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{{about|the sovereign state in Oceania|the region named "Micronesia"|Micronesia}}
{{articleissues|article=y|confusing = May 2008|disputed = May 2008|verylong = May 2008}}
{{Infobox Country
{{grading}}
|conventional_long_name = Federated States of Micronesia
{{otheruses4|evaluation of school work|other uses of the term "grade"|grade}}
|common_name = Federated States of Micronesia
{{redirect|GPA}}
|image_flag = Flag of Micronesia.svg
In [[education]], a '''grade''' (or mark) is a teacher's standardized [[evaluation]] of a [[student]]'s work. In some countries, evaluations can be expressed quantifiably, and calculated into a numeric '''grade point average''' (GPA), which is used as a [[metrics|metric]] by employers and others to assess and compare students. A ''cumulative grade point average'' (CGPA) is the [[mean]] GPA from all [[academic term|terms]], whereas GPA may only refer to a single term.
|image_coat = Fm CoA.jpg<nowiki><nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki><nowiki><nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki><nowiki><nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki><nowiki>--~~~~Insert non-formatted text here--~~~~--~~~~<s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><sub>Strike-through text</sub>[[http://www.example.com link title]<math><math>Insert formula here</math></math>]</s></s></s></s></s></nowiki></nowiki></nowiki></nowiki>
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = LocationMicronesia.png
|national_motto = Peace Unity Liberty
|national_anthem = ''[[Patriots of Micronesia]]''
|official_languages = [[English language|English]] (national; local languages are used at state and municipal levels)
|demonym = Micronesian
|capital = [[Palikir]]
|latd=6 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=158 |longm=9 |longEW=E
|largest_city = [[Weno]]
|government_type = [[representative democracy|Democratic]] [[Federated]] [[Presidential system|Presidential]] [[Republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of the Federated States of Micronesia|President]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Federated States of Micronesia|Vice President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Manny Mori]]
|leader_name2 = [[Alik L. Alik]]
|area_rank = 188th
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_km2 = 702
|area_sq_mi = 271 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = 107,862
|population_estimate_rank = 181st
|population_estimate_year = July 2007
|population_census = 107,000
|population_census_year = 2000
|population_density_km2 = 154
|population_density_sq_mi = 399 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 66th
|GDP_PPP = $277 million² <!--cia.gov 2005-->
|GDP_PPP_rank = 215th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2002
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,000
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 180th
|sovereignty_type = Independence
|sovereignty_note = from [[United States|US]]-administered [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands|UN&nbsp;Trusteeship]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = [[3 November]] [[1986]]
|HDI = n/a
|HDI_rank = n/a
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI_category = <font color="gray">unranked</font>
|currency = [[United States dollar]]
|currency_code = USD
|country_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +10 and +11
|time_zone_DST = not observed
|utc_offset_DST = +10 and +11
|cctld = [[.fm]]
|calling_code = 691
|footnote1 = In free association with the [[United States]].
|footnote1 = GDP is supplemented by grant aid, averaging around $100 million annually (2002 estimate).
|footnote2 = 2002 estimate.
}}


The '''Federated States of Micronesia''' {{Audio-IPA|en-us-Micronesia.ogg|[ˌmaɪkroʊˈniʒə]}} is an [[island nation]] located in the [[Pacific Ocean]], north of [[Papua New Guinea]]. The country is a [[sovereign state]] in [[Associated state|free association]] with the [[United States]]. The Federated States of Micronesia were formerly part of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]], a [[United Nations]] Trust Territory under U.S. administration. In 1979 they adopted a [[constitution]], and in 1986 independence was attained under a [[Compact of Free Association]] with the United States.
As cited by Neil Postman, Keith Hoskin argues that the concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a [[tutor]] named [[William Farish (professor)|William Farish]], and first implemented by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1792.<ref>{{cite book|last=Postman|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Postman|title=[http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0679745408 Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology]|year=1992|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|location=[[New York City]]|language=[[English language|English]]|pages=13}}</ref> Hoskin's assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of the numerical mark to be unpersuasive.<ref> Christopher Stray, "From Oral to Written Examinations: Cambridge, Oxford and Dublin 1700-1914," History of Universities 20:2 (2005), 94-95.</ref> Stray's article elucidates the complex relationship between the mode of examination (testing), oral or written, and the means of evaluation or grading. As a technology, grading both shapes and reflects many fundamental areas of educational theory and practice.


The Federated States of Micronesia are located in the region known as [[Micronesia]], which consists of hundreds of small islands divided in eight territories. The term ''Micronesia'' may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole.
== International grading systems ==


== History ==
Most nations have individual grading systems unique to their own schools. However, several international standards for grading have arisen recently.
{{main|History of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious [[Micronesian Empire|empire]] centered on [[Yap]].


[[Nan Madol]], consisting of a series of small [[artificial island]]s linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located near the island of [[Pohnpei]] and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about [[Anno Domini|AD]] 500 until 1500, when the centralized system collapsed.
=== European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System ===


European explorers — first the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in search of the [[Spice Islands]] ([[Indonesia]]) and then the [[Spain|Spanish]] — reached the [[Carolines]] in the sixteenth century, with the Spanish establishing sovereignty. It was sold to [[Germany]] in 1899, conquered by [[Japan]] in 1914, before being seized by the [[United States]] during [[World War II]] and administered by the US under [[United Nations]] auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
{{main|European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System}}


During World War II, a significant portion of the [[Japan]]ese fleet was based in [[Truk Lagoon]]. In February 1944, [[Operation Hailstone]], one of the most important naval battles of the war, took place at Truk, in which many Japanese support vessels and aircraft were destroyed.
The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of [[higher education]] across the [[European Union]]. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded. One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS-credits in all countries, irrespective of standard or qualification type and is used to facilitate transfer and progression throughout the Union.<ref>"[http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/socrates/ects/index_en.html European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System]". ''EUROPA: Education and Training''.</ref>


On [[May 10]], [[1979]], four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. [[Palau]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the [[United States|United States of America]], which entered into force on [[November 3]], [[1986]], marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. The Compact was renewed in 2004.
ECTS also includes a standard [[ECTS grading scale|grading scale]]:


== Politics ==
{| class="wikitable" width=500
{{main|Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
|-
The Federated States of Micronesia are governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators — one from each state — serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population, and serve two-year terms. The President and Vice President are elected by Congress from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections. The president and vice president are supported by an appointed cabinet. There are no formal political parties.
! ECTS Scale
! Definition
! width=10% | percentile range
|- align=center
| A
| Excellent
| 90%–100%
|- align=center
| B
| Very good
| 65%–90%
|- align=center
| C
| Good
| 35%–65%
|- align=center
| D
| Satisfactory
| 10%–35%
|- align=center
| E
| Sufficient
| 0%–10%
|- align=center
| FX
| Fail; more work required
| –
|- align=center
| F
| Fail; considerably more work required
| –
|}

=== European baccalaureate ===

{{main|European baccalaureate}}

This diploma is awarded by some [[European Schools]]. Pupils are graded on an analog scale of 0 to 10. Half marks may be awarded, and in computing the total average two decimals are shown:

{|class="wikitable"
!Grade
!Qualification
|-
!10
|Highest mark achievable
|-
!8.5
|Very Good
|-
!7.5
|Good
|-
!6
|Sufficient
|-
!<5.5
|failed
|-
|-
!1
|Worst grade (cheating, etc.)
|-
|}

== Grading systems by nation ==

=== Africa ===

Par with the United States with a few exceptions:

* [[Academic grading in Egypt|Egypt]]
* [[Academic grading in Kenya|Kenya]]
* [[Academic grading in South Africa|South Africa]]
* [[Academic grading in Tunisia|Tunisia]]

=== North America ===

{{main|Academic grading in North America}}

==== Canada ====

{{Mergetomultiple-with|Academic grading in North America#Canada|with=Academic grading in Canada|date=June 2008}}

In [[Canada]], grade point averages vary by [[province]], by level of education (e.g., high school or university), by institutions (e.g., [[Queen's University|Queen's]] or [[University of Toronto|Toronto]]), and even by different faculties in the same institution (e.g., [[Ryerson University|Ryerson]] or [[Université du Québec à Montréal]]). The following are commonly used conversions from percentile grades to letter grades:

