soy milk

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Herbal milk substitutes
Canned soy milk

Soy milk is a herbal drink made from soybeans . Its structure and possible uses are similar to those of milk, which is why it is used in the vegan diet as a substitute for cow's milk. Traditional soy milk, a stable emulsion of oil, water and proteins, is a liquid extract made from whole soybeans . The liquid is made by soaking dry soybeans, which are then squeezed out with water.

Soy milk may not be marketed under the name milk in the EU (see trade name ). For this reason, products are sold in the trade as “soy drink”, “soy mylch”, “soy - purely vegetable” or the like.

history

The production of soy milk was already known in China over 2000 years ago at the time of the Han dynasty , with preservation through boiling around 1800. Soy milk or soy bean milk has been known in German-speaking countries as a form of vegetable milk since the beginning of the 20th century , namely the products of the Frankfurt Soyama-Werke , which were manufactured from 1913. It was also used as an alternative product to cow's milk in the bakery.

At the beginning of the 1920s, other producers of soy products and soy milk, including the Pomosin works and the Wilhelm Opificius chemical factory , emerged, especially in Frankfurt am Main .

Trade name

In the European Union soy milk may only since 1987 commercially under other names, such as soy drink are sold. For example, in the European “ Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1898/87 on the protection of the names of milk and milk products in their marketing ”, Article 2 (1) states that “ the name 'milk' can only be used by one or multiple milking of the normal udder secretion, without any addition or withdrawal, is reserved ". In June 2017, the European Court of Justice confirmed this naming convention. In the USA, however, the term “soy milk” is permitted.

distribution

Café frappé with frothed soy milk and cinnamon

In the western world, soy milk is available from retail chains . In countries where the vegan diet has become more important, it is often available on request in cafes and coffee franchises.

In Germany, according to a representative survey, 2% of respondents stated that they drink soy milk every week, and another 4% answered that they consume soy milk once or several times a month.

Nutritional physiology

The protein content of commercially available soy milk, with about 7 to 10% soybean content, is 3 to 4 g / 100 ml, about the same as that of cow's milk . Carbohydrate content, approx. 2 g, and fat content, approx. 2.2 g, are below that of cow's milk (carbohydrates 4.8 g; fat 3.5 g). Vitamin B12 and vitamin C are not contained in soybeans. Soy milk also contains less vitamin B2 and calcium than cow's milk. This is why some manufacturers enrich their products with vitamin B12, vitamin B2 and calcium carbonate from mineral or organic sources. Due to its composition, soy milk for infants is not suitable as a substitute for breast milk.

Soy milk is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and contains no cholesterol or lactose . Soy protein can cause food allergies. Especially with allergies to birch pollen may experience cross reactions occur because the protein structures are similar.

1995 in the New England Journal of Medicine , a meta-analysis of the University of Kentucky published, which had been supported by Protein Technologies International and concludes that soy protein concentrations of serum - cholesterol , LDL and triglycerides lowers HDL but not significantly increased .

Soy milk contains isoflavones , mainly daidzein and genistein , which in high doses can act as phytoestrogens . However, the exact effects of excessive soy consumption have not yet been studied. A 2010 meta-study that compared several individual studies on the effects of the consumption of various soy products found no changes in testosterone levels and sex hormone-binding globulin in men as a result of normal consumption of soy milk.

The tolerable daily intake (TDI) of nickel amounts to according to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2.8 micrograms (0.0028 mg) per kilogram body weight. In 2019, the Upper Austrian Chamber of Labor had twelve different soy drinks examined by the Agency for Health and Food Safety. The values ​​were between 0.25 ( Dennree Soy Drink Natural) and 0.69 milligrams per liter ( Yes! Of course, organic soy drink). With the soy milk with the highest values, a child weighing 30 kilograms has already consumed more than twice as much nickel as recommended by the EFSA with a quarter liter.

Manufacturing

Soy milk is made by soaking and pureeing the dried, yellow soy bean in water in a ratio of approx. 10 to 1. In order to remove the remaining digestive toxins ( trypsin inhibitors) from the mass, soy has to be boiled for about 20 minutes. The traditional Chinese and Japanese methods of preparation differ.

In the Chinese method of preparation, the puree is first filtered and then boiled. In the Japanese, the puree is boiled and the cooked mixture is filtered and then cooled. The high-fiber soy cake , called okara , remains in the filter. In industrial production, significant amounts of soy pulp are produced , which are used as protein-rich animal feed.

