competition on the Vikersundbakken, which was expanded in 2010, with regard to the difference between ski jumping and ski flying: “The danger (with ski flying) is greater, but the feeling is much better when you can do it, take off properly. Hopefully it will be even nicer in Vikersund than in Planica. ”At the same time, the former ski flying world champion Dieter Thoma compared the difference between the two disciplines with the change of a diver from a ten-meter tower to a cliff. The feeling of ski flying is "a mix of being in love and the feeling of having just escaped a car accident".
Regulations
The International Ski Competition Rules (IWO) of the FIS deal with ski flying in a separate paragraph, which only contains the differences to ski jumping. For the most part, both disciplines are held according to the same set of rules. The competition procedure and the disqualification rules are identical; there are also no differences in the assessment of style. The main differences mentioned in Section 454 of the ICR are as follows:
- Ski flying hills may only be used if the FIS has expressly approved this. The ski jumping hill owners must undertake to the ski association to only open the facilities for FIS competitions.
- Only those over the age of 18 may be used as test pilots. In addition, the respective ski associations are responsible for ensuring that the athletes they nominate are “qualified to ski flying”.
- The evaluation of the jump distance differs slightly from that of ski jumping: For reaching the K point, an athlete receives 120 distance points (60 distance points for ski jumping ) and the so-called meter value is 1.2 points (at least 1.8 points for ski jumping). The meter value is the number of points that is subtracted or added in the event of a deviation from the K point per meter. A more detailed and general explanation of the ski jumping scoring system can be found in the main article .
The regulations of the Ski Flying World Cup are based on the same set of rules as those of the Ski Jumping World Cup: In the FIS World Cup regulations, the International Ski Federation expressly states that “the ski flying competitions [...] are to be carried out on the basis of the World Cup regulations for ski jumping [...] There are only a few points where special rules apply to ski flying, the only major difference being the smaller field of participants: In ski flying only 40 athletes qualify for the competition, in ski jumping there are 50. The special rule that the organizing country always competes may provide at least four athletes, even if they have not qualified properly. The rest of the qualification mode is identical to that of the Ski Jumping World Cup, which means that the ten best athletes of the overall World Cup are also pre-qualified for ski flying. In addition, the pocket money for a Ski Flying World Cup is exactly twice as high as for a Ski Jumping World Cup: Each athlete receives 90 Swiss francs in an individual competition .
In the mid-1950s, when ski flying was mainly used for experimental purposes, an evaluation method devised by Reinhard Straumann was tried out, which was named S evaluation after its inventor. There were no style notes on this one, but the width was not the only thing that counted as in the first weeks of ski flying. Instead, Straumann developed devices that measured the approach speed and compared it with the jump distance. Ski flights that were just as far at a slower approach speed as those at high speed received a better rating. Straumann's idea was that this would determine the athlete who would have performed the most aerodynamically efficient flight. This rating system was only used in the ski flying weeks, which lasted until the late 1960s.
literature
- Jens Jahn and Egon Theiner : Encyclopedia of Ski Jumping. Agon Sportverlag. Kassel 2004, ISBN 3-89784-099-5 .
- Kurt Schauppmeier : The book of winter sports. Stadion Verlag Munich 1964. pp. 58–72.
- Klaus Ullrich: 124 meters in Planica. In: leap forward. Sports publisher. Berlin 1959, pp. 89-106.
Web links
- Website of the International Ski Flying Association KOP with various statistics and historical articles on ski flying
- Current news and general information about ski flying and ski jumping
- Current information about ski flying and ski jumping
Individual evidence
- ↑ Long Hunt in Steamboat Springs. In: Jens Jahn and Egon Theiner: Encyclopedia of Ski Jumping. Agon Sportverlag. Kassel 2004, ISBN 3-89784-099-5 , pp. 15-16.
- ↑ a b c Wolfgang Wünsche: What is the limit for ski flying? on zeit.de; published on February 10, 1967 in the German newspaper Die Zeit , accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Sigmund Ruud : Ski track krysser verden. 1938 (German: ski tracks cross the world . Translated from Norwegian by Werner von Grünau. Hans von Hugo Verlag. Berlin 1939). P. 78–93: Planica, largest ski jumping hill in the world.
- ↑ a b c d International Ski Flying Association KOP through the ages yesterday - today - tomorrow ( memento of the original from October 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on cms.kop-skiflying.org; Presentation by Kurt Kreiselmeyer, Oberstdorf on the occasion of the KOP General Assembly on June 22, 1996 in Harrachov; Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Deep fall on spiegel.de; published on March 20, 1967 in the German news magazine Der Spiegel , accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ^ A b c Kurt Schauppmeier: The book of winter sports . Stadion Verlag Munich. Pages 58-72
- ↑ a b c d e Bruno Moravetz : 20 years of ski flying in Oberstdorf - chronicle of records . In: Sport-Illustrierte , issue 5/1970.