===== Alberta =====

In Senior High Schools:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Percentage
!Provincial Standing
!Notes
|-
!A
|80–100||Standard of Excellence
| Final course grades in this range are annotated with Honors Standing in the Alberta Senior High School Transcript.
|-
!B
|65–79||
|
|-
!C
|50–64||Acceptable Standard
|
|-
!D
|40–49||
| As of September 1986, final grades in this range are not awarded any credits toward Alberta Senior High School Diploma.
|-
!F
|0–40||
| Failing grade with no credits awarded toward Alberta Senior High School Diploma.
|}

In [[Alberta]] Post-Secondary Colleges, Technical Institutes, or Universities:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter Grade
!Grade Points
!Notes
|-
!A+
|4.0||
|-
!A
|4.0||
|-
!A-
|3.7|| Student may be awarded an Honors designation on a parchment if semester and cumulative grade point average of 3.7 is achieved on the first attempt of courses required towards graduation of major. In addition, students will need to complete graduation requirements within specific time restrictions.
|-
!B+
|3.3||
|-
!B
|3.0||
|-
!B-
|2.7||
|-
!C+
|2.3||
|-
!C
|2.0|| Minimum general semester and cumulative grade point average to progress without Academic Probation or Withdrawal status. Certain faculties may require higher grade point averages to remain in faculty.
|-
!C-
|1.7||
|-
!D+
|1.3||
|-
!D
|1.0|| Minimum general passing letter grade to receive credit for a course. Certain faculties may require higher grades to receive course credit.
|-
!F
|0.0||
|}

There is no universal percentage grade associated with any letter grade in the Province of Alberta and such associations are made by professors or a bell curve.

===== Saskatchewan =====


In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has always voted with the United States with respect to [[United Nations General Assembly]] resolutions.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/UN_votes.html "Top Ten Countries that Vote with the United States at the UN"] (''[[Jewish Virtual Library]]'', 1997) lists Micronesia at the top of the list at 100 per cent.</ref>
The [[University of Saskatchewan]] and [[University of Regina]] both use a percentage grade system, universal across faculties and departments.


== Administrative divisions ==
The four states in the federation are:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Flag
|-
!State
! Percent
!Capital
! Letter Grade equivalent
!Land area<ref>[http://www.fsmgov.org/info/geog.html FSM government website - Geography]</ref>
! Descriptors
!Population<ref>[http://www.fsmgov.org/info/people.html FSM government website - Population]</ref>
|-
!Population density
| 90-100%
| A+
|---
|[[Image:Flag of Chuuk.svg|50px|Flag of Chuuk]] || '''[[Chuuk]]''' || [[Weno]] || 127 km² || 53,595 || 420 per km²
| A superior / outstanding performance.
|-
|---
|[[Image:Flag of Kosrae.png|50px|Flag of Kosrae]] || '''[[Kosrae]]''' || [[Tofol]] || 110 km² || 7,686 || 70 per km²
| 80-89%
| A
|---
|[[Image:Flag of Pohnpei.png|50px|Flag of Pohnpei]] || '''[[Pohnpei]]''' || [[Kolonia]] || 346 km² || 34,486 || 100 per km²
| A very good / excellent performance.
|-
|---
|[[Image:Yap flag.svg|50px|Flag of Yap]] || '''[[Yap]]''' || [[Colonia, Yap|Colonia]] || 118 km² || 11,241 || 95 per km²
| 70-79%
| B
| A good / above average performance.
|-
| 60-69%
| C
| A generally satisfactory, intellectually adequate performance.
|-
| 50-59%
| D
| A barely satisfactory performance.
|-
| 0-49%
| F
| Failure. An unacceptable performance.
|}
|}


These states are further divided into [[municipality|municipalities]].
Taken from http://www.usask.ca/calendar/exams&grades/gradingsystem/ and
http://www.uregina.ca/gencal/ugcal/attendanceEvaluation/ugcal_64.shtml


== Geography ==
===== British Columbia =====
[[Image:CIA-FSM.jpg|thumb|right|425px|Map of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
{{main|Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending {{convert|1800|mi|km}} <!--format per WP:MOSNUM -->(2,900&nbsp;km) across the archipelago of the [[Caroline Islands]] east of the [[Philippines]]. The four constituent island groups are [[Yap]], [[Chuuk]] (called Truk until January 1990), [[Pohnpei]] (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and [[Kosrae]] (formerly Kusiae). These four states are each represented by a white star on the national flag. The capital is [[Palikir]], on Pohnpei.


The country has seven official languages: [[English language|English]], <!--cia.gov-->[[Ulithian language|Ulithian]], [[Woleaian language|Woleaian]], [[Yapese language|Yapese]], [[Pohnpeian language|Pohnpeian]], [[Kosraean language|Kosraean]], and [[Chuukese language|Chuukese]].
In [[British Columbia]] universities: F is a failing grade. The following table is only an approximation; faculties within universities sometimes follow a different system between percentiles and corresponding letter grades.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Percent
|-
!A+
|90–100
|-
!A 
|83–89
|-
!A−
|80–82
|-
!B+
|76–79
|-
!B 
|72–75
|-
!B−
|68–71
|-
!C+
|64–67
|-
!C 
|60–63
|-
!C−
|55–59
|-
!D 
|50–54
|-
!E 
|0–49 (temporary)
|-
!F 
|0–49 (permanent)
|}


The other languages spoken in Micronesia are [[Pingelapese]], [[Ngatikese]], [[Satawalese]], [[Kapingamarangi language|Kapingamarangi Language]], [[Nukuoro Language]], [[Puluwatese]], and [[Mokilese]].
===== Newfoundland and Labrador =====


== Economy ==
In [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] universities:
{{main|Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
{|class="wikitable"
Economic activity of the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line tuna fishing is also viable with foreign vessels from [[Taiwan]] and [[China]] operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986-2001. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.
|-
!Letter
!Percent
|-
!A+
|90–100
|-
!A 
|83−89
|-
!A−
|80−82
|-
!B+
|75−79
|-
!B 
|70−74
|-
!B−
|65−69
|-
!C 
|60−64
|-
!C−
|55−59
|-
!D 
|50−54
|-
!F 
|0−49
|}
Grade F is the sole failing mark.


The nation uses the US dollar as their currency.
===== Ontario =====


== Demographics ==
In [[Ontario]] schools:
{{main|Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
{|class="wikitable"
The indigenous population of the Federated States of Micronesia, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% Pacific Islander and Asian population. Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. Many Micronesians are known to have some [[Japanese people|Japanese]] ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period.<ref>[http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr12120a.htm President Emanuel Mori Meets With Japan Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda]; [http://www.aesonline.org/3056 AESonline.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2005/09/01/a-reluctant-power A Reluctant Power]</ref>
|-
!Letter
!Percent
!Level
!Qualification
|-
!A
|80−100
|Level 4
|Above government standards
|-
!B
|70−79.9
|Level 3
|At government standards
|-
!C
|60−69.9
|Level 2
|Below, but approaching government standards
|-
!D
|50−59.9
|Level 1
|Well below government standards
|-
!F
|rowspan="2"|0−49.9
|rowspan="2"|—
|Failing standards (used in high schools)
|-
!R
|Remedial standards (used in elementary schools)
|}
'''There are also + and − modifiers.''' A+ is close to 100% and better than A, A is better than A−, A− is better than B+, etc. There are no modifiers for R or F. '''E''' sometimes appears in place of R or F to match the order of the four grades above it.


There is a growing population of Americans, Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines. [[English language|English]] has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. Population growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration.
Ontario universities and colleges also use a similar grading system as the above and the system used in the United States. Some colleges use a 4.0 scale, while others a 4.3 or 12.0 scale.


