St. Pauli Conversion (St. Pauls)
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The parish church of St. Pauli Conversion , also called cathedral in the country or simply parish church of St. Pauls , is in St. Pauls in the municipality of Eppan ( South Tyrol ). It is a Roman Catholic , late Gothic hall church from the 15th century. However, the church was only completed with the construction of the baroque onion dome to end the tower in 1647.
location
The parish church of St. Pauli Conversion is in the center of the St. Pauls fraction at 395 m slm on a hill that belongs to the Überetsch . Due to the high and distinctive, onion-like tower end, it is already visible from a distance with its stately height of 85 m and thus achieved a high degree of popularity as the “cathedral in the country”. Adjacent to the southeast is the Pfarrwidum.
history
As early as the early Middle Ages (8th / 9th centuries), today's large parish Eppan with its seat in St. Pauls was founded. The first documents date from the year 1147. At that time, Bishop Altmann placed them under the cathedral chapter of Trento. It was looked after by vicars resident in St. Pauls and is one of the oldest parishes in South Tyrol. The parish of St. Pauls was for centuries the spiritual and economic center of the municipality. It was not until 1787 that the newly founded parish of Girlan split off. Almost 140 years later, St. Michael followed in 1921 , then Frangart in 1982 and Perdonig in 1986 .
The predecessor of today's church, St. Consecrated to Paulus, it was probably a Romanesque building, consisting of a simple hall church with a round apse and flat beamed ceiling, as well as a bell tower and pyramid roof. It may also have received further Gothic modifications and extensions. More precise archaeological evidence is no longer possible due to the late Gothic new building. It is also not proven whether she was also dedicated to St. Peter (mostly both apostles appear together as church patrons) was consecrated. Next to the old church there was a second smaller church dedicated to St. Peter was consecrated. It was originally owned by the Counts of Eppan at Hocheppan Castle , but by inheritance it fell to the noble free Ulrich von Taufers , who left it in 1269 to the Teutonic Order , which had been in Bolzano since 1202 . The present sacristy emerged from it in 1718, in which the Teutonic Cross can still be found carved in stone.
Although the monumental building was created in several stages under the direction of various builders, its overall appearance is very balanced and uniform. On closer inspection, however, you can still see the handwriting of the individual builders and the respective art-historical epochs. Since it was known that the project, which was enormous at the time, would take a longer construction period, the old church was left as a cult room and the new church was built around the old one, so to speak, as an external formwork. The old building was only demolished during the completion of the nave in the second half of the 16th century. Construction work began in 1460 on the initiative and with the support of some wealthy and powerful noble families. Large parts of the population achieved prosperity through the reign and efficient state administration of Frederick IV and then his son Siegmund the Mint Rich . This was reflected in brisk construction activity, which is why the spacious new construction of the Paulsner parish church also fell into this period. The counts of the Firmian family were at that time Vogt and patron of the parish, which gave them a great influence on St. Pauls. Its ancestral seat was the castle of the same name until 1473, which Sigmund the Münzreich acquired in the 15th century and expanded to become Sigmundskron Castle . After the death of Emperor Maximilian I in 1519 and the rise of the Habsburgs to a great power, there were also social unrest, peasant revolts and religious struggles (Reformation and Counter-Reformation) in southern Tyrol , which meant that the construction of the new church was slow.
Pilgrimages
After Andre Amrig was stolen in 1489, he was overcome with remorse on the escape route. He turned back and brought back the jewelry that he had previously stolen from the Pietà in the parish church. Amrig saw his repentance as a sign of God and had a path chapel built as a memorial at the location on Unterrainer Straße. It bears the inscription here, Our wife at eppan promises that first. Andre Amrig 1489 . St. Pauls then became one of the most popular pilgrimage destinations in South Tyrol until Emperor Joseph II abolished public holidays and customs, including pilgrimages, in 1783 . Over the centuries, many, including high-quality votive tablets , have accumulated, all of which are now deposited.
