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{{Short description|Genus of viruses}}
{{taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
| virus_group = iii
{{Virusbox
| ordo = ''unassigned''
| taxon = Hypovirus
| familia = ''[[Hypoviridae]]''
| genus = '''''Hypovirus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Type Species
| subdivision =
⚫
*''[[Cryphonectria hypovirus 1]]''
}}
}}


'''''Hypovirus''''' is a genus of [[viruses]], in the family '''''Hypoviridae'''''.<ref name= ICTV>{{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=N |last2=Ghabrial |first2=SA |last3=Kim |first3=KH |last4=Pearson |first4=M |last5=Marzano |first5=SL |last6=Yaegashi |first6=H |last7=Xie |first7=J |last8=Guo |first8=L |last9=Kondo |first9=H |last10=Koloniuk |first10=I |last11=Hillman |first11=BI |last12=Ictv Report |first12=Consortium |title=ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hypoviridae. |journal=The Journal of General Virology |date=May 2018 |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=615–616 |doi=10.1099/jgv.0.001055 |pmid=29589826|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/329670 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus.<ref name=ictv2020>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> Infection reduces the [[virulence]] of its parasitic host, making it a [[hyperparasite]] useful for [[blight]] control.<ref name=ICTV /><ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/594.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
'''''Hypovirus''''' is a genus of [[viruses]], in the family [[Hypoviridae]]. Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are currently four species in this genus including the type species [[Cryphonectria hypovirus 1]]. Diseases associated with this genus include: host virulence reduction.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/594.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web|last1=ICTV|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release|url=http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>

==Species==
The following species are recognized by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV)
, all of which were found with ''[[Cryphonectria parasitica]]'':<ref name=ICTV /><ref name=ictv2020 />
⚫
*''[[Cryphonectria hypovirus 1]]''
*''[[Cryphonectria hypovirus 2]]''
*''[[Cryphonectria hypovirus 3]]''
*''[[Cryphonectria hypovirus 4]]''

There are numerous family members affecting other plant-pathogenic fungi not yet accepted into the ICTV nomenclature. A proposal reorganizes the family into three genera.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.03131 |doi-access=free|title=Molecular and Biological Characterization of the First Hypovirus Identified in Fusarium oxysporum|year=2020|last1=Torres-Trenas|first1=Almudena|last2=Cañizares|first2=M. Carmen|last3=García-Pedrajas|first3=M. Dolores|last4=Pérez-Artés|first4=Encarnación|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=10|page=3131|pmid=32038565|pmc=6992542}}</ref> The informal family ''[[Fusariviridae]]'' is the sister group.<ref>{{cite journal |title=ICTV report: Hypoviridae |journal=Ictv.global |url=https://ictv.global/report/hypoviridae |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
The diameter is around 50–80nm. Genomes are linear, around 9–13kb in length. The genome has 1 or 2 open reading frames.<ref name=ViralZone />
The diameter is around 50–80&nbsp;nm. Genomes are linear, around 9–13kb in length. The genome has 1 or 2 [[open reading frame]]s, named OrfA (not always present) and OrfB.<ref name=ICTV /><ref name=ViralZone />


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic Arrangement !! Genomic Segmentation
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation
|-
|-
|Hypovirus||No true capsid||||Non-Enveloped||Linear||Monopartite
|''Hypovirus''||No true capsid||||Non-enveloped||Linear||Monopartite
|}
|}

⚫
==Life Cycle==
The genome contains no structural proteins. The virus accordingly does not bud out of the cell (see "life cycle" below). Both open reading frames of CHV1 contain a [[papain]]-like [[protease]] to the [[N-terminus|N-terminal]] that is autocatalyticly cleaved. OrfA (p69, {{UniProt|P10941}}) cleaves into the p29 C7 protease and a nonessential p40 protein. OrfB ({{UniProt|Q04350}}) cleaves into a p48 C8 protease and the [[RNA replicase]]&ndash;[[helicase]]. <ref name=ViralZone />
⚫
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host.<ref name=ViralZone />