Pohnpei is notable for the prevalence of the extreme form of [[color blindness]] known as [[maskun]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter Grade
! 12.0 Grading Scale
! 4.0 Grading Scale
|-
| A+
| 12.0
| 4.33
|-
| A
| 11.0
| 4.00
|-
| A-
| 10.0
| 3.67
|-
| B+
| 9.0
| 3.33
|-
| B
| 8.0
| 3.0
|-
| B-
| 7.0
| 2.67
|-
| C+
| 6.0
| 2.33
|-
| C
| 5.0
| 2.00
|-
| C-
| 4.0
| 1.67
|-
| D+
| 3.0
| 1.33
|-
| D
| 2.00
| 1.00
|-
| D-
| 1.00
| .67
|}


== Culture ==
'''Grade Point Chart''':
[[Image:Yap Stone Money.jpg|thumb|A large (approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) in height) example of Yapese stone money in the village of Gachpar.]]
{{seealso|Music of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
Each of the four States has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. For example, cultural similarities like the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems can be found on all the islands.


The island of Yap is notable for its "stone money" ([[Rai stones]]), large disks usually of calcite, up to 12 [[foot (unit of length|feet]] (4&nbsp;m) in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when ownership changes. There are five major types: ''Mmbul'', ''Gaw'', ''Ray'', ''Yar'', and ''Reng'', the last being only 1 foot (0.3&nbsp;m) in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as [[New Guinea]], but most coming in ancient times from [[Palau]]. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number of grade points for 1.0 credit course
! Number of grade points for 0.5 credit course
! Percentage Equivalency
|-
| A+ = 12.0
| A+ = 6.0
| 90-100
|-
| A = 11.0
| A = 5.5
| 85-89
|-
| A- = 10.0
| A- = 5.0
| 80-84
|-
| B+ = 9.0
| B+ = 4.5
| 77-79
|-
| B = 8.0
| B = 4.0
| 73-76
|-
| B- = 7.0
| B- = 3.5
| 70-72
|-
| C+ = 6.0
| C+ = 3.0
| 67-69
|-
| C = 5.0
| C = 2.5
| 63-66
|-
| C- = 4.0
| C- = 2.0
| 60-62
|-
| D+ = 3.0
| D+ = 1.5
| 57-59
|-
| D = 2.0
| D = 1.0
| 53-56
|-
| D- = 1.0
| D- = 0.5
| 50-52
|-
| F = 0.0
| F = 0.0
| 0-49
|}
Taken from: http://www.carleton.ca/sasc/sasc_home/audit/cgpa.html


===== Quebec =====
==Defense arrangements==
The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in [[Associated state|free association]] with the [[United States]], which is [[Military of the United States|wholly responsible]] for its defense. The Division of Maritime Surveillance operates a paramilitary Maritime Wing and a small [[Maritime Police]] Unit.


The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship. <ref>[http://www.us-army-info.com/pages/pdfs/enlistment_standards.pdf U.S. Military Enlistment Standards]</ref>
In [[Quebec]] universities:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Percent
!Qualification
|-
!A
|80−100
|Greatly above standards
|-
!B
|70−79
|Above standards
|-
!C
|60−69
|At government standards
|-
!D
|50−59
|Lower standards
|-
!F
|0−49
|Failure
|}
Quebec's passing mark in Universities is 50% and the passing mark in High School and CEGEP is 60%.


==== Costa Rica ====
== See also ==
* [[Communications in the Federated States of Micronesia]]
* [[Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
* [[List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_by_country#Federated_States_of_Micronesia|List of wettest tropical cyclones to affect the Federated States of Micronesia]]
* [[Scouting in the Federated States of Micronesia]]
* [[Transport in the Federated States of Micronesia]]
* [[List of countries without an army]]


==Notes==
{{main|Academic grading in Costa Rica}}
{{reflist}}


==== Mexico ====
==References==
# US-CIA. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fm.html CIA - The World Factbook: Federated States of Micronesia]. ''The World Factbook''. United States of America: Central Intelligence Agency. 2003.
# [http://www.bilet-v-cirk.ru/history_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.html History_Federated_States_of_Micronesia]


==Bibliography==
{{mergeto|Academic grading in Mexico|date=June 2008}}
*{{cite book |last=Brower |first=Kenneth |title=Micronesia: The Land, the People, and the Sea |authorlink= |coauthors=Harri Peccinotti |year=1981 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |location=Baton Rouge |isbn=0807109924 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Darrach |first=Brad |authorlink= |coauthors=David Doubilet |year=1995 |month= |title=Treasured Islands |journal=Life |volume= |issue=August 1995 |pages=46–53 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite journal |last=Falgout |first=Suzanne |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |month= |title=Americans in Paradise: Anthropologists, Custom, and Democracy in Postwar Micronesia |journal=Ethnology |volume=34 |issue=Spring 1995 |pages=99–111 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi=10.2307/3774100 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Hal M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |month= |title=The Beast in Paradise: The United States Navy in Micronesia, 1943–1947 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=62 |issue=May 1993 |pages=173–195 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Hal M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |month= |title=Arguing over Empire |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=29 |issue=1994 |pages=36–48 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi=10.1080/00223349408572757 }}
*{{cite book |last=Hanlon |first=David |title=Remaking Micronesia: Discourses over Development in a Pacific Territory, 1944–1982 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=0824818946 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Hezel |first=Francis X. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |month= |title=The Church in Micronesia |journal=America |volume=18 |issue=February 1995 |pages=23–24 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite book |last=Kluge |first=P. F. |title=The Edge of Paradise: America in Micronesia |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1991 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0394581784 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Malcomson |first=S. L. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1989 |month= |title=Stranger than Paradise |journal=Mother Jones |volume=14 |issue=January 1989 |pages=19–25 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |month= |title=Micronesia: A New Nation |journal=U.S. News & World Report |volume= |issue=October 15, 1984 |pages=80–81 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite journal |last=Parfit |first=Michael |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |month= |title=Islands of the Pacific |journal=[[National Geographic]] |volume=203 |issue=March 2003 |pages=106–125 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Carolyn Bennett |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1986 |month= |title=In the Far Pacific: At the Birth of Nations |journal=National Geographic |volume=170 |issue=October 1986 |pages=460–500 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
*{{cite journal |last=Peoples |first=James G. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |month= |title=Political Evolution in Micronesia |journal=Ethnology |volume=32 |issue=Winter 1993 |pages=1–17 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi=10.2307/3773542 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Rainbird |first=Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |month= |title=Taking the Tapu: Defining Micronesia by Absence |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=38 |issue=September 2003 |pages=237–250 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi=10.1080/0022334032000120558 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Schwalbenberg |first=Henry M. |authorlink= |coauthors=Thomas Hatcher |year=1994 |month= |title=Micronesian Trade and Foreign Assistance |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=95–104 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi=10.1080/00223349408572762 }}


== External links ==
[[Mexican]] schools use a scale from 0 to 10 to measure students' scores. Since decimal scores are common, a scale from 0 to 100 is often used to remove the decimal point:
{{sisterlinks}}
'''Government'''
* [http://www.fsmgov.org Government of the Federated States of Micronesia]


'''General'''
Students who fail a subject have the option of taking an extraordinary test (''examen extraordinario'', often shortened to ''extra'') that evaluates the contents of the entire period. Once the test is finished and the score is assessed, this score becomes the entire subject's score, thus giving failing students a chance to pass their subjects. Those who fail the extraordinary test have 2 more chances to take it; if the last test is failed, the subject is marked as failed and pending, and depending on the school, the student may fail the entire year.
* [http://www.janeresture.com/fedmic/index.htm Jane's Federated States of Micronesia Home Page]
* [http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/ttp/ttpi.html Trust Territory of the Pacific Archives] at the University of Hawaii
* [http://www.paclii.org/databases.html#FM Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute - ''Federated States of Micronesia'']
* [http://nature.org/wherewework/asiapacific/micronesia/ Nature.org - Micronesia] environmental conservation
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Oceania/Micronesia,_Federated_States_of Open Directory Project - ''Federated States of Micronesia''] directory category
* [http://www.mymicronesia.com myMicronesia.com] Online resource center about the islands of Micronesia. Provides free listings and links to all Micronesian businesses, as well as civic, cultural, health and educational organizations.
* [[Habele]] is US-based charity that serves educational needs in the more remote atolls of Micronesia. <ref>"Habele Fund Awards FSM Scholarships" Pacific Magazine Online, August 4, 2007.[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/news/2007/08/04/habele-fund-awards-fsm-scholarships]</ref>