Soy milk, but also cereal milk such as rice or oat milk and nut milk , can be produced with so-called soy milk makers (also soy milk machines or soy milk machines). A soy milk maker creates soy milk from soaked or soaked soybeans and water in about 15 to 20 minutes.

Soy yogurt or yofu is a fermented product made from soy milk.

Cook

Soy milk is used in the preparation of many products that are used in the vegan and vegetarian diet and can be used as a substitute for cow's milk in most recipes.

“Sweet” and “salty” soy milk are traditional Chinese foods that are used for breakfast, with breads such as mantou (steamed rolls), youtiao (deep-fried dough) or shaobing (sesame flatbread) served as a side dish . Soy milk is typically sweetened with sugar cane or sometimes simply with syrup . "Salty" soy milk is prepared by combining chopped pickled mustard seeds (搾菜), dried shrimp and vinegar (for fermentation) and then with Youtiao croutons , chopped winter onions , real coriander , rousong (肉鬆) or shallots as well as sesame oil , soy sauce , chili oil or Salt is enough.

Soy milk is in many ways the Japanese cuisine is used, for example, to Yuba prepare as well as a soup base for Nabemono . They can be found in a wide variety of foods. Kanebo Foods brought I.V. out an ice cream places , based on soy milk and in convenience stores is sold. There it is also offered as a popsicle .

Tofu is made from soy milk that is curdled and then pressed into blocks.

See also

Web links

Commons : Soymilk  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikibooks: Cookbook / Soy Milk  - Learning and Teaching Materials
Wiktionary: Soy milk  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ HT Huang, Early Uses of Soybean in Chinese History. Chapter 2 in The World of Soy , eds. Christine M. Du Bois, Chee-Beng Tan, and Sidney Mintz. University of Illinois Press (August 4, 2008), ISBN 978-0252033414 .
  2. ^ Carl von Noorden, Hugo Salomon: Handbook of Nutrition: First Volume General Dietetics (Nutrients and Food General Nutritional Cures) . Springer-Verlag, 1920, reprint 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-9933-6 , p. 311ff ..
  3. ↑ Joachim Drews: The "Nazi Bean": Cultivation, Use and Effects of the Soybean in the German Empire and Southeastern Europe; (1933-1945) . LIT Verlag Münster, 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-7513-8 , p. 34–.
  4. ^ Carl von Noorden, Hugo Salomon: Handbook of Nutrition: First Volume General Dietetics (Nutrients and Food General Nutritional Cures) . Springer-Verlag, 1920, reprint 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-9933-6 , pp. 542f ..
  5. ↑ Joachim Drews: The "Nazi Bean": Cultivation, Use and Effects of the Soybean in the German Empire and Southeastern Europe; (1933-1945) . LIT Verlag Münster, 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-7513-8 , p. 41.
  6. ↑ Regulation (EEC) No. 1898/87 of the Council of July 2, 1987 on the protection of the names of milk and milk products in their marketing , accessed on April 26, 2011
  7. ↑ Purely plant-based products may not be marketed under terms such as “milk”, “cream”, “butter”, “cheese” or “yoghurt”, which EU law reserves for products of animal origin. In: PRESS RELEASE No. 63/17. Court of Justice of the European Union, June 14, 2017, accessed on June 18, 2017 .
  8. ↑ Frequency of consumption of soy milk ( see further information on the study at the bottom of the page).
  9. ↑ Nutritional values ​​of various soy drinks .
  10. ^ Soy drinks. In: Test. Stiftung Warentest August 30, 2007 (accessed online February 4, 2013).
  11. ↑ Alpro Soya: Lactose-free diet with soy. ( Memento of the original from April 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alprosoya.de
  12. ↑ JW. Anderson, BM. Johnstone, ME. Cook-Newell: Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. In: The New England journal of medicine (N. Engl. J. Med.). Waltham Mass 333.1995,5, 276-282. PMID 7596371 , ISSN  0028-4793
  13. ^ Soy Isoflavones , Jane Higdon, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University .
  14. ^ Meta study Hamilton-Reeves et al. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis (2010) Fertility and Sterility , Volume 94, Issue 3, Pages 997–1007.
  15. ↑ Soy drinks: Alarmingly high nickel contents. In: ooe.arbeiterkammer.at. Retrieved May 28, 2019 .