Erbovirus: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(23 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of viruses}}
{{taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
| virus_group = iv
{{Virusbox
| ordo = ''[[Picornavirales]]''
| image =
| familia = ''[[Picornaviridae]]''
| image_alt =
| genus = '''''Erbovirus'''''
| image_caption =
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Type Species
| parent = Erbovirus
⚫
| subdivision =
*''Erbovirus A''
| species = Erbovirus A
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
⚫
| subdivision_ranks =
⚫
| subdivision =
}}
}}


'''''Erbovirus''''' is a genus of [[viruses]] in the order [[Picornavirales]], in the family [[Picornaviridae]]. Horses serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species ''Erbovirus A''. Diseases associated with this genus include: upper respiratory tract disease with viremia and fecal shedding.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/650.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web|last1=ICTV|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release|url=http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=dpvweb>{{cite web | title = Notes on Genus: Erbovirus | work = dpvweb| url = http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/showgenus.php?genus=Erbovirus | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref> Viruses belonging to the ''Erbovirus'' genus have been isolated in horses with acute upper febrile respiratory disease.<ref name=Dynon_2007>{{cite journal |author=Dynon K, Black W, Ficorilli N, Hartley C, Studdert M |title=Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology |journal=Aust Vet J |volume=85 |issue=1–2 |pages=46–50 |year=2007 |pmid=17300454 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00096.x}}</ref> The structure of the erbovirus virion is icosahedral,<ref name=dpvweb /> having a diameter of 27-30&nbsp;nm.<ref name=ICTVdb>{{cite web | title = ''''Erbovirus'''' | work = ICTVdb | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.052.0.07.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref>
'''''Erbovirus''''' is a genus of [[viruses]] in the order ''[[Picornavirales]]'', in the family ''[[Picornaviridae]]''. Horses serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: '''''Erbovirus A'''''. Diseases associated with this genus include: upper respiratory tract disease with viremia and fecal shedding.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/650.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=dpvweb>{{cite web | title = Notes on Genus: Erbovirus | work = dpvweb| url = http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/showgenus.php?genus=Erbovirus | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref> Viruses belonging to the genus ''Erbovirus'' have been isolated in horses with acute upper febrile respiratory disease.<ref name=Dynon_2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dynon K, Black W, Ficorilli N, Hartley C, Studdert M |title=Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology |journal=Aust Vet J |volume=85 |issue=1–2 |pages=46–50 |year=2007 |pmid=17300454 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00096.x}}</ref> The structure of the ''Erbovirus'' virion is icosahedral,<ref name=dpvweb /> having a diameter of 27–30&nbsp;nm.<ref name=ICTVdb>{{cite web | title = ''Erbovirus'' | work = ICTVdb | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.052.0.07.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
<big>'''Group: ssRNA(+)'''</big>
{{Collapsible list|title= <big>Order: [[Picornavirales]]</big>
|1={{Collapsible list| framestyle=border:none; padding:1.0em;|title=Family: [[Picornaviridae]]
|1={{hidden begin|title=<small>Genus: Erbovirus</small>}}
*<small>'''''Erbovirus A'''''</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}
}}<ref name=ICTV />


==Physical characteristics==
==Physical characteristics==
Viruses in Erbovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30&nbsp;nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.8kb in length.<ref name=ViralZone />
Viruses in ''Erbovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30&nbsp;nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.8kb in length.<ref name=ViralZone />


The virion essentially is a [[nucleocapsid]] that is visible under an [[electron microscope]] and is able to infect cultured cells from a broad range of mammals including rabbit kidney (RK13), African green monkey kidney (Vero), equine foetal kidney (EFK), and is able to infect humans.<ref name=Kriegshäuser_2005>{{cite journal |author=Kriegshäuser G, Deutz A, Kuechler E, Skern T, Lussy H, Nowotny N |title=Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to Equine rhinitis A and B virus in horses and man |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=106 |issue=3–4 |pages=293–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15778036 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.029}}</ref>
The virion essentially is a [[nucleocapsid]] that is visible under an [[electron microscope]] and is able to infect cultured cells from a broad range of mammals including rabbit kidney (RK13), African green monkey kidney (Vero), equine foetal kidney (EFK), and is able to infect humans.<ref name="Kriegshäuser_2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kriegshäuser G, Deutz A, Kuechler E, Skern T, Lussy H, Nowotny N |title=Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to Equine rhinitis A and B virus in horses and man |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=106 |issue=3–4 |pages=293–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15778036 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.029}}</ref>