'''News media'''
Some private schools (particularly in higher levels of education) require a 70 to pass instead of the regular 60.
* [http://www.yapnetworker.com The Yap Networker] - Yap's news source


'''Travel'''
Grades are often absolute and not class-specific. It may be the case that the top of the class gets a final grade of 79. Curve-adjustment is rare. Grad-level students are usually expected to have grades of 80 or above to graduate. Students in the honor roll are usually those with an overall GPA of 90 or higher upon graduation, and some private universities will award them a "With Honors" diploma.
* [http://www.southpacific.org/micro.html Moon Handbooks Micronesia]
* [http://www.anytravels.com/australia/micronesia/ Travel Overview of Micronesia]


'''Maps'''
==== United States ====
* [http://www.mapsouthpacific.com/micronesia/index.html Map of Micronesia]

* [http://www.uoregon.edu/~wsayres/NanMadol.html Nan Madol islet complex] Provides computer based reconstruction of the main islets and features.
{{merge-multiple-to|Academic grading in North America#United States|target=Academic grading in the United States|date=June 2008}}
Grades in the United States:

Classical five-point discrete evaluation with grades is the system most commonly used in the [[United States]], but there are many variations. There are also a few schools that eschew discrete evaluation (letter grading) in favor of pure discursive evaluation. There is no standardized system of grading in the United States, as these issues are left up to individual universities, schools, and states.

Grades in the United States are generally assigned by a letter: A (highest grade, excellent), B (above average), C (average), D (usually the minimum passing grade), and F (fail). Additionally, most schools will calculate a student's grade point average (GPA) by assigning each letter grade a number and using a mathematical formula to come up with a numerical representation of a student's work. Generally, American schools equate an A with a numerical value of 4.0.

The percentage needed in any given coursework needed to achieve a certain grade and the assignment of GPA point values varies from one school to another. The most general and common grading scale is as follows:

{|class="wikitable"
!Grade
!Percentage
!GPA value
|-
!A
|100 - 90
|4.0-3.5
|-
!B
|89 - 80
|3.49-2.5
|-
!C
|79 - 70
|2.49-1.5
|-
!D
|69 - 60
|1.49-1.0
|-
!F
|0 - 59
|0.0
|-
|}

Whether the failing grade is F or E typically depends on time and geography. Some states, but not many, have tended to favor E since World War II while the majority of the country tends to use F. Ultimately, the grade F traces to the days of two-point grading as Pass (P) and Fail (F). In recent years some schools have begun using an N for failing grades, presumably to represent NO CREDIT.

Chromatic variants (+ and −) are often used. In hypomodal grading on a 100-point scale, the prime letter grade is assigned a value centered around the one's digit 5: the + grade is assigned the top values of near the one's digit 9, and the − grade is assigned the bottom values near 0; thus, 80 to 83 is B−, 84 to 86 is B, and 87 to 89 is B+. In straight modal grading on a 4.0 decimal scale, the prime number is the prime letter grade: the + range of the grade begins at X.333 (repeating), rounded to X.30, above the prime number, and the − range of the grade begins at X.666 (repeating), rounded up to X.70, below the prime number: thus, B = 3.0, B+ = 3.3, and B− = 2.7.

The A range is often treated as a special case. In most American schools, a 4.00 is regarded as perfect and the highest GPA one can achieve. Thus, an A, being the prime grade, achieves the mark of a 4.00; for the A+ mark, most schools still assign a value of 4.00, equivalent to the A mark, to prevent deviation from the standard 4.00 GPA system. However, the A+ mark, then, becomes a mark of distinction that has no impact on the student's GPA. A few schools do assign grade values of 4.33, however.

In many American [[high school]]s, students may also score above 4.0 if taking advanced, honors, [[Advanced Placement Program|Advanced Placement]], or [[International Baccalaureate]] classes (for example, a "regular" A would be worth 4 points, but an A earned in an advanced class might be worth 4.5 or 5 points towards the GPA.)

There has been dispute{{fact|date=March 2007}} over how colleges should look at grades from previous schools and high schools because one grade in one part of the country might not be the equivalent of a grade in another part of the country. In other words, an "A" might be 90-100 somewhere, and a 94-100 somewhere else. In middle and high schools that do not use a system based on [[academic credit]], the grade point average is computed by taking the mean of all grades. In colleges and universities that use discrete evaluation, the grade point average is calculated by multiplying the quantitative values by the credit value of the correlative course, and then dividing the total by the sum of all credits.

For example:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Class'''
|'''Credits'''
|'''Grade'''
|'''Grade Points'''
|-
|''Speech 101''
|3
|A
|3 × 4.0 = 12.0
|-
|''Biology 102''
|4
|B+
|4 × 3.3 = 13.2
|-
|''History 103''
|3
|B−
|3 × 2.7 = 8.1
|-
|''Physical Education 104''
|1
|C
|1 × 2.0 = 2.0
|}

* Total Credits: 11
* Total Grade Points: 35.3
* Grade Point Average: 35.3 / 11 = 3.209 or slightly above B average

In a standards-based grading system, a performance standard is set by a committee based on ranking anchor papers and grading rubrics, which demonstrate performance which is below, meeting, or exceeding the "standard." This standard is intended to be a high, world-class level of performance, which must be met by every student regardless of ability or class, although they are actually set by a committee with no reference to any other national standard. Levels are generally assigned numbers between zero and four. Writing papers may be graded separately on content (discussion) and conventions ([[spelling]] and [[grammar]]). Since grading is not based on a curve distribution, it is entirely possible to achieve a grading distribution in which all students pass and meet the standard. While such grading is generally used only for assessments, they have been proposed for alignment with classroom grading. However, in practice, grading can be much more severe rather than more generous than traditional letter grades. Even after ten years, some states, such as [[Washington]], continue to evaluate over half of their students as "below standard" on the state mathematics assessment.

=== South America ===

==== Argentina ====

In Argentina the GPA is calculated bimonthly, per semester or per year. Typically, grades vary between 1 and 10. The minimum grade for approval generally requires 60% which represents a grade 4 at University and 6 at Seconary School(some schools may require 70%).
Depending on the University, the admittance may require:
* the approval of an minimal knowledge level exam (that may include Chemistry, Maths and other subjects) called "Examen de Ingreso".
* a 1 year course called "Ciclo Básico Común".
* High School average grade 60% or 70%.
* and others.

==== Brazil ====

In Brazil The GPA is calculated bimonthly, per semester or per year. Typically, grades vary between 0 and 10. The minimum grade for approval varies between 5.0 (most common in public schools) and 7.0 (most common in private schools; sometimes 6.0). The GPA can not be used for college entrance evaluation. For that, the typical evaluation is a specific exam created by each University known as "vestibular". Some other methods can be used such as ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio - National High School Standardized Exam) or PAS (Programa de Avaliação Seriada - Continuous Evaluation Program) according to the choice of the university.

==== Chile ====

In Chile grades vary from 1.0 and 7.0, minimum passing grade being 4.0. The average GPA from grades 9th-12th, called the "NEM", is used for college entrance, along with the college admission test, PSU (Prueba de Selección Universitaria - University Selection Test).

