Economy of Iran

Iran
World economic rank	27. (nominal) 18. (PPP)
currency	Iranian Rial (IRR)
Key figures
Gross domestic product (GDP)	$ 428 billion (nominal) (2017) $ 1,631 billion ( PPP ) (2017)
GDP per capita	$ 5,305 (nominal) (2017) $ 20,200 (PPP) (2017)
GDP by economic sector	Agriculture : 9.8% Industry : 35.9% Services : 54.3% (2017)
growth	▲ 3.5% (2017)
inflation rate	10.5% (2017)
Employed	30.50 million (2017)
Employed persons by economic sector	Agriculture : 16.3% (2016) Industry : 35.1% (2016) Services : 48.6% (2016)
Activity rate	51.2% (June 2011)
Unemployed	2.53 million (June 2011)
Unemployment rate	11.8% (2017)
Foreign trade
export	91.99 billion (2017)
import	70.53 billion (2017)
Foreign trade balance	21.46 billion (2017)
public finances
Public debt	14.2% of GDP (2017)
Government revenue	$ 77.22 billion (2017)
Government spending	$ 86.26 billion (2017)
Budget balance	−2.1% of GDP (2017)

In the theocratic state of Iran , large parts of the economy are nationalized. These include B. With a few exceptions, the banks. Other economic areas are organized privately or as a cooperative. In general, the capitalist-oriented economy is called the command economy , in which the political power centers try to control the economy . The state planning is based on five-year plans. In terms of gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power, Iran is one of the 20 largest economic powers worldwide.

In the Global Competitiveness Index , which measures a country's competitiveness, Iran ranks 69th out of 137 countries (2017-18). In 2017, the country ranked 155th out of 180 countries in the index for economic freedom .

economy

The most important economic sectors are the rich oil and natural gas deposits in Iran. Other important economic sectors are the textile industry , agriculture and the production of cement and building materials.

Iran had a working population of 29.75 million people in 2016. Unemployment is around 12.5% ​​(as of 2016). The service sector provides 45% of jobs, with the state running a very large administrative apparatus. Agriculture provides 30% and industry 25%.

Despite many problems and international sanctions, Iran's economy is being built. Iran's steel production grew from 0.55 million tons in 1980 to 1.6 million tons in 1990 and 6.6 million tons in 2000 to 14.5 million tons in 2012. Cement production rose from 7 .5 million tons in 1980 over 23.9 million tons in 2000 and 35.0 million tons in 2007 to 70 million tons in 2012. This makes Iran the fourth largest cement manufacturer in the world.

Economic figures

Growth in GDP (gross domestic product) in% compared to the previous year
year	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008 *	2009 *	2010 **	2011 **
GDP (real)	7.2	5.1	4.7	5.9	7.8	2.3	1.8	3.0	3.2
Source: bfai * estimate ** forecast

Public debt as% of GDP
year	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013		2016	2017
%	27	28.9	25.3	17.2	19.7	16.8	16.2	12	19.9	18.7		11.9	14.2
Source: indexmundi / CiA factbook

Development of the inflation rate (in% compared to the previous year)
year	2007	2008	2009	2010
inflation	18.4	25.4	10.3	8.5 *
Source: bfai * estimated

Development of foreign trade (in billion US $ and in% compared to the previous year)
	06/07		07/08		08/09
	Billion US $	% yoy	Billion US $	% yoy	Billion US $	% yoy
import	50.0	+ 16.3	58.2	+ 16.4	68.5	+ 17.7
export	76.2	+ 18.5	97.7	+ 28.2	100.6	+ 3.0
balance	+ 26.2		+ 39.5		+ 32.1
Source: bfai

Foreign trade

In 2008/2009, Iran exported goods worth $ 101.3 billion. The largest export partners in 2009 were China (16.6%), Japan (12.3%), India (10.2%), South Korea (7.3%) and Turkey (4.5%). The most important export good is crude oil. The high price of oil allows Iran to cross-subsidize its industry and treasury.

