Topographical Bureau (Bavaria)

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The Topographical Bureau was founded on June 19, 1801 by the Bavarian Elector Maximilian IV Joseph (later King Maximilian I) in order to create a complete, astronomically and topographically correct map of Bavaria. It was dedicated to land surveying and the triangulation of a large-scale trigonometric survey network , which lasted until 1828.

The Topographical Bureau and the Royal Immediate Tax Assessment Commission , which was spun off from it in 1808, were the forerunners of today's State Office for Digitization, Broadband and Surveying in Bavaria .

prehistory

Johannes Aventinus published the first map of Bavaria in 1523 . Under Duke Albrecht V , Bavaria was mapped by Philipp Apian , but the map was unique and was not reproduced. Only the small-scale Bavarian country tables from 1568 were relocated. For more than 200 years they were the basis of the cartographic representation of Bavaria. Georg Philipp Finckh made a map of Old Bavaria based on it , which his son published in 1684.

In 1666, the French King Louis XIV expressed the desire for more precise maps of his empire. Then Jean Picard began with trigonometric measurements on the basis of astronomical position determinations, which continued under the head of the Paris observatory Giovanni Domenico Cassini and under Louis XV. were completed by his son Jacques Cassini and grandson César François Cassini de Thury . As a result, he was able to publish maps in 1744 and 1747, which represented all of France in the correct position and formed the basis for the publication of the Carte de Cassini , which then began .

Elector Maximilian III. In 1752 Joseph commissioned Castulus Riedl to carry out a national survey based on the French model, but this was not done for financial reasons.

In 1759 the elector founded the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , whose initiators a. a. Lori and von Linprun were. The Philosophical Class of the Academy should make useful suggestions for land measurements .

In 1761 and 1762, Cassini de Thury connected the French surveying network from Strasbourg with a long triangulation chain with the Viennese meridian arc , which was measured by Joseph Liesganig under Empress Maria Theresa . On the two trips Cassini de Thury was also from Elector Maximilian III. Joseph received. He recorded a baseline on the Nymphenburg-Biederstein Canal , measured a triangular network in the Munich region with Lori and measured a baseline Munich – Dachau the following year.

Adrian von Riedl was appointed water, bridge and road construction commissioner in 1772. In 1785 he received an electoral and even an imperial printing privilege for the intended re-mapping of the Electoral Palatinate-Bavarian region . However, he lacked the support to carry it out, at first he was only able to create a few sheets of his Travel Atlas of Bajern ...

In 1789 the French Revolution began . After the outbreak of the First Coalition War , Emperor Franz II had the Schmitt map of southwest Germany made from 1793, the parts of which related to Bavaria and Salzburg were drawn up under von Riedl. As a military card, however, it was kept secret.

During the Second Coalition War , the French Armée du Rhin under General Moreau occupied Munich on June 28, 1800. Since no precise maps were available , a Commission de Route was set up, which had to work on twenty Bavarian surveyors and draftsmen in order to create useful maps, at least for Munich. After the Battle of Hohenlinden and the Peace of Lunéville , preparations were made for the withdrawal of French troops. They offered to leave Colonel Charles Rigobert Marie Bonne (1771-1839) with a number of French geographers in Munich to carry out the work that had begun on the Carte de Bavière . This offer could not be refused. They finally agreed on an electoral office that would follow Bonne's instructions. Meanwhile, Bonne and Riedl had started to examine the Erdinger Moos for its suitability for a baseline.

Topographical Bureau

On June 19, 1801, the Elector, who had meanwhile returned from Bayreuth with his Minister von Montgelas , issued a rescript with which the Topographical Bureau was founded and the foundation stone for the Bavarian land survey was laid.

Map from 1801 with the base line Unterföhring – Aufkirchen

The first activity of the Topographical Bureau was the measurement of the base line Unterföhring – Aufkirchen by Colonel Bonne and his French geographers, who were dutifully supported by Colonel von Riedl. The exact measurement of the length of this almost 22 km long baseline, which lasted from August 25 to November 2, 1801, was the prerequisite for the following triangulation. With this measurement of triangles with the usual side lengths of 30 to 60 km, only the angles are measured, while the lengths are mathematically calculated from the length of the base line. Any inaccuracy in the measurement of the baseline therefore becomes an inaccuracy of the entire survey network.

Colonel Bonne began this triangulation immediately after the work on the baseline. As early as 1807 he had created a triangular network of points of the first and second order in Upper and Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. Two Borda circles provided by the French Dépôt de la Guerre were used.

Ulrich Schiegg made important astronomical location determinations for the survey. The Benedictines had after the dissolution of the monastery Ottobeuren during the 1802 secularization the first Observatory of Munich on the tower of the Academy of Sciences in the Old Academy at the Neuhauser Strasse installed. Because of differences with the French, he was appointed head of surveying in Franconia in 1805 , which was partially incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria in the same year .

