SJ X2
| SJ X2 / X2K / CX2 | |
|---|---|
 X2 in Jonsered
|
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| Numbering: | originally X2 2001–2043 after conversion: X2 2001–2013, 2015–2030, 2035 and X2K 2031–2034, 2036–2043; China: CX2 2088 |
| Number: | 43 ( SJ AB), 1 Guangshen Railway |
| Manufacturer: | ABB ( Västerås ), Kalmar Verkstad ( Kalmar ) |
| Year of construction (s): | 1989-1998 |
| Axis formula : | Bo'Bo '( head end ) |
| Length over coupling: | 140/165 m (five- / six-part) |
| Empty mass: | 344.0 t |
| Wheel set mass : | 18.5 t |
| Top speed: | 210 km / h (276 km / h on test drives in 1993) |
| Hourly output : | 4000 kW |
| Continuous output : | 3260 kW |
| Power system : | 15 kV / 16.7 Hz (X2K series additionally 25 kV / 50 Hz for traffic to Denmark) |
| Number of traction motors: | 4th |
| Drive: | Bogie and articulated drive |
| Train control : | SIFA / ATC 2 |
| Seats: | 261/309 (five / six parts) |
| Particularities: | Tilt pull with 8 ° (6.5 ° effective), 1.6 m / s² max. Lateral acceleration at rail level |
The SJ X2 series are high-speed trains operated by the Swedish state railway company SJ AB . They are commonly known under the brand name X2000 .
history
Due to the completely different population structure in Sweden compared to Central Europe, it was not advisable to build expensive high-speed lines . The hilly and mountainous landscape of Sweden made new lines even more expensive. Such a new line between Stockholm and Gothenburg , Sweden's two largest cities, including the vehicles, would have cost around nine billion Swedish kronor in the 1990s .
The Swedish State Railways (SJ) therefore opted for a class X2 multiple unit with tilting technology , with which existing routes can be driven faster. The name X2000 was chosen as the product name for high-speed traffic. It is used in Sweden in the same way as the name ICE in Germany for the high-speed traffic of Deutsche Bahn .
By 1989, 20 multiple units had been ordered. The trains are fully air-conditioned and were initially equipped with a permanently installed mobile phone . The planned maximum speed according to the schedule was 200 km / h, the trains were technically designed for 210 km / h. Ten of the twenty units were intended for the Stockholm – Gothenburg route, and additional sets were to be used on the Stockholm– Malmö and Stockholm– Östergötland routes. The trains were built at ABB's Västerås plant at a unit price of 100 million Swedish kronor; the development of the trains had cost two billion crowns by 1989.
In mid-1991, an X-2000 unit provided by ABB was technically tested in the network of the Deutsche Bundesbahn . The test drives took place on the route between Trier and Saarbrücken and in the Stuttgart area. The DB anticipated economically viable possible uses on around ten German routes.
From February 1, 2000, the power end of an X2 was the first Swedish railway vehicle to feature full-surface advertising. For the first advertisement, six months from February 1, 2000, a business newspaper paid one million crowns.
An X2 multiple unit set a speed record for rail vehicles in Sweden with 276 km / h. This was surpassed on July 26, 2006 by a 281 km / h Regina multiple unit.
Start of operation in 1990 and further orders
In September 1990, the company began operating on the Stockholm – Gothenburg route. The first series of 20 trains was delivered by 1994. Today (2006) the X2s run on several routes, for example from Copenhagen in Denmark to Härnösand in northern Sweden.
In early 1993, the company ordered 14 additional speed trains, each with a power car , two intermediate car and a driving trailer (order volume: 220 million German marks ), connected with an option for 15 more sets. In the mid-1990s, some trains were reinforced by a seventh intermediate car. Today the trains run as five- and six-part trains.
At the end of 1995, the SJ ordered seven more X2 power cars and 28 intermediate cars. The order volume was the equivalent of around 200 million D-Marks, and delivery of the first vehicles was planned for July 1996. In addition, there was an option to deliver six additional trains of the same type and different variants for international traffic.
Use abroad
At the end of 1996, Norges Statsbaner loaned an X2 set from SJ for a fee of around two million D-Marks. The trains were in operation on the Oslo - Kristiansand route until December 21 , covering the 353 km long route in three hours and 48 minutes. Until then, the travel time was four hours and 24 minutes. The NSB's plans at the time provided for six or seven tilting trains to be used on the route in regular service from 1999. Further routes were planned. NSB has been using NSB Type 73 tilting trains for regular service since 1999 .
In the years 2000 to 2004 seven units (X2 2029-2031, 2034, 2035, 2038 and 2042) were operated by the private rail company Linx. She used this between Oslo, Gothenburg, Malmö and Copenhagen. Linx was a joint venture between the SJ and the Norges Statsbaner. The premature end came when the SJ wanted to use the trains on more profitable connections in Sweden. Another reason was a noticeable decrease in passengers on these connections, due to the low-cost flight competition .