The [[RNA]] genome of the virion is inside the capsid that is composed by twelve capsomers, which are cup-shaped pentamers.
The [[RNA]] genome of the virion is inside the capsid that is composed by twelve capsomers, which are cup-shaped pentamers.{{cn|date=November 2022}}


The erbovirus particles are non-enveloped and the molecular mass of the virions is around 8-9 x 10<sup>6</sup> Daltons.<ref name=ICTVdb /> They are resistant to inactivation by non-ionic detergent treatment.<ref name=ICTVdb />
The erbovirus particles are non-enveloped and the molecular mass of the virions is around {{val|8|-|9|e=6|u= daltons}}.<ref name=ICTVdb /> They are resistant to inactivation by non-ionic detergent treatment.<ref name=ICTVdb />


Erbovirus, as a typical picornavirus, has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. A feature of the picornavirus genome is the virus protein that is linked at the 5’ end of the genome, known as "VPg" (Virus-Protein-attached-to-the-Genome).<ref name=dpvweb /> In addition, the 3’ end of the genome has a poly-A tail.<ref name=dpvweb /> The transcription of the erbovirus genome gives rise to a polyprotein which is further more processed and cleaved to give the mature viral proteins, in order from 5' to 3' : L ("Leader"), VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A (Vpg), 3B, 3C<sup>pro</sup>, 3D<sup>pol</sup>.<ref name=Wutz_1996>{{cite journal |author=Wutz G, Auer H, Nowotny N, Grosse B, Skern T, Kuechler E |title=Equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=77 ( Pt 8) |issue= 8|pages=1719–30 |year=1996 |pmid=8760418 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1719}}</ref>
Erbovirus, as a typical picornavirus, has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. A feature of the picornavirus genome is the virus protein that is linked at the 5’ end of the genome, known as "VPg" (Virus-Protein-attached-to-the-Genome).<ref name=dpvweb /> In addition, the 3’ end of the genome has a poly-A tail.<ref name=dpvweb /> The transcription of the erbovirus genome gives rise to a polyprotein which is further more processed and cleaved to give the mature viral proteins, in order from 5' to 3' : L ("Leader"), VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A (Vpg), 3B, 3C<sup>pro</sup>, 3D<sup>pol</sup>.<ref name=Wutz_1996>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wutz G, Auer H, Nowotny N, Grosse B, Skern T, Kuechler E |title=Equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=77 ( Pt 8) |issue= 8|pages=1719–30 |year=1996 |pmid=8760418 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1719|doi-access=free }}</ref>


The type (and only) species of the ''Erbovirus'' genus is ''Equine rhinitis B virus'' which was recently found to have three phylogenetically distinct serotypes, equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV)-1, ERBV-2 and ERBV-3.<ref name=Black_2006>{{cite journal |author=Black W, Studdert M |title=Formerly unclassified, acid-stable equine picornaviruses are a third equine rhinitis B virus serotype in the genus Erbovirus |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=87 |issue=Pt 10 |pages=3023–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16963761 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.81937-0}}</ref> One such phylogenetic group was found to comprise mostly "acid stable" virus isolates, surviving pH 3.6 for 1 hour at room temperature.<ref name=Black_2005>{{cite journal |author=Black W, Hartley C, Ficorilli N, Studdert M |title=Sequence variation divides Equine rhinitis B virus into three distinct phylogenetic groups that correlate with serotype and acid stability |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=86 |issue=Pt 8 |pages=2323–32 |year=2005 |pmid=16033980 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.80778-0}}</ref>
The only species of the genus ''Erbovirus'' is equine rhinitis B virus which was recently found to have three phylogenetically distinct serotypes, equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV)-1, ERBV-2 and ERBV-3.<ref name=Black_2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Black W, Studdert M |title=Formerly unclassified, acid-stable equine picornaviruses are a third equine rhinitis B virus serotype in the genus Erbovirus |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=87 |issue=Pt 10 |pages=3023–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16963761 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.81937-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> One such phylogenetic group was found to comprise mostly "acid stable" virus isolates, surviving pH 3.6 for 1 hour at room temperature.<ref name=Black_2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Black W, Hartley C, Ficorilli N, Studdert M |title=Sequence variation divides Equine rhinitis B virus into three distinct phylogenetic groups that correlate with serotype and acid stability |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=86 |issue=Pt 8 |pages=2323–32 |year=2005 |pmid=16033980 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.80778-0|doi-access=free }}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic Arrangement !! Genomic Segmentation
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation
|-
|-
|Erbovirus||Icosahedral||Pseudo T=3||Non-Enveloped||Linear||Monopartite
|''Erbovirus''||Icosahedral||Pseudo T=3||Non-enveloped||Linear||Monopartite
|}
|}