In 1802 Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach invented a circular graduation machine for the production of precise measuring instruments. Thereupon he, Joseph von Utzschneider and Joseph Liebherr founded the Mathematical-Precision Mechanics Institute , which soon took the top position in front of the leading instrument makers in England. Her repetition theodolite was only about a third as large and heavy as that of Jesse Ramsden in London. When deliveries of high-quality glass from England failed to materialize as a result of the continental blockade imposed by Napoleon in 1806 , for which England practically had a monopoly at the time, Utzschneider set up a glassworks in Benediktbeuern . The young Fraunhofer succeeded in producing the crown and flint glass that was needed for the theodolites and also significantly improving the lenses .

The old Bavarian base line was followed in 1807 by a Franconian one from Nuremberg to Bruck , which Schiegg measured with a base apparatus made of iron rods that were manufactured in the Reichenbach workshops. Their length was compared in a series of measurements with a yardstick made in Paris and compared with the original meter. After the measuring section had been prepared, the actual measurements lasted from September 21 to October 29, 1807.

After the Royal Immediate Tax Cataster Commission was founded at Utzschneider's suggestion in 1808 , the management of further work was transferred to this commission.

In 1808 Johann Georg von Soldner measured the network again using Reichenbach's theodolites. In 1810 he also developed the so-called Soldner sphere, a simplified method for calculating and mapping the networks. The method was then used as the Soldner coordinate system in large parts of Germany.

From 1812 the topographical atlas of the Kingdom of Bavaria was created, which was published in 1867.

In 1819 the Rhine-Bavarian baseline from Speyer to Oggersheim was measured by Thaddäus Lämmle.

In 1828 the triangulation of the Palatinate and thus the creation of the first-order network in Bavaria was essentially complete. In 1831 the map of the main triangular network points in Bavaria was published. The main triangular network points were mostly castle or church towers, but also wooden, over 30 m high scaffolding, which often had an inner structure for the instruments and an isolated outer structure for the observers.

literature

  • Hans Wolff: Bavaria in the image of the map - Carthographia Bavariae . Ed .: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. 2nd Edition. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1991, ISBN 3-87437-301-0 .
  • It is a measure in all things - 200 years of the Bavarian Surveying Administration 1801–2001. Bavarian State Ministry of Finance (Ed.), Munich 2001, PDF
  • Max Seeberger, Frank Holl: How Bavaria was measured. Booklets on Bavarian History and Culture, Volume 26, House of Bavarian History, 2001, PDF
  • K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873 ( full text in the Google book search).
  • César François Cassini de Thury: Relation de deux Voyages faits en Allemagne par ordre du Roi . Durand, Paris 1763 ( full text in the Google book search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sacri Rome. Imp. Circuli Et Electoratus Bavariae Tabula Chorographica on www.digitale-sammlungen.de
  2. ↑ Hans Wolff: Bavaria in the image of the map - Carthographia Bavariae . Ed .: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. 2nd Edition. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1991, ISBN 3-87437-301-0 , p. 152 .
  3. ↑ Hans Wolff: Bavaria in the image of the map - Carthographia Bavariae . Ed .: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. 2nd Edition. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1991, ISBN 3-87437-301-0 , p. 150 .
  4. ^ César François Cassini de Thury: Relation de deux Voyages faits en Allemagne par ordre du Roi . Durand, Paris 1763 ( full text in the Google book search).
  5. ^ Madalina Valeria Veres: Maria Theresa and Cassini de Thury: The Limits of Trans-Imperial Scientific Collaboration. In: 128th Annual Meeting American Historical Association, 2014 (summary)
  6. ↑ Hans Wolff: Bavaria in the image of the map - Carthographia Bavariae . Ed .: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. 2nd Edition. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1991, ISBN 3-87437-301-0 , p. 147, 152 .
  7. ↑ Gerhard Leidel: The official cartography in Bavaria from 1473 to 1801. In: 200 Years of Bavarian Surveying Administration 1801-2001 , Bavarian State Ministry of Finance (ed.), Pp. 108, 116 (pp. 106, 113 in PDF)
  8. ↑ Achim Fuchs: How it all began - The emergence of the Topographical Office 1801 in Munich. In: 200 Years of Bavarian Surveying Administration 1801–2001 , Bavarian State Ministry of Finance (Ed.), P. 26 (p. 24 in PDF)
  9. ↑ Copy of the rescript p. 37 (p. 35 in PDF)
  10. ^ Günter Nagel, Anton Pfannenstein: The Bavarian State Surveying Office - Present and Perspectives. In: 200 Years of Bavarian Surveying Administration 1801–2001 , Bavarian State Ministry of Finance (Ed.), P. 16 (p. 14 in PDF)
  11. ↑ K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873, p. 67 ( full text in Google book search).
  12. ↑ K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873, p. 69 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  13. ^ "A piece of Bavarian history experienced": 200 years of official topographic maps.
  14. ↑ K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873, p. 35 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  15. ↑ K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873, p. 232 ff . ( Full text in Google Book Search).
  16. ↑ Hans Wolff: Bavaria in the image of the map - Carthographia Bavariae . Ed .: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. 2nd Edition. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 1991, ISBN 3-87437-301-0 , p. 225 .
  17. ↑ K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873, p. 59 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  18. ↑ K. Tax Cataster Commission in association with the topographical bureau of the K. General Staff (ed.): The Bavarian land survey in its scientific basis . Academic book printing by F. Straub, Munich 1873, p. 67 ( full text in Google book search).