=== Asia ===

==== Hong Kong ====

{{merge-to|Academic grading in Hong Kong|date=June 2008}}

In [[Hong Kong]], the system of grade point average (GPA)<ref>[http://www.cityu.edu.hk/arro/exam1/contentsassessment.html Examinations @ CityU<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> is used in universities:

{| class="wikitable"
! Grade
! GPA
|-
! A+
| 4.30
|-
! A 
| 4.00
|-
! A−
| 3.70
|-
! B+
| 3.30
|-
! B 
| 3.00
|-
! B−
| 2.70
|-
! C+
| 2.30
|-
! C 
| 2.00
|-
! C−
| 1.70
|-
! D+
| 1.30
|-
! D 
| 1.00
|-
! F 
| 0.00
|}

Some universities don't include A+ in the grades<ref>{{PDFlink|http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/iso/calendar/2006-07/english/pdf/p7_04.pdf|63.4&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 65021 bytes -->}}, section 13.2</ref>, or set the grade point of A+ to be 4.00<ref>{{PDFlink|http://www.hku.hk/pubunit/cal2006/images/pt16.pdf|39.3&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 40287 bytes -->}}, section UG5</ref>, so that the maximum GPA attainable is 4.00 instead of 4.30. Some universities use a 12-point system called "CGA" instead<ref>{{PDFlink|http://publish.ust.hk/univ/cal0607/calendar/regu/ugregu.pdf|99.2&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 101673 bytes -->}}, section 21.4</ref>. Some universities do not include minus grades (i.e., no A-, B-, C-) and the grade point of A+, B+, C+, D+ is 4.5, 3.5, 2.5, 1.5 respectively.<ref>[http://www.polyu.edu.hk/as/ERN/ern_explanation.html Hong Kong PolyU GPA system explanation]</ref>

==== [[Russia]] and Former [[Soviet Union]]/[[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] (without [[Moldova]] and [[Belarus]]) ====

{{mergetomultiple-with|GPA in Central and Eastern Europe|with=Academic grading in Russia|date=June 2008|talk=Talk:GPA in Central and Eastern Europe#Proposed demerger}}

{{mergetomultiple-with|GPA in Central and Eastern Europe#Ukraine|with=Academic grading in Ukraine|date=June 2008|talk=Talk:GPA in Central and Eastern Europe#Proposed demerger}}

{{mergetomultiple-with|GPA in Central and Eastern Europe#Hungary|with=Academic grading in Hungary|date=June 2008|talk=Talk:GPA in Central and Eastern Europe#Proposed demerger}}

In Russia, [[Ukraine]], [[Hungary]] and likely many of the former [[Soviet Union]] (with the notable exception of Moldova, that switched to the [[Romania]]n system) and some countries formerly associated with the [[Eastern Bloc]], close variations of a five-point grading scale is used:

* 5: Very good or Excellent, equal to highest distinction (best possible grade)
* 4: Good (above average)
* 3: Satisfactory, sometimes translated into English as Fair (lowest passing grade)
* 2: Unsatisfactory (failing)
* 1: Poor (lowest possible grade, "failing with distinction")

Qualifiers + and - are often used to add some degree of differentiation between the grades: e.g., 4+ is better than 4, but a little worse than 5-. Grading varies greatly from school to school, university to university, and even teacher to teacher, and tends to be entirely subjective, even for courses that lend themselves to objective marking, such as mathematics and applied sciences. Even though the grades technically range from 1 to 5, 1 is not common and is rarely given for academic reasons—in many cases, a 1 is given as a result of failure to show up for or to complete an exam. A 2 grade usually means that the student showed no or little knowledge in a subject (in Russia/Ukraine, but not in Hungary).

It may be worth mentioning that 1 is somewhat an exotic grade in Russian schools, but it does exist officially. The mostly used grades are 5 to 2. + and - modifiers follow the same tendency; they are used rarely in middle school, and almost never in colleges or universities. Some institutions and teachers (excluding Russia), unsatisfied with the five-point scale, work with various larger ones, but these grading systems are not recognized by the state and require conversion for official use.

It is necessary to understand that, in Russian universities, all of the courses are compulsory subjects. There are no electives in the sense of the Western system available in Russia. However, very rarely in some universities are there certain subjects that are not graded at all. Such subjects could be interpreted as additional electives, because they are not compulsory, do not contribute towards the degree, and will not be mentioned in the final degree paper (diploma). However, the grade ‘Attended’ is issued if the attendance requirements are met by a student.

The majority of subjects are graded on a ‘Pass/No pass’ (Credit/No Credit) basis (зачёт/незачёт, pronounced as "zach`ot/nezach`ot"), and the rest is graded in terms of numbers. The 'Pass/No Pass" grades do not have any official numeric representation. When "zachot"- (credit- or pass-) type subjects are graded as ‘Pass/Not pass,’ this simply represents a student's good or poor knowledge of a subject. Each university implements its own understanding of the appropriate level of knowledge a student should have in order to pass studied subjects. Students in Russia must pass all of the offered subjects in order to graduate.

Due to several ways to translate the word "zachet" from Russian into English (it can be translated as "credit" or "pass"), this type of grading is the source of problems for Russian students applying to Western universities. Such grades may confuse Western universities and make it difficult to correctly calculate students' GPA in terms of Western systems.

In the past recent years, some of these countries (excluding Russia) have started to implement the following grading system:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! New System
! Old System
|-
|12
|5+
|-
|11
|5
|-
|10
|5-
|-
|9
|4+
|-
|8
|4
|-
|7
|4-
|-
|6
|3+
|-
|5
|3
|-
|4
|3-
|-
|3
|2
|-
|2
|1
|-
|1
|complete failing
|}

==== United Arab Emirates ====

At most universities and colleges, the United Arab Emirates' grading system is very similar to the United States' system. See [[Education in the United Arab Emirates]] for more information.

==== Others ====

* [[Academic grading in China|China]]
* [[Academic grading in India|India]]
* [[Academic grading in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
* [[Academic grading in Iran|Iran]]
* [[Academic grading in Israel|Israel]]
* [[Academic grading in Japan|Japan]]
* [[Academic grading in Nepal|Nepal]]
* [[Academic grading in Pakistan|Pakistan]]
* [[Academic grading in Philippines|Philippines]]
* [[GPA in Singapore|Singapore]]
* [[Academic grading in Vietnam|Vietnam]]

=== Europe ===

==== Albania ====

{{mergeto|Academic grading in Albania|date=June 2008}}

In [[Albania]], grades from 1 (sometimes 0) to 10 are used, with some schools allowing decimals (up to the hundredth digit) and some others only allowing whole numbers.
{|class="wikitable"
!Grade
!Qualification
|-
!10.00
|Excellent
|-
!8.00–9.99
|Very Good
|-
!6.00–7.99
|Good
|-
!5.00–5.99
|Sufficient
|-
!0.00–4.99
|Insufficient
|}
Most universities evaluate classes with two mid exams and a final. The [[final exam]] encompasses the whole course syllabus, whereas the mid exams usually review half. In some schools, if the average grade of the two mid exams is equal to or higher than 7.00, the student is able to pass the class without the need to take a final exam (since there are only two exams, some teachers also pass students who average 6.50; others weigh in the decision based on the student's performance in class). An average of less than 4.00 is failing; students who score such an average are not allowed to take the final exam.

In high schools, the year is divided into three trimesters and classes are usually yearlong. Students need an average of 6.00 or higher in the three trimestral exams to avoid having to take a final to pass the class. In the event of a student scoring less than 6.00 in the 3rd trimester, he or she would have to take a final exam, regardless of average. This is considered controversial, since the last trimestral exam is not more important than the first two, but the rule stands to prevent students who have already reached the minimum average (e.g., two 10.00 in the first two give a student the lowest possible average of 6.33) from not making an effort during the last three months of the year.

==== Bulgaria ====

{{mergeto|Academic grading in Bulgaria|date=June 2008}}

In [[Bulgaria]], the following grade scale is used in schools:

* 6: ''Отличен'' (''Excellent'', best possible grade)
* 5: ''Много добър'' (''Very Good'', next highest)
* 4: ''Добър'' (''Good'', indicates average performance)
* 3: ''Среден'' (''Sufficient'', lowest passing grade)
* 2: ''Слаб'' (''Poor'', failing grade)

For exact grading, two positions after the decimal point are used; thus, grades as, e.g., ''Poor'' (2.50), or ''Excellent'' (5.75), are common. Every passing grade at or above the .50 mark is prefixed with the term of the higher grade. The minimum is 2.00; grades below 3.00 are failing grades, and the maximum is 6.00.

Roughly, the Bulgarian grade system can be equated to the American one as the following: 6=A, 5=B, 4=C, 3=D, and 2=F.

==== Denmark ====

{{mergeto|Academic grading in Denmark|date=June 2008}}

The current scale, ''syv-trins-skalaen'' ("7-step-scale"), was introduced in 2007, replacing the old ''13-skalaen'' ("13-scale"). The new scale is designed to be compatible with the [[ECTS grading scale|ECTS-scale]].