architecture
The choir was built from 1460/61 to 1470 in the Gothic style by a Swabian building works and thus represents the oldest part of the church building. It was consecrated in 1490. As a three-aisled parlor choir based on the Bozen model, it is made up of six free-standing, six wall columns and one Ribbed vault made of carved stone. In two of the wall columns in the presbytery there are tabernacles decorated with late Gothic figures of saints. In the construction phase from 1501 to 1513, Jakob Zwitzel, who came from Swabia, was the first architect to be named. He was also involved in the construction of the tower of the Bolzano parish church . The construction of the west facade with the tower took place under his direction. It was completed in 1555, with the tower only reaching slightly above the roof height of the church and the choir loft only consisting of an area around the richly profiled bundle pillars . It was planned as a tower chapel for the nobility. Here, too, the influence of the various construction phases is clearly recognizable, as can be seen from the break between the older part of the gallery and the newer central part, which was completed in 1609 by master builder Pietro Bosio. In 1890, before the new Reinisch organ was installed, the middle section was renewed again and provided with a balustrade. The entrance portal, which is located in the west facade, was originally intended to be extended by a vestibule, whereby the approaches of the supports are still visible. The walls of the nave were also built at the beginning of the 16th century, after which the northern Italian builders Andrea Crivelli and Marco della Bolla vaulted the entire nave around the middle of the same century. In contrast to the previously built choir, they did not have a ribbed vault, but a simpler ribbed vault. These no longer grow directly from the stone pillars, but lie on "more modern" ring-shaped or octagonal capitals . This difference is most noticeable in the two columns on the stairs leading to the chancel. Here both architectural styles were combined in one pillar, whereby the vertical seam of the two adjacent half-columns can still be clearly seen. The new church was finally completed in 1647 with the completion of the tower and the onion of the onion dome , which is also called the Welsche dome in southern Germany . In 1718 the former St. Petrus Chapel was converted into today's sacristy.
Furnishing
Over the centuries, the parish church was equipped with consistently high quality art objects.
altar
Both the neo-Gothic high altar, in which there is a crucifixion group and statues of St. Petrus and Paulus are located, as well as the two side altars (both also in neo-Gothic style) were designed in 1865 by the carver and painter Michael Stolz from Innsbruck. In the main niche on the right side altar is the old miraculous image of the painful Mother of God made of painted terracotta, around 1430, as well as images of the 15 secrets of the rosary . Various scenes from the life of St. Paul represented. The altar sheet of the former baroque high altar made by Michael Christoph Gramberger from Krems, which, like many other winged altars, probably fell victim to the Baroque design of the church furnishings , now hangs next to the swallow's nest organ on the south wall.
More art monuments
- One of the most valuable exhibits is the Madonna and Child. It was created in the middle of the 15th century in the vicinity of the important artists Hans Multscher and Leonhard von Brixen . It is located on the southern pillar under a neo-Gothic canopy.
- The sculpture of St. Jakobus on the pulpit roof was created around 1525 by the important altar carver Jörg Lederer .
- The oil painting Conversion of Saul was painted by Josef Anton Kößler at the end of the 17th century. Today it is located above the Joseph Altar on the north wall.
- The old Romanesque-Gothic triumphal arch cross on the choir vault. It dates from the early 14th century and was probably still part of the old church.
- The monumental crucifix from the workshop of Jörg Artzt (or doctor) was created around 1520/30 and is located on the north wall of the church.
- Several marble busts of the apostles by the Vinschgau sculptor Wolf Verdroß. They were created around 1569 and were initially set up as console figures in the Lichtenberg castle chapel and only later came to St. Pauls.
- six large painted death shields from the noble families of Eppan
- The statues of St. Petrus and Paulus at the entrance gate of the church were created by the contemporary South Tyrolean sculptor Karl Grasser and placed in the empty Gothic niches next to the entrance portal in 2002.
