Forest flutter grass
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Forest flutter grass ( Milium effusum ) |
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The forest flutter grass ( Milium effusum ), also known as common flutter grass , wood millet or soft flutter grass , is a plant species in the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It occurs in large parts of Eurasia and eastern North America .
description
Appearance and leaf
The forest flutter grass is a hibernating green, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of about 50 to 100, rarely up to 120 centimeters. It forms loose clumps with short, subterranean runners that have yellowish and short hairy scales. Individual renewal shoots grow up under the lowest leaf sheaths. The unbranched, upright stalks are slender to moderately thick, smooth and bare; in the lower half they have three to five bald nodes.
The bluish green, bare leaf blades have a length of 10 to 20, more rarely up to 30 centimeters and a width of up to 1.5 centimeters. They are thin, keeled on the underside and spread out flat with weak grooves. Nerves and edges feel rough. The bottom of the smooth and bare leaf sheaths is thin and frayed. The membranous, milky white ligule is up to 9 millimeters long, rounded and slit at the end.
Inflorescence, flower and fruit
The flowering period is between May and July. The 10 to 30 centimeters long and up to 20 centimeters wide, paniculate inflorescence is oval or pyramidal in outline and loosely spread out with an often slightly nodding tip. The side branches come from the main axis in three to six-part tufts. They often stand out a long way and are slightly curved at the top, sometimes a bit tortuous in the upper part. The basal part is smooth and has no spikelets , the distal part is rough like the spikelet pedicels. The 2.4 to 3.6 millimeters long, awnless spikelets are single-flowered and light green, less often reddish. The shape of the spikelet is narrowly elliptical to ovate with a tip; the cross-section is round. It has two glumes , the lemma protrude; the husks are rounded. The smooth and bald caryopsis is broadly elliptical in outline with a length of about 2 millimeters.
The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 14 or 28.
ecology
The forest flutter grass is an evergreen hemicryptophyte and a clump plant with a creeping rhizome and shallow-rooted, underground runners. Vegetative reproduction occurs through short, underground runners .
In terms of flower ecology, it is a question of weakly female flowers with wind flowering according to the "long-dust thread type".
The Diasporas (expansion units) are hardened by the cartilaginous, shiny, unbegrannten top and pilot furs enclosed caryopses . The glumes remain on the plant. The wind spreads as fliers and wind spreaders. Ant spread is also likely to occur . The caryopses are cold germs . Fruit ripening is from July / August to October.
Occurrence
The forest flutter grass in the broader sense ( Milium effusum see left) is - with a large distribution gap in eastern Siberia - distributed in the trans-Palearctic and also occurs in eastern North America. In southern Europe it is only missing on a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , the Balearic Islands , the Azores , Greece and Crete . In northern Europe there are no deposits on Svalbard and the Faroe Islands . In the Middle East , the southern limit of the distribution is in central and northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Iran . In Central Asia, the partly disjoint distribution there extends to the Djungary , the Tianschan and the Pamir - Alai and partly to the Himalayas and the Nan Shan . In East Asia the forest flutter grass occurs only in the south of East Siberia and also in a disjoint subarea in Japan and Korea as well as on Kamchatka , Sakhalin , the Kuriles , in the area of Ussuri , Uda and in the Seja-Bureja plain . The forest flutter grass can also be found in Taiwan . In North America, the area extends from the Great Lakes area to the east coast. The western border lies in northeastern South Dakota and Manitoba , the northeast border in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and the southern border in Illinois and North Carolina . In New Zealand the forest flutter grass occurs synanthropically .
Forest flutter grass is common and widespread in Central Europe and is only absent on the North Sea islands and on the poorer soils of the north-west German marshes. In the north-west German lowlands, the occurrences are quite scattered anyway.
The forest flutter grass colonizes demanding, species-rich deciduous and mixed forests and grows up to subalpine tall forbidden and bush vegetation. It is less common in acidic forests. The soil must be fresh to moist, nutrient-rich, loose and fine-grained as well as neutral to slightly acidic. The forest flutter grass is a humus pointer and a cheesecloth plant that occurs on deep, stony, sandy or pure clay soils. It rarely grows on sandstone and only on lime if there is an extensive humus layer. It stands in partial shade or in the shade. The forest flutter grass grows preferentially in fresh, demanding deciduous and mixed forests with a rich humus layer, in shrubbery and tall herbaceous areas .
The altitude distribution in the Alps extends to altitudes of around 2400 meters. In the Allgäu Alps it rises in the subspecies Milium effusum subsp. alpicola in Bavaria at the Rotkopf at Laufbacher Eck up to 2050 m above sea level.
Systematics
The first publication of Milium effusum was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum . Synonyms for Milium effusum L. are: Agrostis effusa ( L. ) Lam. , Decandolia effusa ( L. ) Bastard , Melica effusa ( L. ) Salisb. , Miliarium effusum ( L. ) Moench , Milium confertum L. , Milium effusum subsp. alpicola Chrtek , Milium effusum subsp. confertum ( L. ) K. Richt. , Milium effusum var. Elatius Koch , Milium effusum var. Latifrons Podp. , Milium effusum var. Subacaule Jans & Wacht. , Milium effusum var. Variegatum Ducommun , Milium transsilvanicum Schur , Paspalum effusum ( L. ) Raspail .
Some authors differentiate between several subspecies of Milium effusum :
- Milium effusum L. subsp. effusum
- Milium effusum subsp. alpicola Chrtek : Some authors use it as a synonym for Milium effusum .
- Milium effusum subsp. cisatlanticum ( Fernald ) A.Haines : It occurs in North America. By some authors but it is a synonym for Milium effusum L. asked.
supporting documents
- Hans Joachim Conert (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume I. Part 3: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 1 (2). Poaceae (real grasses or sweet grasses) . Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-8263-2868-X , p. 427–428 (published in deliveries 1979–1998 6th delivery, 1992).
- Rudolf Schubert, Walter Vent (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 8th edition. Volume 4: Critical Volume, People and Knowledge, Berlin 1990. ISBN 3-06-012526-0 .
- Forest flutter grass. In: FloraWeb.de. , accessed September 15, 2011
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Forest flutter grass. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ^ A b Rolf Wisskirchen, Henning Haeupler: Standard list of fern and flowering plants in Germany. With chromosome atlas . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 1 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3360-1 , p. 314 .
- ↑ Data sheet from Flora Oberfranken Online.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 261. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
- ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , pp. 153-154.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 61, digitized
- ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Milium effusum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 25, 2020.
- ^ A b Robert J. Soreng, Paul M. Peterson, Gerrit Davidse, Emmet J. Judziewicz, Fernando O. Zuloaga, Tarciso S. Filgueiras, Osvaldo Morrone: Catalog of New World Grasses (Poaceae): IV. Subfamily Pooideae. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Volume 48, 2003, Milium, pp. 451–452 ( digital version , PDF file; 53.4 MB ).
- ↑ Milium effusum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Arthur Haines: New Combinations in the New England Tracheophyte Flora. In: Stantec Botanical Notes. Volume 13, ISSN 1541-8626 , pp. 1-8 (here: p. 4; online ).
Web links
- Forest flutter grass. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Forest flutter grass . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Milium effusum L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
