St. Ludgeri (Munster)
St. Ludgeri is one of the oldest Catholic sacred buildings in the Westphalian Münster under the patronage of St. Ludger and was built in 1173.
Foundation and institutional history
Expansion of the city of Münster
In the second half of the 12th century, Münster experienced an expansion of its urban area, especially in the southern and eastern areas. The parish of St. Aegidii was founded in the south-west, St. Ludgeri in the south, St. Servatii in the south-east and St. Martini in the north-east, probably thanks to the planning hand of the bishops of Münster . All newly created parishes were purely city parishes.
Early evidence
The oldest direct evidence of the Church of St. Ludgeri is handed down for the year 1173. Ludwig I von Wippra , Bishop of Münster, gives the Church of St. Ludgeri, which was founded in the southern part of the city of Münster in his time, the mansum in Wargebeke to equip a priestly priest. In 1178 Franco von Wettringen (de Weteringe) bequeathed his parental inheritance, which had come to him after the childless death of his brothers. All his goods in the parish of Emsdetten (Thetten) went to the newly built St. Ludgeri Church in Münster .
The foundation of the collegiate monastery St. Ludgeri in the time of the Münster bishop Herman von Katzenelnbogen can be narrowed down between 1178 and 1185; the deed of incorporation has not survived.
Constitution
The provost (praepositus) was always a Münster canon. However, he received no income, had neither a seat in the choir nor a vote in the chapter and remained without jurisdiction.
The actual management on site had the dean held / dean, he was since the beginning of the 13th century, pastor of the church. The foundation of 1173 formed the basis for the deanery. Later he was supported in this task by two chaplains. The senior was the eldest of the canons and ranked immediately after the dean. In the absence of the previous or even vacancy of this office, the senior was in charge of the chapter. Other offices that are always mentioned in a collegiate monastery are the thesaurary and the scholaster. The thesaurary provided the liturgical equipment; it is identical to the custos mentioned initially . Later he was primarily responsible for the asset management of these matters; He was later supported by two sextons, who then did all the actual work. The pen was based on the provisions of Pope Innocent III. (1198–1216) a scholasterei. However, it can only be observed that the scholaster did not carry out this activity himself, but was in charge of the administration of this property and hired a school principal.
From the start, St. Ludgeri was provided with individual permanent positions (prebends), which were gradually increased by further foundations. There was no common property and no central administration of it; every canon received a fixed income from his prebend. He lived in a Kurienhaus in the immediate vicinity of the church and ran his own household. With the foundation of 1178, the prerequisites for three prebenders were created. The other foundations did not take place until 1250. Even later, the number of twelve, which can be proven in 1320, was reached.
The bishop was initially responsible for awarding these prebends; with the Vienna Concordat in 1448, the papal chair gained considerable influence. It had given the cathedral and collegiate chapters the right of collation in the even months and the Apostolic See in the odd months. The formal admission of a candidate took place with the possession , for this the tonsure and minor orders were prerequisites. After completing the studies, after a few years, the final admission as a full member, the emancipation . For this, they demanded that usually Subdiakonatsweihe . The now emancipated canon then had a seat in the choir, a vote in the chapter and the disposal of his income. Membership usually ended through death or resignation . The latter often happened in favor of a relative. Occasionally, the permutation , i.e. the exchange of jobs with another clergyman at another church, can also be observed. Exclusions are rather rare. In such cases the resignation was suggested to the person.
Vicarages
To support the service and for the salvation of one's own soul, the foundation of vicarages used . Individual founding families provided the appropriate financial resources for the permanent care of a cleric, who then read the spiritual masses to be held according to the foundation charter. In St. Ludgeri, this development began in 1327 with the erection of the St. Jacobi altar. St. Catharinæ followed in 1354, in 1458 as a double foundation St. Crucis and St. Jacobi min., 1461 St. Mariæ, 1481 St. Trinitatis, 1482 St. Sepulchri (dissolved in 1671), 1493 the two chaplainies and finally in 1509 the vicarie in sanguine Mumme .
Repeal
On August 3, 1802, Prussian troops marched into the Principality of Münster and took possession of it. Just two months later, on October 16, 1802, the new administration gained a first impression of the St. Ludgeri Collegiate Monastery. It was not secularized during the first Prussian occupation of Münster. It was not repealed on December 2, 1811 until an imperial French decree of November 14, 1811; the protocol has been handed down. After that, St. Ludgeri was a pure parish church.
Fusion of the inner city communities
With the beginning of the new church year on the 1st Advent on December 2nd, 2007 the parishes of St. Lamberti, St. Ludgeri and Aegidii as well as St. Martini were merged to form the new parish of St. Lamberti . Since the profanation of the Dominican church on November 12, 2017, the Catholic University community celebrates in addition to the parish of St. Lamberti their services in the Ludgerikirche.
Building history and architecture
Around the year 1180, the first building of St. Ludgeri was built as the successor to a recently constructed first building made of wood, the main features of which have been largely preserved. The central nave and the two side aisles thus continue to correspond to the original construction. It was completed around the year 1220.