Church bells
Anna Maria
Nine bells hang in the church tower of St. Pauls. The heart of the peal is the popularly known simply "Anna-Maria" bell, the bell of Our Lady and St. Paul is consecrated. It was re-cast in the parish of St. Pauls on October 27, 1701 from the material of the old cracked bell from 1676. The Augustinian provost Franz Josef Schaitter from Gries inaugurated the bell on November 23, 1701. In 1985, the bell chair builder Ernst Steiner from Lana built a counter-pendulum system for the three largest bells. It was then that her previously unknown weight of 3,860 kg was determined for the first time.
“On November 20, 1645, the master carpenter Martin Neuhauser von Eppan and the coppersmith Georg Gschraffer von Bozen aligned the tower knob, which contained a weather blessing, some olive leaves and an Agnus Dei. With that the parish church of St. Pauls was by and large completed. The magnificent tower should soon be able to boast a great peal. At the beginning of August 1676, the large newly cast bell weighing 4560 kg was consecrated by the bishop; in the following year the second largest of 2016 kg ("the screaming woman") by Paolo di Paoli in Trento, where she was brought on a river raft, poured and on May 16, 1677 she was consecrated by the prelate of Gries. The big bell jumped as early as 1701. A new casting was to be made quickly; For this purpose, the master Georg Graßmayr from Brixen was called to St. Pauls, where he made the country-famous bell until October 27 of the same year, which still sends its splendid sounds over the area today. "
The reliefs of the bell show the twelve apostles, the four evangelists and other saints. On the upper edge there is a Latin inscription about the rule of Christ “CHRIST VINCIT, CHRISTUS REGNAT; CHRIST IMPERAT “, which is decorated with an ornament made of putti . In the middle is a saying with which the bell founder immortalized himself:
DUE TO
THE GREAT HEAT OF THE FIRE,
I FLOWED
GEORG GRASMAIR OF
BRIXEN PAST
ME
1701
On the other side is you referring to the Song of Songs is a praise of the Virgin Mary: "AVE MARIA VIRGO TOTA PULCHRA ES AMICA MEA ET MACULA NON EST IN TE" ( "Ave Maria, everything about you is beautiful, my love; no blemish to you ")
The other bells
Seven of the nine bells were cast by Chiappani in Trento in 1844. During the First World War , these seven bells were removed and melted down. The Italian state replaced them after the war. The new bells were cast in Padua by the bell foundry Daciano Colbachini. In 1937, the clergyman Franz Glotz, who came from the parish of St. Pauls and was then active as a religion teacher in Leobersdorf near Wiener Neustadt, decided to replace the bells with "bad inscriptions". At his own expense (38,000 lire) he commissioned the Grassmayr bell foundry in Innsbruck to melt down the old ones and pour seven new ones, which he then donated to the parish church.
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No. |
Name (position) |
Casting year |
Foundry, casting location |
Diameter (mm) |
Mass (kg) |
Percussive ( HT - 1 / 16 ) |
| 1 | Of Our Lady and St. Paul |
27.10.1701 | Georg Grassmayr von Brixen, St. Pauls | 1,835 | 3,860 | B 0 |
| 2 | Assumption Day | 1937 | Grassmayr company, Innsbruck | 1,520 | 2,270 | of' |
| 3 | Heart of jesus | 1,345 | 1,556 | it' | ||
| 4th | Mary Annunciation | 1,205 | 1,089 | f ′ | ||
| 5 | Pauli conversion | 1,115 | 884 | ges ′ | ||
| 6th | St. Joseph | 890 | 637 | as ′ | ||
| 7th | St. Vigilius | 890 | 448 | b ′ | ||
| 8th | Prince of Peace | 740 | 247 | of" | ||
| 9 | The death knell | 1735 | Anton Zwelfer, Bolzano | 480 | 65 | as ″ |
Organs
Schwarzenbach and Casparini organ
In 1599, the organ builder Hans Schwarzenbach from Füssen in the Allgäu was commissioned to build a swallow's nest organ with nine registers , bird singing and listening timpani for 600 florins . It was built on a swallow's nest on the south wall in front of the choir on three double corbels 15 feet high. It was reached via a staircase in what was then the Petruskapelle, in whose attic there were also the four bellows . After it was moved to the new west gallery in 1609 and was probably damaged, it had to be overhauled and repaired by the French organ maker Lucio Valvassorio as early as 1618. Daniel Herz in 1670 and Sebastian Achamer in 1674 carried out further repairs. Finally, in 1689, Eugenio Casparini from Silesia was commissioned to build a new organ. This was equipped with a Rückpositiv and a total of 38 registers. He took the old Schwarzenbach organ in payment and overhauled it. He then sold the organ to Auer for 350 guilders . It was moved to the old parish church of St. Peter in 1690. 1982–1986 it was restored and is today the oldest preserved church organ in South Tyrol. But the first repair work by the organ builder Johann Caspar Humpel took place in 1710, 1718 and 1724 . Above all, he improved the mechanics of the organ, as it was so difficult to move that it could hardly be played by an organist. Ignaz Franz Wörle repaired it after a lightning strike in 1742. In 1831 another repair was carried out by organ builder Gröbner from Innsbruck.