- ↑ a b c slalom through the air on spiegel.de; published on March 14, 1951 in the German news magazine Der Spiegel , accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Klaus Ullrich: 124 meters in Planica . In: leap forward . Sports publisher. Berlin 1959. Pages 89-106.
- ↑ Sepp Bradl: My way to the world champion . Key publisher. Innsbruck 1952. Pages 168-171.
- ↑ Fish continue to fly on spiegel.de, published on February 23, 1955 in the German news magazine Der Spiegel , accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Kurt Sölkner: 1962 - founding year of the international ski flying association KOP ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at cms.kop-skiflying.org, accessed March 12, 2011.
- ↑ History of the Vikersundbakken ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on vikersund.no, accessed March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Planica - Letalnica ( Memento of the original from June 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from berkutschi.com, accessed March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Monika Brand: When the “bird man” flew away on 20min.ch on May 4, 2010, accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Werner Herzog : Growing beyond one's own fear of death on spiegel.de on March 17, 1986, accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Bradl was the first to congratulate . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna March 6, 1976, p. 15 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
- ^ Preiml: "Toni like an airplane" . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna March 8, 1976, p. 10 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
- ^ A b Toni Innauer : The critical point ; recorded by Christian Seiler, Edition Tau, Bad Sauerbrunn 1992. p. 59.
- ↑ a b Matti Nykänen : Greetings from Hell ; recorded by Egon Theiner , Verlag wero press GmbH, Pfaffenweiler 2003, p. 81.
- ↑ Thomas Karny: The Leap into a New Era on wienerzeitung.at, accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ^ Toni Innauer : The critical point; recorded by Christian Seiler, Edition Tau, Bad Sauerbrunn 1992, p. 96 f.
- ↑ Planica 1994 Fair Play Bredesen ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , TV DNEVNIK 2 20/03/1994, video (Slovenian).
- ↑ Overview of all FIS congresses ( memento of the original from January 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from fis-ski.com, accessed March 12, 2011.
- ↑ a b Andreas Goldberger : Jump ; recorded by Günther Hartl, Edition Tau, Bad Sauerbrunn 1996, p. 117 ff.
- ↑ Jörg Hahn: Thrills and fluttering nerves on faz.net on February 12, 2011, accessed on March 20, 2011.
- ↑ Norwegian Evensen set a world record of 246.5 m on sport.oe24.at on February 11, 2011, accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ World record: Prevc flies at 250 meters
- ↑ Ski flying in Vikersund: Severin Freund wins despite the world record from Fannemel
- ↑ History of the Kulm ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from berkutschi.com, accessed March 12, 2011.
- Jump up ↑ Ski flying world record: Schoolgirl shows Hannawald how it is done on spiegel.de on January 30, 2003, accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ Olav Traaen: Vil ha skiflyging i combined on nrk.no on February 2, 2010, accessed on March 12, 2011.
- ↑ a b Florian A. Lehmann: Ski flying - even for Ammann stressful on bernerzeitung.ch on March 19, 2010, accessed on June 14, 2011.
- ↑ a b Melanie Haack: Ski flyers risk a new record hunt on welt.de on February 6, 2011, accessed on March 20, 2011.
- ↑ V-style: Revolution in ski jumping on wissenswertes.at, accessed on March 20, 2011. “The V-style technique also changed ski flying. It was something special with classic skis to fly over 190 meters. With the V-style, the record was increased to 239 meters. "
- ↑ In flight like fish on spiegel.de on March 31, 1969, accessed on March 20, 2011.
- ↑ "Eagles" chase the world record on heute.at on February 23, 2011, accessed on April 13, 2020.
- ↑ Kranjec surprised in the first competition on the Kulm on derstandard.at on January 9, 2010, accessed on March 20, 2011.
- ^ Oberstdorf: Austria's "eagles" win team competition on diepresse.com on January 30, 2010, accessed on March 20, 2011.
- ↑ a b c Maik Großekathöfer: With trembling knees on spiegel.de on February 24, 2001, accessed on March 20, 2011.
- ↑ International Ski Competition Rules (IWO) - Volume III: Ski jumping (2008 edition) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.1 MB) on fis-ski.com. Section 454: Ski Flying Competitions . P. 75 f. Updated version from June 2011 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 131 kB), in which only changed paragraphs are reproduced. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ↑ a b Regulations for the FIS World Cup Ski Jumping (men) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from fis-ski.com, accessed June 25, 2011.