After the church was damaged in the town fire in 1383, it was rebuilt in a modified form. The initially relatively small choir on the east side was expanded into a large high choir. Since the roof was also raised, the crossing tower in the center of the church also had to be raised. The tower, which originally had two Romanesque floors with coupled window openings, was increased by one floor in the Gothic style . This is provided with blind blocks and ogival tracery windows. In addition, the crossing tower got a transparent upper floor with a tracery gallery and crab-studded pinnacles as decoration.
The two west towers of the original sacred building also fell victim to the fire of 1383, but were not replaced until 1876.
The church has two portals that allow access to the interior. The south portal is the usual access to the building and has an inscription on the lintel from 1537. The inscription reads “VDMIE Anno Domini 1537” as an abbreviation for “Verbum Domini Manet In Aeternum Anno Domini 1537” . In the German translation, the sentence means "The word of the Lord remains in eternity" . It is a quote from the 1st letter of Peter , chapter 1, verse 25, which had programmatic significance for the Protestants . The special feature of this inscription is the date of its creation (1537). As early as 1535, after a short Reformation interlude under Bernd Rothmann from 1532 and the subsequent Anabaptist rule from 1534 to 1535, after a resolution by the imperial estates , Münster had become Catholic again.
The west portal, on the other hand, is only used for solemn liturgies . Since 1861 it has contained a tympanum with the enthroned Ludgerus in the center, surrounded by the holy Heriburg on his right and the singer and poet Bernlef. The latter is said to have been given sight after the intercession of Saint Ludgerus.
Ludgeristraße with Stern pharmacy and Ludgerikirche (1906)
Postcard: View from Ludgeriplatz to Ludgeristraße (around 1940)
inner space
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The nave of St. Ludgeri consists of two yokes , which precedes the Western side a square Halbjoch. On the east side is the crossing square, on which the crossing tower is placed on the outside. The ceiling construction here consists of a flattened dome vault . There are aisles on both sides of the central nave. Due to their height, they do not allow any additional windows in the central nave (building type of the three-aisled late Romanesque hall church with Westphalian characteristics).
The crossing square at the level of the transepts was followed by three apses in the original construction . The middle one was larger than the two outer ones as it had to accommodate the altar and the choir stalls. After the city fire of 1383, the apses were removed and replaced by a large Gothic style choir , which, together with the St. Lamberti Choir, is one of the most important Gothic works in the Münsterland . In addition to the windows with idiosyncratic coloring from 1961 by Vincenz Pieper , the special architecture makes it appear larger than it actually is. While it is 9.64 m wide in the west, it is 10.15 m in the east, giving the impression that the perspective narrowing has been lifted. The choir is joined by the newly created apse after the city fire, the shape of which consists of seven edges of a decagon. This construction is particularly similar to the east choir of the St. Andreas basilica in Cologne .
Furnishing
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Vincenz Pieper's windows are located in the seven walls of the choir . When viewed as a whole, they combine to form an overall picture in which the pillars between the individual windows seem to disappear. In the middle window, facing directly to the east, the path of salvation of Jesus Christ is shown, i.e. his birth, his suffering and death, his resurrection and ascension as well as his rebirth. The Lord's witnesses can be seen in the two directly adjoining windows. In addition to the composition of the windows in the apse, there are other windows with biblical themes. The window in the north wall of the transept shows the miracle of Pentecost and that in the south wall shows the creation of man. The Last Judgment is the theme in the window above the west portal .
The church also features eight life-size sandstone figures attributed to the sculptors Bernt Katmann or Johannes Kroeß. They are located in the transition from the choir to the apse and date from the years 1603 to 1607. Starting on the north wall clockwise, these are Christ Salvator, i.e. the risen Jesus Christ , Ludgerus , Stephanus and Catherine of Alexandria . Continuing clockwise on the south wall are St. Agnes , Laurentius , Charlemagne and finally Maria .
However, little has been preserved of the furnishings in the choir prior to the decoration with the figures. The rood screen is removed, according to a Chapter Protocol of 1697 in the 17th century, and the choir participated in the Second World War, much damage. The latter could only be restored between 1992 and 1994 and finally in 1995. The oldest parts of this seating date from the time of the Anabaptists in the 1530s.
In the center of the apse there has been a winged altar made in Tyrol towards the end of the 15th century since 1998 , in the middle of which the adoration of the baby Jesus by the three kings is depicted. In the left wing are Saint Margaret and Lawrence depicted in the right wing Catherine of Alexandria and the Evangelist John . The outside of the altar shows Paul , Peter , Urbanus and Bartholomew .
In the crossing is the altar designed by Hein Wimmer and made of Baumberger sandstone . A relic of St. Ludgerus, the city founder of Munster, is embedded in this. Wooden sculptures of Christ as Salvator mundi and of St. Ludger are attached to the two eastern pillars of the crossing facing the choir . The first sculpture was created around 1420, the latter around 1760.
In addition to the sculptures, there are also two panel paintings by the Münster painter Nikolaus tom Ring , which survived the Second World War unscathed. These are the "Raising of Lazarus" in the south transept and the "Entombment of Christ" from 1598 in the northwest corner. Opposite the burial is the baptismal font from around 1500 in the shape of an octagonal cup, which tells eight stories from the Bible. It is made of Baumberger limestone and is the oldest surviving work of art that can be directly attributed to St. Ludgeri, but was damaged during the rule of the Anabaptists in the 1530s due to their destructiveness.
