Piesberg colliery
| Piesberg colliery | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| General information about the mine | |||
 |
|||
| Funding / year | 153,085 t (1895) t | ||
| Information about the mining company | |||
| Operating company | Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein | ||
| Employees | 899 | ||
| Start of operation | before 1461 | ||
| End of operation | 1899 | ||
| Successor use | Museum of Industrial Culture (Osnabrück) | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | Hard coal | ||
| Mightiness | 80 cm | ||
| Mightiness | 52 cm | ||
| Mightiness | 154-168 cm | ||
| Mightiness | 76 cm | ||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 52 ° 18 '54.2 " N , 8 ° 0' 31.9" E | ||
|
|||
| Location | Pye | ||
| Independent city ( NUTS3 ) | Osnabrück | ||
| country | State of Lower Saxony | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
| District | Ibbenbüren coal field | ||
At Piesberg in Osnabrück (Lower Saxony), hard coal was mined until 1898 and in the times of need after the Second World War , which can be classified as anthracite . The area is part of the Ibbenbürener hard coal district . Shafts included the Haseschacht and the Stüveschacht.
Deposit
The Piesberg is located in the northwest of Osnabrück. It protruded more than 100 m from the area, its summit originally measured 176 m above sea level. This was removed by the mining of the Piesberg sandstone . The upper carbon deposits extend over 1.2 km in north-south direction and 1.9 km in east-west direction. In the quarry the sequence of layers of the Westfal D gives a good insight. The Piesberg was created by the vertical movement of the Bramscher pluton . The bulge has a dip of 10 ° in the west, 30 ° to 40 ° in the south and a fault of 300 m in the north and east.
Seams
16 seams were known in the Piesberg. These are the seams in Westfal D (in order of depth)
- Itterbeck seam 10 cm coal (not worth building)
- Flöz Schmitzchen 15 cm unclean coal (unworthy of construction)
- Johannisstein seam 80 cm very pure coal (was mined)
- Seam medium 52 cm very solid coal (was mined)
- Seam three banks 154–168 cm with tailings and 105–115 cm pure coal (was mined)
- Flöz bench 15 cm unclean coal (unworthy of construction)
- Seam two benches 76 cm, of which 68 cm are pure and solid coal (was mined)
Border Westfal C (From here on there was no more dismantling)
- Seam coal bench 38 cm unclean coal
- Seam Zwilling I 53 cm coal
- Seam Zwilling II 56 cm coal
- 5 unnamed seams 10, 50, 15, 13, 11 cm
- Seam four benches 160 cm coal
The coal of the Piesberg has a high degree of coalification, due to the heating of the mountains due to the Bramscher Pluton. A maximum of 1.9% volatile components and a lack of ash and sulfur characterize the high quality of coal. In the past few decades, the quarrying operations have repeatedly opened up remaining pillars from coal mining. The tree roots from the slopes of the two-benches seam have become famous, one of which is in the Osnabrück Natural History Museum and one in the Bochum Mining Museum .
history
Early mining
-7.jpg)
The first documentary mentions of mining on the Piesberg go back to the year 1461, a coal breaker R. Nolleke is mentioned who lived in Neustadt. For the construction of the fortress in 1540, the lime kilns were fired with Piesberg coal. However, the Piesberg coal seemed unsuitable for smith fires. The Ibbenbüren and Borgloh coal, mixed with the Piesberger, were better suited .
The city as a mining company
The city of Osnabrück operated the coal mines and lime kilns on the Piesberg from 1568 to 1647 on its own account. Since the coal was used exclusively for burning lime, the size of the coal pits was extremely small. The annual salary of the master and the coal breaker averaged 142 Reichsthalers in 1645. In order to make the operation cheaper, performance contracts were concluded, in which the materials and lighting were borne by the city. A first shaft was mentioned in 1540, but it did not have a long life due to unfavorable water inflows. It was not until 1577 that a water solution tunnel was created on the Wallenhorster Moor that operations were resumed. This tunnel was rediscovered in the 19th century. It was called the Pinkloch or Pinkholl tunnel and was located 300 m southeast of the Stüveschacht (pink = sound of the mallet when striking the iron).
