Weißes Schnabelried

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Weißes Schnabelried
White Schnabelriedes inflorescence (Rhynchospora alba)

White Schnabelriedes inflorescence ( Rhynchospora alba )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Genre : Schnabelriede ( Rhynchospora )
Type : Weißes Schnabelried
Scientific name
Rhynchospora alba
( L. ) Vahl

The White beak-sedge ( Rhynchospora alba ), also white beak sedge called, is a species within the family of Cyperaceae (Cyperaceae). It is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Eurasia and North America .

description

Runny leaf blades of the White Schnabelried
Habitus
Infructescence and "beaked" fruit lower right

Vegetative characteristics

The White Schnabelried grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 10 to 40, rarely up to 65 centimeters. It forms loose lawns . The rhizome forms no or only short runners, but 10 to 20 millimeters long whitish winter bulbs. The upright stems are leafy, triangular in cross section and rough in the upper area. The leaf sheaths are yellow-brown; the lowest have no leaf blades . The leaf blades are flat-runny, up to 2 millimeters wide and a bit rough at the edge and at the tip.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to August. The bracts of the inflorescence are leaf-like, about as long or slightly longer than this. The inflorescence consists of several stalked spirals that are drawn together like a head . Each individual Spirre has two to five short-stalked, initially whitish, later yellow-brown to almost reddish spikelets . The spikelets are 4 to 5 millimeters long, ovate to oblong, pointed and rounded. A spikelet contains two to three hermaphrodite flowers and two to three sterile husks at the base . The initially white and later reddish husks are ovate, lanceolate and prickly. The light brown filaments of the perianth are 9 to 13 millimeters long and shorter than the fruit. At the bottom they have long eyelash hair. The flower has two stamens and two stigmas .

The light brown nut fruit is 1.5 to 2 millimeters long, compressed into a lens and has two sharp edges. The remaining stylus base forms a beak-like extension on the fruit, which the name refers to. The yellow-brown fruit is 2.0 to 2.5 millimeters long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26 or 42.

Possible confusion

A possible confusion of the White Schnabelried is with the habitually very similar, but much rarer Brown Schnabelried ( Rhynchospora fusca ). This forms runners and the spirals are usually dominated by one or two bracts. Its sessile (sessile) spikelets are dark to red-brown.

ecology

The White Schnabelried is a helomorphic hemicryptophyte .

The pollination is carried by the wind ( anemophily ). The fruits are spread out via Velcro .

Occurrence

Weißes Schnabelried in the Südheide Nature Park

Rhynchospora alba is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Eurasia and North America . Its total area is given as 10 million to 1.5 billion km². The White Schnabelried occurs in almost all of Europe with the exception of the extreme north and south. In Central Europe it occurs in the lowlands , in the Alpine foothills and in the Alps scattered; Otherwise it is rare in Central Europe, but there it is often a stock-building.

The White Schnabelried grows best in Central Europe on wet, muddy and somewhat acidic subsoil that should not be too low in bases. It avoids nitrogen salts . It only thrives in the wettest areas of raised and intermediate moors , but it also colonizes swampy areas in forests and the silting areas of lakes. In Central Europe it usually rises to altitudes of around 1000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises up to 1,300 meters above sea level.

It grows in Germany on waterlogged, often naked, lime and poor in bases peat and peat mud in Sauer intermediate bogs and bog-moss rich Schlenken and quaking rare, as a pioneer in sandy, humus-rich soils . Its area share in Germany is 10% to 30%. In Germany, the White Schnabelried has always been native (indigenous).

The ecological pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg are: Light index L8 = half-light to full-light plant, tolerates only little shade; Temperature figure T5 = moderate heat indicator; Continental number K3 = showing maritime to moderate maritime climate; Humidity index F9 = wetness indicator; Change in humidity = showing flooding; Reaction number R3 = acid pointer; Nitrogen number N2 = showing pronounced nitrogen poverty to nitrogen poverty; Salt number S0 = not bearing salt; Heavy metal resistance = not heavy metal resistant. The ecological focus of the Weißen Schnabelried lies on often soaked, air-poor, low-nitrogen and acidic soils. It overwinters with winter onions, from which it sprouts again in spring.