CX2
From the summer of 1998 an X 2 was to be the first high-speed train to run in the People's Republic of China . For this purpose, the manufacturer had built a unit (CX2 2088, UB2FK 2883–2886, UBS2FK 2922 and CUB2XFK 2545) for its own account and shipped it from Gothenburg in January 1998. After a three-month test and acceptance phase, the train was to run on the Guangshen Railway between Guangzhou and Hong Kong for two years . A return of the train adapted for the Chinese traction current system was considered unlikely in early 1998. Scheduled traffic under the name Xinshisu continued until 2007. The unit was then transferred to Sichuan , but was no longer operational there due to an earthquake in 2008 . In 2012 the train was acquired by the SJ and returned to Sweden. There the intermediate cars of the X2 series were adapted and redrawn as UA2 2883–2886 and UB2 2922. The powered end car and control car were parked and presented to the public in the Sveriges Järnvägsmuseum in Gävle in 2012 .
Speed increase and alternatives
For the Botniabanan , consideration was given to increasing the maximum speed of the multiple units to 250 km / h. After investigations by Bombardier for the necessary retrofitting had shown costs of half a billion Swedish kronor (around 53 million euros), this project was abandoned at the end of 2005. Instead, new multiple units suitable for 250 km / h under the name Gröna Tåget were to be procured within five years . A purchase of ICE or TGV trains was not considered further due to the comparatively generous Swedish clearance profile in order to avoid a loss of comfort.
Furnishing
The train usually consists of a powered end car with four to five intermediate cars and a control car . There is a train restaurant in one of the intermediate cars . The multiple control enables two units to be coupled. This creates a train with eleven cars and two powered end cars. However, there are no transition options between the two units. The Linx trains ran with only four intermediate cars.
The five-part units offer space for 261 travelers, the six-part units for 309. Two additional spaces are available for wheelchair users. The first class share is unusually high with two cars. Because the capacity utilization did not match that and at the same time the demand in the second class exceeded the supply, the first class area was flexibly reduced to half a car without any structural changes. The first class is defined by the catering included in the ticket price. A self-service bistro is available to all passengers, which is housed in half of car 4 of each set.
The modernization of the X-2000 fleet began in early 2005. The trains were given a new coat of paint and a new interior. The first train started operating on February 16, 2005. While the number of seats remained unchanged, all trains were equipped with WiFi as part of the redesign and given a new color scheme in gray (previously white-blue). Amplifiers have also been installed to improve reception with cell phones .
Bicycles are not permitted in the X2.
technology
Each drive end has four three-phase asynchronous motors . It is controlled by GTO thyristors with a frequency between 0 and 120 Hz. The maximum axle load is 18.5 tons.
The tilting technology is directionally controlled by an accelerometer in the leading vehicle. The angle of inclination depends on the speed and radius of the curve; it is measured on the bogies in each car and set hydraulically. The incline is a maximum of 6.5 degrees, the change in incline is a maximum of four degrees per second. The tilting technology is not active at speeds below 70 km / h. The technology is limited in such a way that a traveler never sits 30 cm higher or lower than another in the same car in a corner seat. The power cars themselves do not have any tilting technology. A special engine driver's seat with increased lateral support compensates for the increased lateral acceleration.
A special feature of the trains is the radial adjustability of the individual axes in each bogie. On the curved routes in Sweden, each axis can adapt to the route individually. This significantly reduces friction, which leads to savings in energy consumption and less material wear.
On June 29, 1998 an axle of an X2 broke near Hallsberg . The train traveling at a maximum of 100 km / h did not derail. Until the cause of the accident was clarified, the maximum speed of the trains was reduced to 160 km / h. A routine inspection had already found cracks on the wheel of an X2 five days earlier. During the examination of the 70 wheels of the Adtranz subsidiary Surahammars Bruk installed on twelve trains, seven cracks were found.
On February 19, 2001, an axle broke near Mjölby on a train on the way from Stockholm to Copenhagen. People were not harmed; the top speed was temporarily reduced to 160 km / h. No further cracks were found during checks.
SJ X2K
In the years 2000 to 2001, trains X2 2031-2034 and 2036-2043 were converted for operation in Denmark so that they could be used on the Øresund connection. In addition to the installation of the Danish train control device, this also included converting the power cars for dual-frequency operation, as the Danish long-distance lines are electrified with 25 kV at 50 Hz. The series designation of the power cars changed to X2K.
stretch
Its route network extends from Stockholm in the north of Sweden to Falun , Östersund , Sundsvall and Härnösand , in the west to Arvika , Uddevalla and Gothenburg, in the south to Malmö and Copenhagen ( Denmark ).
Effects
The train left a noticeable impact on the SJ and Swedish rail traffic. Increasing passenger numbers, combined with falling operating expenses and at the same time accelerated and more efficient operations, helped the SJ to become profitable.
The X2 proved that innovation in rail transport is also possible in Sweden. In 1991 the government began an extensive investment program to expand the rail network, which amounts to 5 to 10 billion annually . Crowns included. The program still exists today and is still being expanded. A milestone was reached in the late 1990s when the number of passengers first exceeded the 1940 figure.