Lease the business
Since the economic situation of the coal mines was bad, the city decided to lease the coal mines from 1647 for four years each. The Pagenstecher family was the only tenant, only in 1675 a certain Saatkamp leased the pits. In order to prevent rent increases, the city was repeatedly held responsible for the high costs of operating the mines. It was difficult to dig deeper coals, so that in 1727 the Bergmeister Huisken commissioned the Borgloher mine to create a new tunnel. Pagenstecher disliked the miner's suggestion and tried to build a tunnel set seven times higher in order to get to the coal seam more quickly. The city agreed to the miner's proposal and rejected Pagenstecher. The tunnel was started on June 30, 1727 and was excavated on the north side of the mountain with Liège miners who knew how to handle gunpowder . The tunnel was later named the Lücker tunnel. Since the success did not materialize (no seam was encountered) and, to make matters worse, the smithy at the tunnel mouth hole fell victim to a fire, the drive was stopped in 1728. The Pagenstecher tunnel project was taken up again and the tunnel was driven forward with miners from the Upper Harz Mountains . It was named Mosbergerstollen after the miner Mauersberg. But this tunnel project was also abandoned in 1730, because coal could be extracted from a cheaper place with a shaft and the aim was to save costs.
Directed by Osnabrück
From 1730 the city took over the direction again. The volume produced remained low. From 1740, at Mauersberg's insistence, the drive of the Mosberger tunnel was started and reached the Johannisstein seam. Soon, however, the company was very dilapidated again and the Mansfeld miners Wohlgemuth and Huck unsuccessfully demanded the further advance of the Lücker tunnel. It developed more and more a harvest and depletion of the remaining coal pillars. Further reports in 1780 and 1783 also showed no success. In 1783 the construction of windmill gear pumps was even proposed, but this seemed too fantastic to the miner and was rejected. When the Salzschreiber Rausch was elected to the mining technical advisory board, the situation improved in 1792. He pushed ahead with the tunneling, demanded better "practice" of the miners in mining, better equipment and piecework instead of daily wages. The settlement of the coal pits and the lime kilns was from now on separate. In 1794 the tunnel reached the Johannisstein seam. Shortly before his transfer to Sülbeck in 1799, he asked for a deeper tunnel to be excavated in order to secure the coal supplies. The tunnel should be driven from the hare.
The beginning of the 19th century
From 1806 Osnabrück fell from the Kingdom of Hanover to Prussia and finally to France. Prussia requested a comprehensive report in which the situation of the mining industry should be described. During the French era, the Obersteiger Herold from Minden became operations manager. The project of the Hasestollen was moved back and coal was extracted in the saddle field of the Johannistein seam. The annual surplus rose in the coming years from less than 1000 thalers to 5000 to 7000 thalers a year. The only cause of trouble was that Herold had started the rabbit tunnel in 1827 without the consent and approval of the magistrate. It was recommended that Pagenstecher put a young climber at Herold's side. Since the cooperation was not very pleasant, the district was divided into an eastern one, which was under Pagenstecher, and a western one under Herold. In the eastern district, a mining shaft and in 1830 the Lechtinger Oberstollen were excavated. All previous tunnels had been driven to dissolve water. Up to 16 shafts that were sunk on top of the tunnel were used for production. These had names like Franz, Glück Auf, August and Neuglück. The latter had a heated colliery room for changing the laundry. Bergmeister Herold, to whom mining in Osnabrück owes a lot, died in 1833.
Pagenstecher as a mountain master
After taking over the company, Pagenstecher sent miners to the Ruhr area to study there. In 1833 he had German trams imported, which ran on wooden rails. He changed the shift times and introduced the shift bell. You could only become a tractor at the age of 15 and a trainee at the age of 19. By 1835, mining also shifted to the other three seams. Sales of coal rose from 3,817 t in 1833 to 12,432 t in 1840 and to 27,733 t in 1853. The main sales shifted from lime burning to domestic fuel and industry. A cement factory was planned on Piesberg, but it was not built. In 1850 the Lechtinger deep tunnel was created. This was 20 meters below the upper tunnel of the same name. The Dreibänke seam was reached in 1852. Striking piers were used for mining, and diagonal piers were also used for flatter storage . Longwall mining , which was introduced on a trial basis, did not prove itself, however. The construction of the railway in the 1850s turned out to be a godsend for the mines. Since the construction of the railway from Osnabrück via Bramsche to Oldenburg initially failed, and the construction of the Löhne – Osnabrück – Rheine railway was not carried out near the mine, a branch line had to be built. That's why the rabbit tunnel was finally pushed further. The costs including the construction of the bridge over the Hase were given as 100,000 thalers. The railway was put into operation in 1852, the branch line on September 1, 1857. The possible sales areas expanded and so did the promotion. In 1867, 62,576 t were extracted.
Rabbit studs
The Hasestollen - named after the nearby river Hase - was 21.12 m below the Lücker Adit, 30.73 m below the Lechtinger Tiefenstollen, 36.49 m below the Mosberger Adit and 50 m below the Lechtinger Oberstollen. However, the developed reserves above the bottom of the tunnel only had a short service life with increasing production, so an underground shaft was soon to be sunk.