==Life Cycle==
==Life cycle==
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Horses serve as the natural host.<ref name=ViralZone />
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Horses serve as the natural host.<ref name=ViralZone />


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! Genus !! Host Details !! Tissue Tropism !! Entry Details !! Release Details !! Replication Site !! Assembly Site !! Transmission
! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
|-
|-
|Erbovirus||Horse||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Lysis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Contact
|''Erbovirus''||Horse||None||Cell receptor endocytosis||Lysis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Contact
|}
|}


==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology==
ERBV's appear to infect most foals and weanlings, eliciting a low serum antibody response in stark contrast to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), which is the only species of the genus ''[[Aphthovirus]]'' that is not a [[foot-and-mouth disease]] virus (FMDV), and appears to only infect horses once they begin training for racing (approx. 2 years old). ERAV enters the blood and elicits a very high serum antibody response that seems to then limit the spread of the virus by [[herd immunity]], given that only approximately 40% of horses have detectable ERAV antibody.<ref name=Black_2007>{{cite journal |author=Black W, Wilcox R, Stevenson R, Hartley C, Ficorilli N, Gilkerson J, Studdert M |title=Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2 |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=65–71 |year=2007 |pmid=17046179 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.031}}</ref> The low serum antibody response of ERBV appears to allow the continual, seasonal re-infection of horses. Horses are also known to shed ERBV for up to two years, possibly more.
ERBV's appear to infect most foals and weanlings, eliciting a low serum antibody response in stark contrast to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), which is the only species of the genus ''[[Aphthovirus]]'' that is not a [[foot-and-mouth disease]] virus (FMDV), and appears to only infect horses once they begin training for racing (approx. 2 years old). ERAV enters the blood and elicits a very high serum antibody response that seems to then limit the spread of the virus by [[herd immunity]], given that only approximately 40% of horses have detectable ERAV antibody.<ref name=Black_2007>{{cite journal |vauthors=Black W, Wilcox R, Stevenson R, Hartley C, Ficorilli N, Gilkerson J, Studdert M |title=Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2 |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=65–71 |year=2007 |pmid=17046179 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.031}}</ref> The low serum antibody response of ERBV appears to allow the continual, seasonal re-infection of horses. Horses are also known to shed ERBV for up to two years, possibly more.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Acid-stable equine picornavirus]]


== References ==
== References ==

<!-- ---------------------------------------------------------------
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template
-------------------------------------------------------------------- -->
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External Links==
==External links==
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/650.html '''Viralzone''': Erbovirus]
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/650.html '''Viralzone''': Erbovirus]
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
{{Baltimore classification}}
{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5385174}}


[[Category:Horse diseases]]
[[Category:Horse diseases]]
[[Category:Picornaviridae]]
[[Category:Picornaviridae]]
[[Category:Animal virology]]
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]
[[Category:Virus genera]]

Latest revision as of 04:01, 22 November 2023

Erbovirus A
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Erbovirus
Species:
Erbovirus A

Erbovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Horses serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Erbovirus A. Diseases associated with this genus include: upper respiratory tract disease with viremia and fecal shedding.[1][2][3] Viruses belonging to the genus Erbovirus have been isolated in horses with acute upper febrile respiratory disease.[4] The structure of the Erbovirus virion is icosahedral,[3] having a diameter of 27–30 nm.[5]