In 1958 and 1960 the parish acquired two statues. The statue of the so-called " Man of Sorrows " is placed in the Herz-Jesu-Kapelle , the crucified Christ with the open wound on his side, from which - according to Christian understanding - the blood for redemption has flowed ( Joh 19,33-34 EU ) . This wooden sculpture was created around 1420 in southern Germany. In the immediate vicinity is a sculpture of the Madonna with the Christ child from around 1450.
Opposite it on the west side is a hand-carved portrait of the crucified Jesus Christ, which was made by the sculptor Heinrich Bäumer in 1929 and damaged in a bomb attack in 1944. By resolution of the parish, the work remained in this damaged form after the end of the Second World War, in which the figure is missing both arms. In the place where the arms were before, there is now an inscription with the words "I HAVE NO HANDS OTHER THAN YOURS" . The medallions of two personalities who have a special relationship with the parish of St. Ludgeri hang directly under the cross. These are Niels Stensen and Edith Stein . They can also be seen in the painting “ Sacra Conversazione ” by Gerhard van der Grinten in the north aisle.
In addition to these numerous works of art, the church building was decorated with other works of art, for example a Pietà from the Baroque period and a Madonna from the same period as well as two Christ sculptures from the 18th century.
Church treasure
The church treasury of St. Ludgeri consists mainly of valuable objects that serve the liturgy . Probably the oldest work of art is a 52 cm high blue cross that was created a short time after the great city fire of 1383. In addition to these devices, the church treasure also consists of a large number of paraments , some of which date from the early 17th century.
The oldest nativity scene in the city of Münster is also located in St. Ludgeri. The wax figures were made by the congregation of the Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus in Aachen . They are dated to the year 1868 according to the "Expenses for the crib 1868" documented in the diocese archives, in which their acquisition costs are noted as 232 Reichstaler .
organ
The organ is located on the east wall of the north aisle. The instrument is at ground level. The baroque organ case was built in 1750 by an anonymous master for the Marienkirche in Warendorf . It has only been in St. Ludgeri's Church since 1966. The organ was built in 1966 by the organ builder Matthias Kreienbrink in Osnabrück . The slider chest instrument has 24 stops on two manuals and a pedal . The playing and stop actions are mechanical. The organ has the following disposition :
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P.
Bells
The bell of St. Ludgeri itself is a special art treasure, as it was neither damaged nor decimated during the time of the Anabaptists as well as during the First and Second World Wars. With its bells from the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century, it is one of the oldest closed bells in Westphalia.
| No. |
Surname |
Casting year |
Caster |
Diameter (mm) |
Mass (kg) |
Nominal (16th note) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maria | 1507 | Wolter Westerhues | 1293 | ~ 1400 | d 1 +1.5 |
| 2 | Ludgerus | 1507 | Wolter Westerhues | 1152 | ~ 950 | e 1 +5 |
| 3 | Catherine | 1507 | Wolter Westerhues | 1031 | ~ 700 | f sharp 1 +10 |
| 4th | John | 1464 | Jasper Volker | 815 | ~ 350 | c 2 +7 |
Deans
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- ^ Later canon and provost.
- ↑ From hereditary family, auxiliary bishop and metropolitan vicar of Osnabrück.
literature
- Friedrich Wertebach: History of the Collegiate Foundation for St. Ludgerus zu Münster (diss. Phil. From 1939, machine script).
- Joseph Prinz: The beginnings of the Ludgeriviertel and its collegiate church . In: 800 years of Sankt Ludgeri . Münster 1973, pp. 9-33.
- Jörg Wunschhofer: The Collegiate Foundation St. Ludgeri in Münster from the perspective of a Prussian official in 1804 . In: Yearbook for Westphalian Church History . 2004, Vol. 99, pp. 311-327.
- Klaus Gruna: Catholic parish church St. Ludgeri Münster . Art Guide No. 1675, 3rd edition 2004, Verlag Schnell & Steiner GmbH.
- Westphalian Document Book , Volume III.
- Karl Hengst : Westfälisches Klosterbuch, Volume 2, pp. 49–53.
- Gertrud Mayr: Christmas cribs in Münster (Dialogverlag, 2008), ISBN 978-3-937961-98-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Catholic University Community of Münster: Catholic University Community in the Ludgeri Church. June 2, 2018, accessed August 21, 2018 .
- ^ Gertrud Mayr: Christmas cribs in Münster (Dialogverlag, 2008), ISBN 978-3-937961-98-9 .
- ↑ a b c Maria Meik: Sacristy of St. Ludgeri: The oldest church crib in the city. In: Westfälische Nachrichten. December 24, 2011, accessed August 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Recording of the bells, May 11, 2008, 9:25 am, Pentecost on YouTube , May 13, 2008 ..
Web links
Coordinates: 51 ° 57 ′ 29 ″ N , 7 ° 37 ′ 37 ″ E