The White Schnabelried is a so-called stress strategist , which means that it has developed adaptations to extreme site conditions with little biomass growth and little competitiveness , so that it is not pressured by other species there. So it colonizes bare peat areas mostly as a pioneer plant .

Bult-Schlenken complex with Weißes Schnabelried in deeper areas of a regenerating rain moor
White Schnabelried ( Rhynchospora alba ) in a damp moorland in northwestern Germany with bell heather ( Erica tetralix )

Socialization

It is a characteristic species in wet depressions (Schlenken) of the Bult-Schlenken complexes in rain moor centers as well as peat pests that silt up from rocking grass . The White Schnabelried often forms species-poor Kleinseggenriede on the sites mentioned . Their main occurrence is in the plant communities of the order of the pioneer communities of peat bogs (Scheuchzerietalia palustris).

Within the association of the Rhynchosporion albae, the White Schnabelried forms the characteristic of the association of the Rhynchosporetum albae. The weakly competitive and not very productive stocks are often sparse and very small. They are made up of medium sundew ( Drosera intermedia ), marsh bear moss ( Lycopodiella inundata ) and narrow-leaved cotton grass ( Eriophorum angustifolium ). The societies mostly form small-scale structured mosaics with the high-bog peat moss societies of the class Oxycocco-Sphagnetea on drier bults ( Bult-Schlenken complex ) in gullies of the central rain moor areas of Central Europe .

The main occurrence of the Rhynchospora alba is in the Sauer-Zwischenmooren in the now rare thread sedge transition moor (Caricetum lasiocarpae). This plant community often occurs in close contact with raised bogs and forms vibrating turfs in bog waters such as peat cogs and heather ponds. Rhynchospora alba often occurs in bog heaths of the order of the bell heather bogs (Sphagno-Ericetalia) together with the German turf rush ( Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. Germanicum ).

Hazard and protection

The White Schnabelried is not considered endangered in Europe and is not legally protected worldwide. In Germany it is considered endangered. It is considered endangered to severely endangered in all German federal states. In Saxony-Anhalt, Saarland, Hesse and Berlin, it is considered to be threatened with extinction. In Germany, their population development is viewed as declining due to the decline in their natural locations. This is classified as a national type of responsibility within the national strategy for biological diversity of the federal government.

In Switzerland , the White Schnabelried is considered “potentially endangered” (NT “Near Threatened”). In some cantons it is classified as “critically endangered” (EN “Endangered”) to “critically endangered” (CR).

The causes of danger lie in the cultivation of raised bogs and bog heaths , peat removal and eutrophication, as well as drainage of bogs and wet heather areas.

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literature

  • H. Joosten, Michael Succow : Landschaftsökologische Moorkunde. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlag Buchhandlung, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65198-7 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  • Stefan Klotz, Ingolf Kühn : Ecological Strategy Types. In: Series of publications for vegetation science. Volume 38, 2002, pp. 197-201 (PDF file) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl, Weißes Schnabelried. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c Jürke Grau , Bruno P. Kremer, Bodo M. Möseler, Gerhard Rambold, Dagmar Triebel: Grasses. Sweet grasses, sour grasses, rushes and grass-like families in Europe (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). New, edit. Special edition edition. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10702-9 .
  3. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  167 .
  4. ↑ a b Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 240 .
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 235.
  6. ^ A b Heinz Ellenberg , HE Weber, R. Düll, V. Wirth, W. Werner, D. Paulißen: Pointer values ​​of plants in Central Europe (= Scripta Geobotanica. Volume 18). 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Erich Goltze, Göttingen 1992, ISBN 3-88452-518-2 .
  7. ↑ Erich Oberdorfer : South German Plant Societies. Part I: Rock and wall communities, alpine corridors, water, silting and moor communities. 4th edition. Gustav Fischer, Jena / Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-437-35280-6 .
  8. ↑ Species in particular responsibility of Germany ( memento of August 2, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) on the homepage of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, accessed on June 3, 2016
  9. ^ D. Moser, A. Gygax, B. Bäumler, N. Wyler, R. Palese: Red list of endangered species in Switzerland: fern and flowering plants. Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Bern; Center of the data network of the Swiss flora, Chambésy; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Chambésy, 2002, accessed on November 6, 2019 .

Web links

Commons : Weißes Schnabelried ( Rhynchospora alba )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files