Since 1990, some new lines have also been built. These include the Öresund connection , the Arlanda airport railway , which is used by the X3 , and the 80 km long Svealand line (Stockholm) - Södertälje - Eskilstuna (today operated by the X40 ).
future
On September 12, 2010, there was an accident with one fatality when an X2 train collided with a construction vehicle.
Due to the age of the X2 trains and the loss of two units due to accidents (trip to the buffer stop at Malmö station on January 1, 2011, collision with a crane of a construction vehicle between Norrköping and Linköping on September 12, 2010), the SJ are planning a renovation and Expansion of your existing fleet. To relieve the existing X2 fleet, new trains of the type X55 , which run in Sweden under the trademark SJ3000, have already been purchased from August 2011 . The X55 are multiple units of the type Bombardier Regina without tilting technology.
From 2005 to 2012, the Gröna Tåget project investigated the development of concepts and technologies for an environmentally friendly tilting technology train with a top speed of 250 km / h, which is especially suitable for use on existing routes in cold regions. This was reviewing one of the options for replacing the X2 in the near future.
modernization
In early 2014 SJ decided to modernize all X2 series trains for 3.5 billion SEK (~ 400 million euros). The main supplier with a share of 1.4 billion SEK (~ 160 million euros) is ABB, who will replace the computer, drive and train control systems in a first step. These are still at the level of the 1980s. The components are produced in Switzerland and the installation in Sweden. The interior will be modernized later. ABB wanted to deliver the first modernized trains in 2015, after which test drives were planned. The SJ expected the return to service between 2016 and the first quarter of 2019. [obsolete] It is expected that the power consumption of the trains will decrease by 10% and that they will remain in service for another 20 years.
In April 2016, the order for the renovation of the interior was awarded. According to a revised schedule, the first modernized unit should go into operation in 2017, and the order should be completed by 2019. [outdated]
literature
- Obermayer (ed.): International express traffic. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, pp. 165-167, ISBN 3-440-06775-0
Web links
- SJ X2 / X2000 - Information and pictures on järnväg.net (Swedish)
- X2000 at www.hoch SPEEDSZUEGE.com
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Statens Järnvägar: Skönare resa med X2000 , advertising brochure
- ↑ Evert Andersson: Enklare än flyget, tåget snabbare än. (PDF; 2.8 MB) KTH & SJK, November 12, 2012, accessed on October 14, 2015 (Swedish).
- ↑ Message in Sweden soon Tempo 200 . In: The Federal Railroad . No. 12, 1989, p. 1116 f.
- ↑ With an eight degree incline into the curve . In: Die Bahn informs , issue 4/1991, September 1991, p. 15, ZDB -ID 2003143-9 .
- ^ Announcement X 2000 with full advertisement . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 5/2000, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 229.
- ↑ message glossy advertising. Power end X 2000 . In: Railway technical review . 49, No. 4, 2000, p. 201
- ↑ Reports International . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . No. 10 , 2006, ISSN 1421-2811 , pp. 509 .
- ↑ a b Announcement Swedish State Railways orders 14 more ABB X2000s . In: Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau , year 1993, issue 3, p. 127
- ↑ a b Report X2000 in Norway and Sweden . In: Railway technical review . 45, No. 12, 1996, p. 741.
- ↑ Announcement Swedish State Railways order further X 2000 high-speed trains (sic!) . In: Railway technical review . 45, No. 1/2, 1996, p. 4.
- ^ Message X2000 for Copenhagen – Oslo . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 11/2002, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 518.
- ↑ a b c SJ Motorvagnar. lokstallet.n.nu, accessed January 28, 2018 (Swedish).
- ^ Message X 2000 to China . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Edition 3, 1998, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 105
- ↑ Message No speed increase for X 2000 . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . Issue 1/2006, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 35.
- ↑ Announcement of the newly designed X 2000 . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 4/2005, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 190.
- ^ Announcement Successful year for SJ . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . Issue 2/2006, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 87.
- ↑ Report broken axle at X 2000 . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , Issue 9, 1998, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 378
- ↑ Message axle bridge on the X 2000 . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International , issue 4/2001, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 160.
- ↑ Fatalities after train accident. In: Radio Sweden. September 14, 2010, accessed October 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Pictures from olyckan i Malmö. Retrieved October 14, 2015 (Swedish, images).
- ↑ Train accident near Linköping. In: Radio Sweden. September 13, 2010, accessed October 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Matilda Bjerlöw: Här är SJ: s framtidståg. In: Resa. Aftonbladet, April 7, 2011, accessed October 14, 2015 (Swedish).
- ^ Bombardier Transportation Sweden AB: REGINA Intercity X55. (PDF; 935 kB) Environmental Product Declaration. January 10, 2012, accessed October 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Gröna Tåget. Retrieved on December 1, 2015 (Swedish): "Projektet kommer inte att ta fram någon prototyp."
- ↑ Statens Järnvägar: SJ investerar i framtiden. January 16, 2014, accessed May 13, 2019 (Swedish).
- ↑ ABB wins a US $ 200 million order to equip next-generation Swedish high-speed trains. January 16, 2014, accessed October 14, 2015 .
- ↑ X 2000: Conversion contract for interior design awarded . In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . No. 6 , 2016, ISSN 1421-2811 , p. 292 .