Imports in 2008/2009 were 70.2 billion US dollars. The largest import partners in 2009 were the United Arab Emirates (14.7%), China (13.8%), Germany (9.5%), South Korea (7.5%) and Italy (5.2%).

Various embargoes have been imposed on Iran. For the countries of the European Union, the restrictions of Regulation (EC) No. 423/2007 apply .

State budget

The state budget in 2009 comprised expenditures equivalent to US $ 84.78 billion , which was offset by income equivalent to US $ 97.71 billion. This results in a budget surplus of 3.9% of GDP .

The national debt in 2010 was 16.2% of a GDP of $ 467.8 billion

In 2006, the share of government expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) was as follows:

• Health : 6.8%
• Education : 5.1%
• Military : 2.5%

Religious foundations

The religious foundations ( Bonyād ) represent an important economic factor. They control approx. 80% of the value added. The government plans to significantly increase the private sector. The system of the Bonyāds already existed under the Shah and already at that time fulfilled charitable tasks, as they were also black coffers for the ruling elite. Even today, the Bonyāds are accused of a lack of transparency, corruption and nepotism. Tax advantages would hinder the development of a private economic sector. The Bonyāds operate in the form of holdings and are dominant in large parts of the economy. B. in the area of ​​export, building materials (concrete), shipping companies and petrochemicals, they also operate hotels, universities and banks. The Bonyāds are solely responsible to the revolutionary leader and head of state Āyatollāh Ali Chamene'i . The two largest foundations, whose ownership is estimated at up to US $ 15 billion each, are the Bonyād-e-Mostafezān (Foundation for the Disenfranchised) and the Āstān-e Qods-e Razavi of Mashhad , originally the administration of a holy grave , but now a large corporation. In the social system of Iran, the bonyāds are the largest factor alongside the state and support around half of the needy population.

privatization

The Iranian governments have been running programs to promote the private sector since 2001. The constitutional article 44 had to be changed for this. In 2006 the government issued a privatization program that included strategically important industries in the oil and finance sectors. Implementation of the program has been weak because the private sector has shown little interest in investment. In 2008, the government issued another program to encourage private investment. The Iranian Revolutionary Guard , whose pension funds are large companies , also benefited from the privatization efforts . B. in the telecommunications industry. To what extent the commanders of the Revolutionary Guard have direct influence on the management of the acquired companies is controversial. Since capital monopolies do not exist in Iran as in other countries, many companies are financed with accumulated small capital and through pension funds. A direct influence of the Revolutionary Guards on the management cannot be seen in every case, for example there is no member of the Pāsdārān on the supervisory board of the Telekom acquired by the Revolutionary Guards. Half of this purchase was also privately financed. Tax advantages over private companies and the freedom from customs duties of the Revolutionary Guards are criticized. The National Construction Company, which is said to belong to the Revolutionary Guard, and the religious foundation Bonyād-e Mostazafin va Dschānbāzān ("Foundation of the Oppressed and War Disabled ") each have a half share in the expansion of the Tehran Metro . The Pāsdārān themselves deny any direct economic activity and in particular reject the allegation of smuggling made by President Ahmadinejad.

Agriculture

The agricultural useful area is, despite numerous mountains and deserts 10% of the land surface, wherein a third artificially irrigated is. Agriculture is one of the largest employers in the country. Important products are pistachios , wheat , rice , sugar , cotton , fruits , nuts , dates , wool and caviar . Since the revolution of 1979, the cultivation of grapes on the 200,000 hectares of vineyards has been almost completely converted to table grapes and raisins due to the Islamic ban on alcohol . When it comes to raisins, Iran is now the second largest exporter in the world after Turkey, and when it comes to saffron, it is by far the largest with a market share of around 90% of global demand.

energy

In 2005, Iran had a power plant capacity of 41,000 megawatts . In order to have the extracted oil available for export, the construction of around 20 nuclear power plants is planned. In addition, the construction of plants for the production of nuclear fuels is planned. Hydropower with 12,000 megawatts also makes up a significant proportion of the energy, and some systems are still under construction.

oil

In 2010, Iran was in fourth place among the oil-producing countries with around 203.2 million tons of oil produced. The country has known oil reserves of around 18 billion tons (136 billion barrels ) and thus the third largest oil reserves in the world . Iran is one of the countries that lie in the so-called strategic ellipse .