Civil engineering
The civil engineering began in 1868 with the depths from bay 4 of the cleat sole. The now required mechanical dewatering and the promotion Steiger prepared the city a few headaches. Shaft 4 was abandoned because of excessive water flows that were opened up when sinking. The Haseschacht was sunk on Fürstenauer Weg, initially to the bottom of the tunnel, and from 1872 also deeper.
Pagenstecher resigned as director in 1872 and completely retired from mining in 1879. In 1872 the workforce had grown to 600 and 80,000 tons of anthracite coal were mined. The 210 m deep Stüve shaft was started as the second underground construction shaft in 1873. On September 26, 1876, large amounts of water broke into the Stüveschacht and brought operations to a standstill. The shaft was named after the Mayor of Osnabrück, Johann Carl Bertram Stüve .
The shaft was swamped and a second dewatering machine was installed in 1884 . A processing facility was put into operation at the Hasestollen in 1880 . Selling became more and more difficult as the price of coal fell from 40 pfennigs per hundredweight since 1867 to 30 pfennigs in 1884. The sale of the pit recommended in 1871 was completed in 1889. The mine went to the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein (GMV).
Operation by the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein
The Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein had been running experiments with Piesberg hard coal as boiler coal since 1870, as it was not suitable for use in blast furnaces. Due to the discontinuation of Borgloher coal (closure), additional purchases became necessary. On July 27, 1889, the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein decided to buy the mine. The price was 3,535,835 marks. On August 2, 1889, the mine changed hands. The city was unable to enforce the price of five million marks initially requested. The production should be increased to 500 t per day and later to 700 to 800 t per day. The production and the workforce almost doubled by 1895, to 899 men and 153,085 tons of coal. The largest output was achieved in 1897 with 186,734 t. Until it was taken over by the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein, the coal had only been mined above the first underground level. In 1892 the second underground level was set in the Stüveschacht at 103 m below the first level.
Pit water
Because of the lack of overburden, the coal mine had to struggle with strong water inflows from the start. In earlier times the water was lifted by hand with reel shafts . Later water solution tunnels were driven into the mountains and drained the mine building much more economically. The water was always fed to the rabbit. As early as 1794, a trench was dug from Lücker Stollen to the Hase, the largest tributary of the Ems. Even at that time, the pit water was of such poor quality and very acidic that leather shoes worn in the pit crumbled after a short time. A lot of ocher was deposited in the drainage trenches . The vegetation died up to two meters away.
The cause was the side rocks and minerals such as pyrite and marcasite (sulfur minerals ) present in the mountains . Due to civil engineering, the poor water quality was now accompanied by high levels of salt ( sodium chloride ). By 1897 the mine water inflow had increased to 40 cubic meters per minute. The average salt content was 4.63% by weight. This resulted in a daily salt production of 2,670 t. The high carbonic acid content of the water made itself unpleasantly noticeable below the first underground level. The tributaries could not come from the small area of the Piesberg alone, but had to have a much larger catchment area. It was assumed that through the layers of the Triassic , which was strongly fissured, the surface water could easily penetrate the Upper Carboniferous .
Until 1889 the water had been discharged into the Hase without any primary treatment. The residents of the Hase, who had created Rieselwiesen since 1869, sued the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein. The result of a comparison was that the water was to be channeled directly into the Ems. Various plans were drawn up and the required length calculated at 53.63 km to 69.7 km. First of all, a collection pond was created to avert the expensive project. This was created in 1891. It comprised a sewage and collection pond with a capacity of 510,000 cubic meters on an area of 30 ha. This way, the water could be stored for three weeks. During this time, the Rieselwiesen could be filled with hare water.
Since other meadow owners complained, the canal project should be pushed ahead. The canal should run along the planned Tecklenburger Nordbahn and be introduced into the Dortmund-Ems canal at Hörstel . However, the Royal Canal Commission refused to do this; however, the discharge into the Ems was allowed. During the trickle time, the salt content of the Ems was not allowed to exceed 0.5 g / l, outside of the trickle time 1 g / l. According to the district government, this project had to be completed by October 1, 1899. So the complaints were withdrawn. The culvert under the DEK was completed on time in 1897. However, due to the ingress of water, the salt values could no longer be maintained. The only option was to divert the water 22 km downstream into the Ems, which is richer there. The additional costs were given as 1,315,000 marks.