''Syv-trins-skalaen'' consists of seven different grades, ranging from 12 to -3, with 12 being the highest:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Grade
! colspan=2| Description
! colspan=3| 13-scale-equivalent
! ECTS-equivalent
|-
! align="right" | −3
| colspan=2| entirely inadequate
| colspan=3| 00
| F
|-
! align="right" | 00
| colspan=2| inadequate
| colspan=3| 03 & 5
| Fx
|-
! align="right" | 02
| adequate
| the minimum acceptable (minimum passing grade)
| colspan=3| 6
| E
|-
! align="right" | 4
| fair
| numerous significant flaws, slightly below average
| colspan=3| 7
| D
|-
! align="right" | 7
| good
| numerous flaws (8 = average performance)
| colspan=3| 8 & 9
| C
|-
! align="right" | 10
| excellent
| few significant flaws
| colspan=3| 10
| B
|-
! align="right" | 12
| outstanding
| none or few insignificant flaws
| colspan=3| 11 & 13
| A
|}

This new scale remains a ''absolute'' scale, meaning that, proportions are not taken into consideration.

==== Ireland ====

{{mergeto|Academic grading in Ireland|date=June 2008}}

{| align=right class="wikitable"
|'''Percentage Range'''|| '''Grade''' || bgcolor=#FFD1DC | '''Points for <br>Higher''' || bgcolor=#FBEC5D| '''Points for <br>Ordinary''' || bgcolor=#7FFF00 | '''Points for<br> Foundation<ref>Some institutions award these points; most award nil.</ref>'''
|-
|90 – 100|| A1 || 100 || 60 || 20
|-
|85 – 89.9|| A2 || 90 || 50 || 15
|-
|80 – 84.9|| B1 || 85 || 45 || 10
|-
|75 – 79.9|| B2 || 80 || 40 || 5
|-
|70 – 74.9|| B3 || 75 || 35 || 0
|-
|65 – 69.9|| C1 || 70 || 30 || 0
|-
|60 – 64.9|| C2 || 65 || 25 || 0
|-
|55 – 59.9|| C3 || 60 || 20 || 0
|-
|50 – 54.9|| D1 || 55 || 15 || 0
|-
|45 – 49.9|| D2 || 50 || 10 || 0
|-
|40 – 44.9|| D3 || 45 || 5 || 0
|-
|25 – 39.9|| E || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|10 – 24.9|| F || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|0 – 9.9 || NG || 0 || 0 || 0
|}
In [[Ireland|Irish]] secondary schools, grades are awarded using letters along this scale:

* A: 100% - 85%
* B: 84% - 70%
* C: 69% - 55%
* D: 54% - 40% (lowest passing grade)
* E: 40% - 25% (failing)
* F: 25% - 10%

Any score below 10% is classed as NG or No Grade.

At Higher Level, a C grade and above is considered an 'Honour' grade.

[[Leaving Certificate]] results are measured by the number of 'points' awarded to the student. It is usually the amount of points awarded to the student that forms the basis for the student's acceptance or otherwise into a course of higher education (e.g., a university degree course).

A number of points between 0 and 100 are awarded to the student for each Leaving Certificate exam sat. The student then combines the points from his or her six top scoring exams, giving a final total score between 0 and 600. The number of points awarded for a particular grade depend on whether the student sat for the exam for the 'Higher Level' course or the 'Ordinary Level' course. The number of points awarded for each grade at the two levels are as follows:

Anything below a D3 is considered a failing grade, and no points are awarded.

==== Netherlands, The ====

{{mergetomultiple-with|Education in the Netherlands#Grading|with=Academic grading in the Netherlands|date=June 2008}}

In [[The Netherlands]], grades from 1.0 up to 10.0 are used, with 1 being worst and 10 being best. The grades 9 and 10 are hardly ever given on examinations (on average, a 9 is awarded in only 1.5%, and a 10 in 0.5% of cases). Generally, either one or two decimal places are used, and a +/− means a quarter (rounded to either 0.8 or 0.3 if only one decimal place is used). Thus, a grade of 6.75 (or 6.8) could be written as 7−, whereas a grade of 7+ would count for 7.25 or 7.3.

The grade scale with the labels:
* 10: excellent
* 9: very good
* 8: good
* 7: more than sufficient
* 6: sufficient
* 5: nearly sufficient
* 4: insufficient
* 3: strongly insufficient
* 2: poor
* 1: very poor

Usually 5.5 constitutes a pass, whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a pass and 5 and below is a fail. Sometimes, when no decimal place is used, an additional grade, 6−, is used as "barely passed." In contrast with the usual interpretation as a 5.75, this grade represents what would have been a 5.5 if a decimal place were used. In some other situations, the decimal point is expressly forbidden to be used for any grade between 5.0 and 6.0, so that graders are forced to specify a clear pass/fail decision.

An alternative system classifies grades of 6.0 and up as always passing, but also allows one or two classes in a school year with a score between 5.0 and 6.0. However, the average of all grades over the year must be over 6.0. If students do not reach the average of 6.0 or have more than two courses with a score between 5.0 and 6.0, a secondary exam must be taken to pass the failing classes. A score below 5.0 is always insufficient and the exam must be retaken.

Depending on the grade, several honors are available, including ''met genoegen'' and ''[[cum laude]]''. This honor system is typically only used at universities. For an average grade of at least 7, but not meeting the criteria for ''cum laude'', ''met genoegen'' (with pleasure) is sometimes awarded; this is strongly dependent on the criteria the university maintains. The criteria for the ''[[cum laude]]'' honor vary as well, usually requiring at least an 8 or 8.5 average grade. Various other conditions often apply as well, such as the condition of receiving no grades below a certain limit (6 or 7), or completing within certain time restrictions.

When different variations of ''cum laude'' are used, the degree of honor is usually dependent on the average grades over the school year. Usually, if the average score of the student is at least an 8.0, but less than 8.5 over the whole school year, the honor ''[[Wiktionary:cum laude|cum laude]]'' is awarded. If the grade is over 8.5, but less than 9.0(or 9.5 in some schools), ''[[Wiktionary:magna cum laude|magna cum laude]]'' is awarded. Lastly, if the grade is over 9.0 (or 9.5 in some schools), ''[[Wiktionary:summa cum laude|summa cum laude]]'' is awarded.

==== Others ====

* [[Academic grading in Austria|Austria]]
* [[Academic grading in Belgium|Belgium]]
* [[Academic grading in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Academic grading in Croatia|Croatia]]
* [[Academic grading in Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
* [[Academic grading in Finland|Finland]]
* [[Academic grading in France|France]]
* [[Academic grading in Germany|Germany]]
* [[Academic grading in Greece|Greece]]
* [[Academic grading in Hungary|Hungary]]
* [[Academic grading in Italy|Italy]]
* [[Academic grading in Latvia|Latvia]]
* Liechtenstein uses the [[Academic grading in Switzerland|Swiss Grading System]]
* [[Academic grading in Lithuania|Lithuania]]
* [[Academic grading in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
* Moldova uses the [[Academic grading in Romania|Romanian Grading System]]
* [[Academic grading in Norway|Norway]]
* [[Academic grading in Poland|Poland]]
* [[Academic grading in Portugal|Portugal]]
* [[Academic grading in Romania|Romania]]
* [[Academic grading in Serbia|Serbia]]
* [[Academic grading in Slovakia|Slovakia]]
* [[Academic grading in Slovenia|Slovenia]]
* [[Academic grading in Spain|Spain]]
* [[Academic grading in Sweden|Sweden]]
* [[Academic grading in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
* [[Academic grading in Ukraine|Ukraine]]
* [[Grades in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]

=== Oceania ===

==== Australia ====

{{mergetomultiple-with|GPA in Australia|with=Academic grading in Australia|date=June 2008}}

[[Australia]]n primary and secondary schools are currently migrating to a common reporting and assessment format. Education is the responsibility of the states in [[Australia]]. In 2005 the Federal Government introduced a universal common assessment and reporting standards legislation that all states had to adhere to. The grading system is now structured as follows, though the percentages are only an approximate guide:

* A: 90% and above (Excellent)
* B: 80-89% (Good)
* C: 79-70% (Average)
* D: 69-60% (Below Average)
* E: 59% and below (Failure)

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter
!Percentile
|-
!A
|93-above
|-
!B
|92-83
|-
!C
|82-73
|-
!D
|72-63
|-
!E
|62-below
|}

Most Australian tertiary institutions use close variations of the following grading structure:

* HD: 85% and above (High Distinction)
* D: 75-84% (Distinction)
* Cr: 65-74% (Credit Pass)
* P: 50-64% (Pass)
* F1: 45-49% (Fail level 1)
* F2: below 45% (Fail level 2)

Many courses also have Non-Graded Pass (NGP) and Non-Graded Fail (F), in which it is considered more appropriate to have qualitative than quantitative assessment. However, in some universities, an F1 category may be given a 'Pass Conceded' if the student's Weighted Average is greater than a nominated threshold. (More often than not, this is around the 53-55 range.)