Physical characteristics[edit]

Viruses in Erbovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.8kb in length.[1]

The virion essentially is a nucleocapsid that is visible under an electron microscope and is able to infect cultured cells from a broad range of mammals including rabbit kidney (RK13), African green monkey kidney (Vero), equine foetal kidney (EFK), and is able to infect humans.[6]

The RNA genome of the virion is inside the capsid that is composed by twelve capsomers, which are cup-shaped pentamers.[citation needed]

The erbovirus particles are non-enveloped and the molecular mass of the virions is around (8–9)×106 daltons.[5] They are resistant to inactivation by non-ionic detergent treatment.[5]

Erbovirus, as a typical picornavirus, has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. A feature of the picornavirus genome is the virus protein that is linked at the 5’ end of the genome, known as "VPg" (Virus-Protein-attached-to-the-Genome).[3] In addition, the 3’ end of the genome has a poly-A tail.[3] The transcription of the erbovirus genome gives rise to a polyprotein which is further more processed and cleaved to give the mature viral proteins, in order from 5' to 3' : L ("Leader"), VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A (Vpg), 3B, 3Cpro, 3Dpol.[7]

The only species of the genus Erbovirus is equine rhinitis B virus which was recently found to have three phylogenetically distinct serotypes, equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV)-1, ERBV-2 and ERBV-3.[8] One such phylogenetic group was found to comprise mostly "acid stable" virus isolates, surviving pH 3.6 for 1 hour at room temperature.[9]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Erbovirus Icosahedral Pseudo T=3 Non-enveloped Linear Monopartite

Life cycle[edit]

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Horses serve as the natural host.[1]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Erbovirus Horse None Cell receptor endocytosis Lysis Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contact

Epidemiology[edit]

ERBV's appear to infect most foals and weanlings, eliciting a low serum antibody response in stark contrast to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), which is the only species of the genus Aphthovirus that is not a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and appears to only infect horses once they begin training for racing (approx. 2 years old). ERAV enters the blood and elicits a very high serum antibody response that seems to then limit the spread of the virus by herd immunity, given that only approximately 40% of horses have detectable ERAV antibody.[10] The low serum antibody response of ERBV appears to allow the continual, seasonal re-infection of horses. Horses are also known to shed ERBV for up to two years, possibly more.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d "Notes on Genus: Erbovirus". dpvweb. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  4. ^ Dynon K, Black W, Ficorilli N, Hartley C, Studdert M (2007). "Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology". Aust Vet J. 85 (1–2): 46–50. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00096.x. PMID 17300454.
  5. ^ a b c "Erbovirus". ICTVdb. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  6. ^ Kriegshäuser G, Deutz A, Kuechler E, Skern T, Lussy H, Nowotny N (2005). "Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to Equine rhinitis A and B virus in horses and man". Vet Microbiol. 106 (3–4): 293–6. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.029. PMID 15778036.
  7. ^ Wutz G, Auer H, Nowotny N, Grosse B, Skern T, Kuechler E (1996). "Equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses". J Gen Virol. 77 ( Pt 8) (8): 1719–30. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1719. PMID 8760418.
  8. ^ Black W, Studdert M (2006). "Formerly unclassified, acid-stable equine picornaviruses are a third equine rhinitis B virus serotype in the genus Erbovirus". J Gen Virol. 87 (Pt 10): 3023–7. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81937-0. PMID 16963761.
  9. ^ Black W, Hartley C, Ficorilli N, Studdert M (2005). "Sequence variation divides Equine rhinitis B virus into three distinct phylogenetic groups that correlate with serotype and acid stability". J Gen Virol. 86 (Pt 8): 2323–32. doi:10.1099/vir.0.80778-0. PMID 16033980.
  10. ^ Black W, Wilcox R, Stevenson R, Hartley C, Ficorilli N, Gilkerson J, Studdert M (2007). "Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2". Vet Microbiol. 119 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.031. PMID 17046179.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erbovirus&oldid=1186287263"