Dewatering problems
The water ingress at Stüveschacht in 1876 was not to be the last. When the company was taken over by the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein, the water inflows were still below 15 m³ / min. Another severe water ingress occurred when a weather cover was to be created on the Stüveschacht on the midsole at a depth of 55 m on September 1, 1893. About 10 m away from the shaft in the seam two banks, the water ingress occurred with such violence that the water immediately poured into the shaft. 14 miners were working on the second excavation level . The attacker asked them to climb the 21-man cage . When five workers were in the basket, he gave the signal to drive out and stayed behind with the remaining eight miners. There was no drive-up signal for the second basket; at the top it arrived empty. No people came to light on the further journeys either. The strong influx of carbonic acid made rescue attempts impossible. Since the pumps installed at the bottom of the shaft were destroyed by falling rocks, the water in the shaft rose.
It was only with the installation of auxiliary pumps and the beginning of the swamps in January 1894, which lasted until March, that the victims could be recovered. They were buried in a communal grave on Good Friday in the Hasefriedhof. When driving the cross passage to the Haseschacht, more pit water was shot. The total amount rose to 35 m³ / min by mid-1897. The carbon dioxide forced to stop the propulsion. But things got worse when on November 25th, 1897 a water breakthrough occurred at 47 m³ / min. The salt content also increased to 4.3-4.5 wt%. The entire north wing of the Stüve shaft had to be bricked up. Coal production fell from 700 t to 450 t per day.
In Osnabrück, the steelworks director August Haarmann had the Haarmannsbrunnen built in 1909 , which in the city is often understood as a memorial to the miners who perished in 1893. However, this relationship has not been proven. Haarmann, who came from a humble background, had earned his degree as a miner.
Over days
The connection of the branch line, the processing, central workshop, machine and boiler house, water station, office building and horse stable were located at the Hasestollen. The old preparation was replaced by a new one with a setting machine in 1892. A 140 HP steam engine was installed to drive it . Another with 35 HP in the water station supplied the companies with fresh water from the Hase. The lighting was already electric.
The Haseschacht (92 m deep) was connected to the Stüveschacht via its first underground level. The deepening to the second underground level could no longer be completed. The winder had 132 hp. In 1897 it received an iron headframe . The dewatering took place with two steam engines of 450 and 64 HP. One with 340 hp was installed underground, which managed 27 m³ / min.
The Stüveschacht (210 m deep) had a second underground level at 198 m. A 250 HP hoisting machine took over the promotion. There were two Woolsche dewatering machines with 650 hp each, and one underground with 600 hp. The capacity was 39 m³ / min. There were chews , storerooms, blacksmiths and joinery here. A weather shaft sunk next to the Stüve shaft in 1897 could no longer be completed. Within days he had reached the first underground level (105 m).
Underground
In the last years of operation, the coal was extracted from the northern part of the field in the seams Johannisstein, Dreibänke and two banks. A swamp cross passage from the Stüve to the Haseschacht was no longer completed. The track promotion took horses with carriage lengths of up to 12 cars. The wagons were brought to light in the rabbit tunnel with a chain conveyor system. The mining changed in the following years from pillar construction to broken construction with struts.
Closure of the colliery
After the water ingress in November 1897, the question arose as to whether the reserves that had been tapped in the northern part for 25 years could be economically mined. Predictions that the water inflow could rise to 80 m³ / min and the profitability would be low at best prompted the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein to hold a general meeting of shareholders. The miners' strike, which began on April 12, 1898, did not promote the vote. On June 18, 1898, the closure was decided with 2,272 votes out of a total of 2,289 votes. The result was immediately transmitted to Piesberg by telephone. The drainage system was taken out of service that same evening. More than 100 miners were unemployed. To secure hard coal production, the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein built a new mine in Werne (North Rhine-Westphalia) one year later , which from 1902 produced coal as " Zeche Werne ".
Time of need
After the Second World War, remaining pillars were removed again above the bottom of the Hasestollen. This operation ended in 1951.
Museum of industrial culture
The Museum of Industrial Culture in the Haseschacht building and the associated structures recalls the history of the former coal mine on the Piesberg . From the Haseschacht building, visitors have access to a mine tunnel at a depth of 30 meters, which can be accessed over a length of 280 meters.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Seam Johannesstein
- ^ Coal am Piesberg , NOZ from November 19, 2010
- ↑ http://www.untertage.com/publikationen/13-niedersachsen/156-osnabruecker-bergland-steinkohlenzeche-piesberg.html GAG article on the Piesberg colliery
- ↑ Hasestollen.
- ↑ Haseschacht.
literature
- Hans Röhrs : ore and coal. Mining and ironworks between Ems and Weser. Ibbenbüren 1992, ISBN 3-921290-62-7
See also
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ A weather overburden is a mine that is built in the seam from bottom to top and is used for ventilation . (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Bergman language in the Ruhr area. )