Grade point averages are not generally used in Australia below a tertiary level. They are calculated according to more complicated formula than some other nations:

Grade Point Average (GPA) = Sum of (grade points × course unit values) / total number of credit points attempted, in which grade points are as follows:

* High Distinction = 7
* Distinction = 6
* Credit = 5
* Pass = 4
* Fail level 1 = 1
* Fail level 2 = 0

At some universities, such as University of Technology, Sydney, a GPA calculation out of 4 is calculated, whereby 4.0 = a High Distinction; 3.0 is a Distinction, 2.0 is a Credit, and 1.0 is a pass. In certain faculties, such as law, it is therefore possible to graduate with "honours" with a GPA of less than 2.5.

Whenever a course result is a Non-Graded Pass, the result will normally be disregarded in GPA calculation.

The term ''course unit values'' is used to distinguish between courses which have different weightings e.g. between a full year course and a single semester course.

The High School Certificate system varies from state to state. For example, in New South Wales, the UAI (Universities Admissions Index) determines tertiary positions. Government Supported Positions are given to students that achieve above a certain UAI threshold. (An example of this is a UAI of 85 for Civil Engineering at the University of New South Wales.<ref>http://www.uac.edu.au/pdf/2007_uai_coffs_csp_main.pdf</ref>) The value of the UAI corresponds with the percentile the student is placed within the state of New South Wales.

By contrast, in Queensland, graduating Year 12 students are awarded an OP of between 1 and 27, 1 being the most coveted; students are allocated their OP by means of a summation of marks from all their year 12 (and in some cases, year 11) courses, and also from the QCS ([Queensland Core Skills]) test, this being a series of four tests held at the end of secondary education.

==== New Zealand ====

{{main|Academic grading in New Zealand}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[http://www.bcsc.k12.in.us/EastHS/academics/grades.htm]
[http://www.carleton.ca/sasc/sasc_home/audit/cgpa.html]

== External links ==


{{Template group
* [http://www.collegetoolkit.com/College-Calculators/resCalcGPA.aspx GPA Calculator]
|title = Geographic locale
* [http://www.adsciengineering.com/web_tools/gpacalc Online US Collegiate GPA Calculator]
|list =
* [http://www.wes.org/gradeconversionguide/ WES-Online GPA Conversionguide]
{{Countries and territories of Oceania}}
* [http://nicosia.dia.uniroma3.it/Erasmus/scale.html ECTS grading scale in Italy]
{{Culture of Oceania}}
* [http://www.miller-group.net Centre, open source student information system with integrated flexible gradebook]
{{Austronesian-speaking}}
* [http://www.etr.mutf.hu/kredit/ECTS/ECTS.htm Hungarian ECTS Guide for academic year 2006/2007 (in English)]
}}
* [http://www.campustechnology.com/article.aspx?aid=48392 Online Grading - Article by Campus Technology e-Magazine]
{{Anglophone states}}
{{English official language clickable map}}


<!--Categories-->
{{Standards-based Education Reform}}
[[Category:Federal countries]]
[[Category:Federated States of Micronesia| ]]
[[Category:Freely associated states|Micronesia]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes|Micronesia]]
[[Category:Microstates]]
[[Category:Island countries|Micronesia]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:Liberal democracies]]


<!--Other languages-->
[[Category:Academic transfer]]
[[Category:Education reform]]
[[Category:Educational assessment and evaluation]]
[[Category:Evaluation methods]]
[[Category:Student assessment and evaluation]]


[[ar:ولايات ميكرونيسيا المتحدة]]
[[da:Karakter (bedømmelse)]]
[[an:Estatos Federatos de Micronesia]]
[[de:Schulnote]]
[[ast:Estaos Federaos de Micronesia]]
[[fa:معدل تحصیلی (آمریکا)]]
[[zh-min-nan:Micronesia Liân-pang-kok]]
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[[he:ציון (הערכה)]]
[[be-x-old:Фэдэратыўныя Штаты Мікранэзіі]]
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[[cs:Federativní státy Mikronésie]]
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[[cy:Taleithiau Ffederal Micronesia]]
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[[da:Mikronesien]]
[[zh:成績平均積點]]
[[de:Föderierte Staaten von Mikronesien]]
[[et:Mikroneesia Liiduriigid]]
[[el:Ομόσπονδες Πολιτείες της Μικρονησίας]]
[[es:Estados Federados de Micronesia]]
[[eo:Federacio de Mikronezio]]
[[eu:Mikronesiako Estatu Federatuak]]
[[fa:ایالات فدرال میکرونزی]]
[[fr:Micronésie (pays)]]
[[ga:Stáit Chónaidhme na Micrinéise]]
[[gv:Steatyn Conastit y Vynneeys]]
[[gl:Estados Federados de Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[ko:미크로네시아 연방]]
[[hr:Savezne Države Mikronezije]]
[[io:Mikronezia]]
[[id:Federasi Mikronesia]]
[[is:Míkrónesía (ríki)]]
[[it:Stati Federati di Micronesia]]
[[he:מיקרונזיה]]
[[jv:Mikronesia]]
[[pam:Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[kn:ಮೈಕ್ರೊನೇಷ್ಯದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು]]
[[ka:მიკრონეზიის ფედერაციული შტატები]]
[[kk:Микронезия Федерациялық Штаттары]]
[[kw:Statys Kesunys Mikronesi]]
[[ht:Mikwonezi (peyi)]]
[[la:Foederatae Micronesiae Civitates]]
[[lv:Mikronēzija (valsts)]]
[[lt:Mikronezijos Federacinės Valstijos]]
[[lij:Micronesia]]
[[hu:Mikronéziai Szövetségi Államok]]
[[mk:Федерални Држави на Микронезија]]
[[ms:Persekutuan Micronesia]]
[[nah:Micronesia]]
[[nl:Micronesia]]
[[ja:ミクロネシア連邦]]
[[no:Mikronesiaføderasjonen]]
[[nn:Mikronesiaføderasjonen]]
[[uz:Mikroneziya]]
[[ps:مايکرونېزيا/مايکرونېشيا]]
[[nds:Mikronesien (Republik)]]
[[pl:Mikronezja]]
[[pt:Estados Federados da Micronésia]]
[[ru:Федеративные Штаты Микронезии]]
[[se:Mikronesia]]
[[sm:Feterisitete o Micronisia]]
[[scn:Stati Fidirati di Micronesia]]
[[simple:Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[sk:Mikronézia (štát)]]
[[sl:Federativne države Mikronezije]]
[[sr:Федералне Државе Микронезије]]
[[fi:Mikronesian liittovaltio]]
[[sv:Mikronesiens federerade stater]]
[[tl:Micronesia (estado)]]
[[ta:மைக்குரேனேசிய கூட்டாட்சி நாடுகள்]]
[[th:ประเทศไมโครนีเซีย]]
[[tr:Mikronezya Federal Devletleri]]
[[uk:Федеративні Штати Мікронезії]]
[[wo:Réew yu Bennoo yu Mikronesi]]
[[bat-smg:Mikronezėjė (valstībė)]]
[[zh:密克罗尼西亚联邦]]