Reinisch organ
At the end of the 19th century, the church furnishings began to be replaced and they were adapted to the neo-Gothic style. It was also decided to replace the fragile Schwarzenbach organ. Franz Reinisch from Steinach am Brenner was commissioned in 1895 to build a new organ with 25 registers, mechanical cone chests and a barker machine . As the old Casparini organ, located behind her organ box windows escutcheon covered, one (three C and Cis-shop) and that are available at the center decided on the new organ for a division game table . According to experts, the two registers “Flauto amabile 8 ′” and “Covered 8 ′” in the main work were taken over from the old organ and built in with the new building.
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P
- Playing aids : mf, f, ff (steps) + cancellation step
Verschueren swallow's nest organ
As early as the 1980s, the first plans were made to build a new swallow's nest organ on the site of the former Schwarzenbach organ . Finally, in autumn 1997, the Dutch company Verschueren from Heythuysen was commissioned to build the new 21-register organ. In 2002 it was completed and built on the swallow's nest. The organ can be reached again via today's parish hall above the sacristy, which also houses the three wedge bellows with foot steps. The case was made of solid oak and decorated with sparse ornaments from the Gothic style in order to integrate it as harmoniously as possible into the church.
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- Coupling : I / II D , I / II B , I / P, II / P
- Tremblant for the entire organ
- Nachtegaal (whistle in the water basin to imitate birdsong)
- Main work mixture with pullable repeating third choir
- Bass / treble division: c 1 / c sharp 1
- Organ tuning : Bach waiter 1 ⁄ 5 comma
- Wind pressure: 68 mm water column
Organ concerts
Since 1998 the concert events known under the title "Evening music in the cathedral in the country" have taken place in the parish church at regular intervals. In 2005 this resulted in the voluntary concert association Pauls-Sakral. Since then, the concerts have continued to develop and have also found approval in the surrounding communities from the Adige Valley to the Unterland , where concerts are now also being held. There are pure organ concerts, but also organ concerts with soloists, ensembles, choir or orchestra.
literature
- Info brochure The Church Leader St. Pauls
- Walburga Kössler: St. Pauls - Missian, Unterrain, Berg. In cooperation with the cultural department of the South Tyrolean provincial government and the municipality of Eppan. 2003.
Web links
- Website of the parish of St. Pauls
- Ensemble protection plan St. Pauls - Paulser Platz of the municipality of Appiano (pdf)
- Entry in the monument browser on the website of the South Tyrolean Monuments Office
Individual evidence
- ↑ Quote from the dean's office in Kaltern
- ↑ The church bells of St. Pauls
- ^ I - Eppan-St. Pauls / Appiano-S. Paolo (BZ) chord rings. Retrieved November 23, 2016 .
- ↑ a b c Organ history of the parish church St. Pauls
- ^ Website of the Pauls-Sakral Concert Association
Coordinates: 46 ° 28 ′ 20.1 " N , 11 ° 15 ′ 41.2" E