⚫
==Life cycle==
⚫
Viral replication is [[cytoplasm|cytoplasmic]]. Replication follows the [[Double-stranded RNA viruses|double-stranded RNA virus]] replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host.<ref name=ICTV /><ref name=ViralZone />


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! Genus !! Host Details !! Tissue Tropism !! Entry Details !! Release Details !! Replication Site !! Assembly Site !! Transmission
! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
|-
|-
|Hypovirus||Fungi||None||Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis||Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis
|''Hypovirus''||Fungi||None||Cytoplasmic exchange; [[hypha|hyphal]] [[anastomosis]]||Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis
|}
|}


==CHV1 – Chestnut blight hypovirulence==
==CHV1 – Chestnut blight hypovirulence==
⚫
Up to 2000, Hypovirus CHV1 was the only hypovirus found in Europe.<ref name=Peever /> It is known for reducing the virulence of the fungus that causes [[chestnut blight]] (i.e. hypovirulence).<ref name=Choi>{{cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=Gil|title=Hypovirulence of Chestnut Blight Fungus Conferred by an Infectious Viral cDNA|journal=Science|volume=257|issue=5071|pages=800–803|doi=10.1126/science.1496400|pmid=1496400|year=1992|bibcode=1992Sci...257..800C}}</ref> ''Cryphonectria parasitica'', the ascomycete fungus, originated in Asia and causes the disease [[chestnut blight]] in several [[chestnut]] species (''Castanea'' spp.). Although symptoms are mild in Asian chestnut species that have co-evolved with the fungus, they are very severe in the North [[American chestnut]] species ''C. dentata'' and also in the European sweet chestnut, ''C. sativa''.<ref name=ForestryComm>{{cite web|title=Sweet chestnut blight (''Cryphonectria parasitica'')|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/chestnutblight|publisher=Forestry Commission, UK|access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Hypovirus has been used for protection against chestnut blight in Europe since the 1970s.<ref name=Peever>{{cite journal|last1=Peever|first1=Tobin|last2=Liu|first2=Yir-Chung|last3=Cortese|first3=Paolo|last4=Milgroom|first4=Michael|title=Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=November 2000|volume=66|issue=11|pages=4863–4869|doi=10.1128/AEM.66.11.4863-4869.2000|pmid=11055936|pmc=92392|bibcode=2000ApEnM..66.4863P|url=http://aem.asm.org/content/66/11/4863.full|access-date=13 August 2014|citeseerx=10.1.1.504.6576}}</ref>

⚫
Hypovirus CHV1 is the only hypovirus found in Europe up to 2000.<ref name=Peever /> It is known for reducing the virulence of the fungus that causes [[chestnut blight]] (i.e. hypovirulence).<ref name=Choi>{{cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=Gil|title=Hypovirulence of Chestnut Blight Fungus Conferred by an Infectious Viral cDNA|journal=Science|volume=257|pages=800–803|doi=10.1126/science.1496400}}</ref> ''Cryptonectria parasitica'', the ascomycete fungus, originated in Asia and causes the disease [[chestnut blight]] in several chestnut species (''Castanea'' sp.). Although symptoms are mild in Asian chestnut species that have co-evolved with the fungus, they are very severe in the North [[American chestnut]] species ''C. dentata'' and also in the European sweet chestnut, ''C. sativa''.<ref name=ForestryComm>{{cite web|title=Sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/chestnutblight|publisher=Forestry Commission, UK|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref> Hypovirus has been used for protection against chestnut blight in Europe since the 1970s.<ref name=Peever>{{cite journal|last1=Peever|first1=Tobin|last2=Liu|first2=Yir-Chung|last3=Cortese|first3=Paolo|last4=Milgroom|first4=Michael|title=Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=November 2000|volume=66|issue=11|pages=4863–4869|doi=10.1128/AEM.66.11.4863-4869.2000|url=http://aem.asm.org/content/66/11/4863.full|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External Links==
==External links==
* [https://ictv.global/report/hypoviridae '''ICTV Report ''Hypoviridae''''']
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/594.html '''Viralzone''': Hypovirus]
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/594.html '''Viralzone''': Hypovirus]
* [[MEROPS]] protease families: [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/merops/cgi-bin/famsum?family=C7 C7], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/merops/cgi-bin/famsum?family=C8 C8]
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
{{Baltimore classification}}
{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q3775807|from2=Q10885843}}