Revision as of 14:17, 12 October 2008

This article is about the sovereign state in Oceania. For the region named "Micronesia", see Micronesia.
Federated States of Micronesia
[[File:Fm CoA.jpg<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here--~~~~Insert non-formatted text here--~~~~--~~~~<s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><s>Strike-through text</s><s><sub>Strike-through text</sub>[[http://www.example.com link title]<math><math>Insert formula here</math></math>]</s></s></s></s></s></nowiki></nowiki></nowiki>|85px|Coat of arms of Federated States of Micronesia]]
Coat of arms
Motto: Peace Unity Liberty
Anthem: Patriots of Micronesia
Location of Federated States of Micronesia
CapitalPalikir
Largest cityWeno
Official languagesEnglish (national; local languages are used at state and municipal levels)
Demonym(s)Micronesian
GovernmentDemocratic Federated Presidential Republic
• President
Manny Mori
Alik L. Alik
Independence 
from US-administered UN Trusteeship
• Date
3 November 1986
Area
• Total
702 km2 (271 sq mi) (188th)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• July 2007 estimate
107,862 (181st)
• 2000 census
107,000
• Density
154/km2 (398.9/sq mi) (66th)
GDP (PPP)2002 estimate
• Total
$277 million² (215th)
• Per capita
$2,000 (180th)
HDI (2003)n/a
Error: Invalid HDI value (n/a)
CurrencyUnited States dollar (USD)
Time zoneUTC+10 and +11
• Summer (DST)
UTC+10 and +11 (not observed)
Calling code691
ISO 3166 codeFM
Internet TLD.fm
  1. GDP is supplemented by grant aid, averaging around $100 million annually (2002 estimate).
  2. 2002 estimate.

The Federated States of Micronesia [ˌmaɪkroʊˈniʒə]ⓘ is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, north of Papua New Guinea. The country is a sovereign state in free association with the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia were formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trust Territory under U.S. administration. In 1979 they adopted a constitution, and in 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

The Federated States of Micronesia are located in the region known as Micronesia, which consists of hundreds of small islands divided in eight territories. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole.

History

Main article: History of the Federated States of Micronesia

The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious empire centered on Yap.

Nan Madol, consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located near the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about AD 500 until 1500, when the centralized system collapsed.

European explorers — first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish — reached the Carolines in the sixteenth century, with the Spanish establishing sovereignty. It was sold to Germany in 1899, conquered by Japan in 1914, before being seized by the United States during World War II and administered by the US under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

During World War II, a significant portion of the Japanese fleet was based in Truk Lagoon. In February 1944, Operation Hailstone, one of the most important naval battles of the war, took place at Truk, in which many Japanese support vessels and aircraft were destroyed.

On May 10, 1979, four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States of America, which entered into force on November 3, 1986, marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. The Compact was renewed in 2004.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia are governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators — one from each state — serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population, and serve two-year terms. The President and Vice President are elected by Congress from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections. The president and vice president are supported by an appointed cabinet. There are no formal political parties.

In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has always voted with the United States with respect to United Nations General Assembly resolutions.[1]

Administrative divisions

The four states in the federation are:

Flag State Capital Land area[2] Population[3] Population density
Flag of Chuuk Chuuk Weno 127 km² 53,595 420 per km²
Flag of Kosrae Kosrae Tofol 110 km² 7,686 70 per km²
Flag of Pohnpei Pohnpei Kolonia 346 km² 34,486 100 per km²
Flag of Yap Yap Colonia 118 km² 11,241 95 per km²

These states are further divided into municipalities.

Geography

Map of the Federated States of Micronesia
Main article: Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending 1,800 miles (2,900 km) (2,900 km) across the archipelago of the Caroline Islands east of the Philippines. The four constituent island groups are Yap, Chuuk (called Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusiae). These four states are each represented by a white star on the national flag. The capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei.

The country has seven official languages: English, Ulithian, Woleaian, Yapese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean, and Chuukese.

The other languages spoken in Micronesia are Pingelapese, Ngatikese, Satawalese, Kapingamarangi Language, Nukuoro Language, Puluwatese, and Mokilese.

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia

Economic activity of the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line tuna fishing is also viable with foreign vessels from Taiwan and China operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986-2001. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.

The nation uses the US dollar as their currency.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia

The indigenous population of the Federated States of Micronesia, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% Pacific Islander and Asian population. Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. Many Micronesians are known to have some Japanese ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period.[4][5]

There is a growing population of Americans, Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines. English has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. Population growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration.

Pohnpei is notable for the prevalence of the extreme form of color blindness known as maskun.

Culture

A large (approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) in height) example of Yapese stone money in the village of Gachpar.
See also: Music of the Federated States of Micronesia

Each of the four States has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. For example, cultural similarities like the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems can be found on all the islands.

The island of Yap is notable for its "stone money" (Rai stones), large disks usually of calcite, up to 12 feet (4 m) in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when ownership changes. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, Ray, Yar, and Reng, the last being only 1 foot (0.3 m) in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as New Guinea, but most coming in ancient times from Palau. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.

Defense arrangements

The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the United States, which is wholly responsible for its defense. The Division of Maritime Surveillance operates a paramilitary Maritime Wing and a small Maritime Police Unit.

The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship. [6]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Top Ten Countries that Vote with the United States at the UN" (Jewish Virtual Library, 1997) lists Micronesia at the top of the list at 100 per cent.
  2. ^ FSM government website - Geography
  3. ^ FSM government website - Population
  4. ^ President Emanuel Mori Meets With Japan Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda; AESonline.org
  5. ^ A Reluctant Power
  6. ^ U.S. Military Enlistment Standards

References

  1. US-CIA. CIA - The World Factbook: Federated States of Micronesia. The World Factbook. United States of America: Central Intelligence Agency. 2003.
  2. History_Federated_States_of_Micronesia

Bibliography

  • Brower, Kenneth (1981). Micronesia: The Land, the People, and the Sea. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807109924. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Darrach, Brad (1995). "Treasured Islands". Life (August 1995): 46–53. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Falgout, Suzanne (1995). "Americans in Paradise: Anthropologists, Custom, and Democracy in Postwar Micronesia". Ethnology. 34 (Spring 1995): 99–111. doi:10.2307/3774100. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Friedman, Hal M. (1993). "The Beast in Paradise: The United States Navy in Micronesia, 1943–1947". Pacific Historical Review. 62 (May 1993): 173–195. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Friedman, Hal M. (1994). "Arguing over Empire". Journal of Pacific History. 29 (1994): 36–48. doi:10.1080/00223349408572757. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Hanlon, David (1998). Remaking Micronesia: Discourses over Development in a Pacific Territory, 1944–1982. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824818946. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Hezel, Francis X. (1995). "The Church in Micronesia". America. 18 (February 1995): 23–24. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Kluge, P. F. (1991). The Edge of Paradise: America in Micronesia. New York: Random House. ISBN 0394581784. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Malcomson, S. L. (1989). "Stranger than Paradise". Mother Jones. 14 (January 1989): 19–25. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • "Micronesia: A New Nation". U.S. News & World Report (October 15, 1984): 80–81. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Parfit, Michael (2003). "Islands of the Pacific". National Geographic. 203 (March 2003): 106–125. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Patterson, Carolyn Bennett (1986). "In the Far Pacific: At the Birth of Nations". National Geographic. 170 (October 1986): 460–500. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Peoples, James G. (1993). "Political Evolution in Micronesia". Ethnology. 32 (Winter 1993): 1–17. doi:10.2307/3773542. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Rainbird, Paul (2003). "Taking the Tapu: Defining Micronesia by Absence". Journal of Pacific History. 38 (September 2003): 237–250. doi:10.1080/0022334032000120558. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  • Schwalbenberg, Henry M. (1994). "Micronesian Trade and Foreign Assistance". Journal of Pacific History. 29 (1): 95–104. doi:10.1080/00223349408572762. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

Government

General

News media

Travel

Maps

  1. ^ "Habele Fund Awards FSM Scholarships" Pacific Magazine Online, August 4, 2007.[1]
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