Mountains of Alborz above the Elahiyeh development area .

After the Islamic Revolution in 1979 almost brought oil production to a standstill and triggered the second oil crisis after 1974, the country now produces an average of 4.245 million barrels of oil (around 645 million liters) per day. This means an increase of 0.9% compared to 2009. Of this (2010) 1.799 million barrels (approximately 286 million liters per day) are accounted for by own consumption (an increase of 1% compared to 2009) the remaining 2.446 million barrels (892 million a year) , 79 million barrels or 141.9 billion liters) are exported. Of the known world, with modern techniques recoverable oil reserves are 10-11% (depending on the source 125 to 135 billion barrels) on the Iranian territory. Iran could thus maintain its current production throughout the 21st century, and theoretically even increase it.

The state itself consumes 1.8 million barrels of oil per day, a threefold increase in its domestic consumption since 1980. The country has increased its refining capacity from 1.6 million barrels a day to 1.86 million barrels a day since 2000.

According to a report by the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), the Iranian Oil Exchange (IOB) , based on the island of Kisch, was opened on February 17, 2008 , and is supposed to trade oil in Petroeuro instead of the previously common petrodollars . Instead of euros , prices are mainly calculated in the local currency, the rial . The euro is now a more stable price basis than the US dollar , but this change is also likely to be politically directed against the USA, which has been an enemy of the state since the overthrow of the Shah .

Oil fields

The most important Iranian oil fields - counted in bpd ( barrels per day ) according to the state of knowledge in 2005 - are:

Most important Iranian oil fields on land (onshore)

location	bbl / d
Ahwaz-Asmari	700,000
Gachsaran	560,000
Marun	520,000
Bangestan (to rise to over 550,000)	approx. 245,000
AghaJari	200,000
Karanj -Parsi	200,000
Rag-e-Safid	180,000
BibiHakimeh	130,000
Pazanan	70,000

Most important Iranian oil fields in the shelf area (offshore)

location	bbl / d
Dorood	130,000
Salman	130,000
Abuzar	125,000
Sirri A&E	95,000
Soroush / Nowruz	60,000

natural gas

In 2011, Iran took fourth place in global natural gas production with around 152 billion m³ of natural gas produced .

With an estimated 27 trillion m³ of natural gas reserves, Iran ranks second among the world's natural gas reserves .

The annual production of natural gas in 2003 was 79 billion m³. Of this, 72.4 billion m³ (almost 92%) were required for Iran's own consumption, making the country the ninth largest consumer of natural gas in the world.

However, the Iranian natural gas industry is not yet at the same level of development as that of its competitors in the Gulf region (e.g. Qatar ) and is still being developed. About 62% of the known deposits have not yet been developed, for which a time horizon of 25 years is planned. Although there are already some gas exports from Iran to neighboring countries (especially Turkey), Iran is currently still a net gas importer because of its imports from Turkmenistan .

Nuclear program

→ Main article : Iranian nuclear program

One of the points on the political agenda of the newly elected President Mahmud Ahmadinejad in 2005 was the avoidance of diplomatic confessions in international negotiations (nuclear dispute). In February 2006, German Chancellor Merkel urged Iran to give in to the nuclear dispute at the 42nd Munich Security Conference . "[...] Iran willfully crossed the red lines," she accused Tehran. There is “justified fear” that its nuclear program will not serve peaceful use, but military options: “We want and must prevent the development of Iranian nuclear weapons.” The country should not use a possible referral of the conflict to the UN Security Council to sever ties with the international community. It is not a question of provocation - rather the Security Council is the legitimate place to resolve the conflict. Merkel also underlined the importance of Russia's role. The broader the international agreement, the easier it is for the Iranian leadership to give in. Speaking to the Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghtschi , who was present at the conference , Merkel said there was no clear statement on the statements made by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on Israel's right to exist . Iran could “not expect the slightest tolerance” from Germany on this issue.