[[Category:Hypoviridae]]
[[Category:Hypoviridae]]
[[Category:Virus genera]]
[[Category:Virus genera]]

Revision as of 22:31, 5 January 2024

Hypovirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Duplopiviricetes
Order: Durnavirales
Family: Hypoviridae
Genus: Hypovirus

Hypovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hypoviridae.[1] Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus.[2] Infection reduces the virulence of its parasitic host, making it a hyperparasite useful for blight control.[1][3]

Species

The following species are recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) , all of which were found with Cryphonectria parasitica:[1][2]

There are numerous family members affecting other plant-pathogenic fungi not yet accepted into the ICTV nomenclature. A proposal reorganizes the family into three genera.[4] The informal family Fusariviridae is the sister group.[5]

Structure

The diameter is around 50–80 nm. Genomes are linear, around 9–13kb in length. The genome has 1 or 2 open reading frames, named OrfA (not always present) and OrfB.[1][3]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Hypovirus No true capsid Non-enveloped Linear Monopartite

The genome contains no structural proteins. The virus accordingly does not bud out of the cell (see "life cycle" below). Both open reading frames of CHV1 contain a papain-like protease to the N-terminal that is autocatalyticly cleaved. OrfA (p69, P10941) cleaves into the p29 C7 protease and a nonessential p40 protein. OrfB (Q04350) cleaves into a p48 C8 protease and the RNA replicase–helicase. [3]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host.[1][3]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Hypovirus Fungi None Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis

CHV1 – Chestnut blight hypovirulence

Up to 2000, Hypovirus CHV1 was the only hypovirus found in Europe.[6] It is known for reducing the virulence of the fungus that causes chestnut blight (i.e. hypovirulence).[7] Cryphonectria parasitica, the ascomycete fungus, originated in Asia and causes the disease chestnut blight in several chestnut species (Castanea spp.). Although symptoms are mild in Asian chestnut species that have co-evolved with the fungus, they are very severe in the North American chestnut species C. dentata and also in the European sweet chestnut, C. sativa.[8] Hypovirus has been used for protection against chestnut blight in Europe since the 1970s.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Suzuki, N; Ghabrial, SA; Kim, KH; Pearson, M; Marzano, SL; Yaegashi, H; Xie, J; Guo, L; Kondo, H; Koloniuk, I; Hillman, BI; Ictv Report, Consortium (May 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hypoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (5): 615–616. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001055. hdl:10261/329670. PMID 29589826.
  2. ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  4. ^ Torres-Trenas, Almudena; Cañizares, M. Carmen; García-Pedrajas, M. Dolores; Pérez-Artés, Encarnación (2020). "Molecular and Biological Characterization of the First Hypovirus Identified in Fusarium oxysporum". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 3131. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03131. PMC 6992542. PMID 32038565.
  5. ^ "ICTV report: Hypoviridae". Ictv.global. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b Peever, Tobin; Liu, Yir-Chung; Cortese, Paolo; Milgroom, Michael (November 2000). "Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (11): 4863–4869. Bibcode:2000ApEnM..66.4863P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.504.6576. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.11.4863-4869.2000. PMC 92392. PMID 11055936. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  7. ^ Choi, Gil (1992). "Hypovirulence of Chestnut Blight Fungus Conferred by an Infectious Viral cDNA". Science. 257 (5071): 800–803. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..800C. doi:10.1126/science.1496400. PMID 1496400.
  8. ^ "Sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)". Forestry Commission, UK. Retrieved 13 August 2014.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypovirus&oldid=1193836552"