The Iranian government announced in March / April 2006 that it wanted to reduce its own high demand for natural gas through its own nuclear program. Many states feared, however, that the Islamist government would also use this to press ahead with the development of the atomic bomb (see IAEA and UN Security Council, March / April 2006).

On July 31, 2006, the United Nations Security Council passed a more moderate resolution, which gave Iran until August 31, 2006 time to interrupt the uranium enrichment program, otherwise the country would have to prepare for economic and diplomatic sanctions . Iran immediately went on a confrontational course with regard to the planned measures, announcing that the measure would make negotiations on an incentive package, which was offered to the country in June 2006, more difficult. This bundle should make Iran tempted to suspend uranium enrichment.

On August 6, 2006, the Iranian leadership announced that, contrary to the latest UN Security Council resolution, it would expand uranium enrichment work if necessary. "We will develop our nuclear technology whenever it is necessary," said Iran's chief negotiator, Larijani in Tehran .

The US investigative journalist Seymour Hersh made serious allegations against the US government on November 19, 2006. This should deliberately withhold information from the CIA that proved that there was no evidence of the use of the nuclear program for military purposes. According to Hersh, the US government is downplaying the intelligence in order to be able to maintain its tough policy against Tehran.

In an interview with the newspaper " Jungle World " in February 2011, the former Iranian diplomat Abolfazl Eslami, who was directly involved in foreign policy with the Iranian nuclear program, essentially confirmed the allegations against the Iranian leadership of seeking nuclear weapons:

“[I] couldn't imagine they were working on an atomic bomb. But when they rejected the proposal (added by the EU Troika ), I realized that they were really doing just that. They don't want a nuclear facility for the Iranian people, as they have always officially claimed. Civil nuclear facilities are just a pretext to get nuclear weapons. We Iranian diplomats were then fully aware of this. That's why I left the UN NPT section. I then went to Tokyo as an embassy advisor. "

On August 21, 2010, the reactor at the Buschehr nuclear power plant was equipped, despite violent protests from the western world. It was connected to the power grid for the first time on September 4, 2011.

According to a study by the independent US military research institute Institute for Science and International Security published on January 14, 2013, Iran could have produced enough highly enriched uranium to be able to manufacture atomic bombs by mid-2014. The team of experts for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons are very skeptical in the 166-page report that the Iranian government plans to use its nuclear program exclusively for peaceful purposes of generating energy.

Dam construction

Iran developed into a major dam builder. 157 dams have been built, 84 are under construction or planning; before the Islamic Revolution there were only 13 dams in the country. Apart from the production of electricity, which in turn releases more oil for export, the country wants to use it to deal with the increasing water scarcity. The largest project is the Bakhtiyari Dam in the Lorestan Province in southwest Iran, in the Zagros Mountains. It should be the largest double-arched dam in the world, with a height of 315 meters. Due to its difficult geographical location, it is not necessary to relocate people for this.

In 2010 an Iranian company received the order to build the “Shah Wa Aroos” dam north of Kabul with a capacity of 7.5 million cubic meters of water and a construction period of 3.5 years. Iran wants to provide 25% of the workforce, the rest should be provided by local workers.

According to critics, the Sivand dam project endangers, among other things, the world heritage site of the tomb of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae. It is located a few kilometers from the reservoir and there is fear of exposure to moisture. The projects around the strongly salty (30%) Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran are mainly criticized by environmentalists: Depending on the season, many pelicans and flamingos live here, and they feed on the crayfish that live in the lake. The lake, which has been classified as a Unesco biosphere reserve since 1976, is the largest inland lake in the Middle East with an area of ​​5200 square kilometers and is threatened by progressive drying out. Environmentalists blame, among other things, the numerous dams in the surrounding area, which prevent the inflow to the lake. The Iranian government has released $ 900 million for the rescue of the lake, the lake is to be flooded.

Automotive industry

→ Main article : Automobile industry of Iran

Around 500,000 people were employed in the automotive industry in 2010, making it the second largest employer after the oil industry and Iran the largest automobile manufacturer in the Middle East. In 2012, however, Iran's automobile production fell sharply; only 989,110 vehicles were produced - 40 percent fewer than in 2011. This includes 848,000 cars and 141,110 commercial vehicles. The two largest automobile manufacturers are the state-owned SAIPA - currently in the process of privatization - and Iran Khodro . In addition to domestic models such as Dena and Runna, IKCO produces models from Peugeot under license. SAIPA overtook IKCO in the ranking for the first time in 2010. According to the Business Monitor International's Iran Autos Report, the resilience of the Iranian automotive industry will only become apparent in the next few years, when the domestic market is saturated and Iran is increasingly acting on the international market, because so far the increase in production has mainly been due to the support of the Government attributed. 12.64% of the registered motor vehicles run on gas. Iran ranks fifth in the world for the use of gas-powered vehicles. The Swedish truck manufacturer Scania opened a new production line in Qazvin in 2011, replacing Daimler-Chrysler, which has broken off its business contacts with Iran.

See also : List of highways and expressways in Iran

Defense industry

→ Main article : Iranian defense industry

corruption

Iran has enormous corruption . According to the International Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International from 2012 Iran is among 174 countries listed place 133, putting it on par with Russia , Kazakhstan , Guyana , the Comoros and Honduras .

Subsidy Reforms

In the second half of 2010, the Iranian government began implementing a long-planned reform of subsidies on energy prices, grain, bread and public transport. The IMF confirmed that Iran had good starting conditions for the decline in inflation from over 30% to 10% from September 2009. In the first year of the reforms, $ 60 billion in subsidies were cut, 15% of gross domestic product. The reason for the reform is the rising energy prices on the world market, with artificially low domestic prices, which led to Iran becoming one of the largest energy wasters, while at the same time households with low incomes hardly benefited from the subsidies. The IMF cites an average of $ 4,000 in annual subsidies for a four-person household, although there are a large proportion of Iranians with annual incomes below $ 4,000. So one promises both a more economical use of energy and the development of energy-saving technologies, e.g. B. in Iranian car production, and more social justice through direct payments to low-income households as well as increased government revenues through more export capacities for oil and gas. A total of 30% of the money saved by the abolition of subsidies goes directly back to the citizens, 20% is paid to industry for the development of energy-saving measures, the rest remains in the state budget to compensate for the increased energy prices. 93% of Iranian citizens are registered for direct payments. Approximately $ 80 is paid out every two months per person in a household. The IMF drew a positive interim balance of the reforms in June: Despite the up to 20 times higher energy prices, the inflation rate rose moderately to 14.2% in May 2011. A temporary slowdown in economic growth and an equally temporary rise in the inflation rate are expected, the IMF states but already more social justice and lower energy consumption.

labour market

In addition to high unemployment, child labor and the employment of low-wage workers are particularly widespread in Afghanistan . There is no union representation for the employees. Low-wage workers in particular are exposed to severe repression.

Individual evidence

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42. ↑ [14]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. US Nonproliferation Strategy for the Changing of the Middle East, Jan. 14, 2013  
43. ↑ IRAN from Statistical View Point Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publican Relations Department Feb 2006 http://www.iran-embassy.dk/fa/iren.pdf ( Memento from July 18, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
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63. ^ Metal-Textile-Food Union February 8, 2006