Japanese yen: Difference between revisions
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The yen lost most of its value during and after [[World War II]]. After a period of instability, in [[1949]], the [[Fixed exchange rate|value of the yen was fixed]] at ¥360 per [[United States dollar|US$]]1 through a United States plan, which was part of the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods System]], to stabilize prices in the [[Economy of Japan|Japanese economy]]. That [[exchange rate]] was maintained until [[1971]], when the United States abandoned the [[gold standard]], which had been a key element of the Bretton Woods System, and imposed a [[Import duty|10 percent surcharge]] on [[imports]], setting in motion changes that eventually led to [[floating exchange rate]]s in [[1973]]. |
The yen lost most of its value during and after [[World War II]]. After a period of instability, in [[1949]], the [[Fixed exchange rate|value of the yen was fixed]] at ¥360 per [[United States dollar|US$]]1 through a United States plan, which was part of the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods System]], to stabilize prices in the [[Economy of Japan|Japanese economy]]. That [[exchange rate]] was maintained until [[1971]], when the United States abandoned the [[gold standard]], which had been a key element of the Bretton Woods System, and imposed a [[Import duty|10 percent surcharge]] on [[imports]], setting in motion changes that eventually led to [[floating exchange rate]]s in [[1973]]. |
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===An undervalued yen=== |
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YEN SUCKS ITS LIKE SHIT |
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By 1971 the yen had become undervalued. Japanese [[export]]s were costing too little in international markets, and imports from abroad were costing the Japanese too much. This undervaluation was reflected in the [[current account balance]], which had risen from the [[Trade deficit|deficits]] of the early [[1960s]] to a then-large [[Trade surplus|surplus]] of U.S. $5.8 billion in 1971. The belief that the yen, and several other major currencies, were undervalued motivated the United States' actions in 1971. |
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===The yen and major currencies float=== |
===The yen and major currencies float=== |
Revision as of 18:09, 2 August 2007
日本円 Template:Ja icon | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
ISO 4217 | |||||
Code | JPY (numeric: 392) | ||||
Unit | |||||
Plural | The language(s) of this currency do(es) not have a morphological plural distinction. | ||||
Symbol | ¥ | ||||
Denominations | |||||
Subunit | |||||
1/100 | sen | ||||
1/1000 | rin | ||||
Banknotes | ¥1000, ¥2000, ¥5000, ¥10000 | ||||
Coins | ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥50, ¥100, ¥500 | ||||
Demographics | |||||
User(s) | Japan | ||||
Issuance | |||||
Central bank | Bank of Japan | ||||
Website | www.boj.or.jp | ||||
Printer | National Printing Bureau | ||||
Website | www.npb.go.jp | ||||
Mint | Japan Mint | ||||
Website | www.mint.go.jp | ||||
Valuation | |||||
Inflation | 0.3% | ||||
Source | The World Factbook, 2006 est. |
The yen (円, en) or en is the currency of Japan. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the United States dollar, the euro and the pound sterling. The ISO 4217 codes for the yen are JPY and 392. The Latinised symbol is ¥ while in Japanese it is also written with the kanji
円. While not a usage specific to currency, large quantities of yen are often counted in multiples of 10,000 (man, 万) in the same way as values in the United States are often quoted or rounded off to hundreds or thousands.
Etymology
In standard Japanese, the yen is pronounced "en" but the spelling and pronunciation of "yen" is standard in English, due to a historical Portuguese transliteration. The inclusion of the letter y is based on romanization of an obsolete writing of the word which included the kana ゑ (ye/we), examples of which can also be found in such words as Yebisu, Iyeyasu, and Yedo. Like the spellings of names of people outside Japan, the romanization of yen has become a permanent feature. En literally means "round object" in Japanese, as yuan does in Chinese, referring to the ancient Chinese coins that were circular in shape and widely used in Japan up to the Tokugawa Period. In 1695, the shogunate placed the Japanese character gen (元), meaning "yuan" on the obverse of copper coins.[1]
History
Introduction
The yen was introduced by the Meiji government in 1870 as a system resembling those in Europe. The yen replaced the complex monetary system of the Edo period, based The New Currency Act of 1871 stipulated the adoption of the decimal accounting system of yen (1, 圓), sen (1⁄100, 錢), and rin (1⁄1000, 厘), with the coins being round and cast as in the West. The yen was legally defined as 0.78 troy ounces (24.26 g) of pure silver, or 1.5 grams of pure gold. The same amount of silver is worth about 1181 modern yen,[2] while the same amount of gold is worth about 3572 yen.[3] The Act also moved Japan onto the gold standard. (The sen and the rin were eventually taken out of circulation at the end of 1953.[4])
Fixed value of the yen to the US dollar
The yen lost most of its value during and after World War II. After a period of instability, in 1949, the value of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per US$1 through a United States plan, which was part of the Bretton Woods System, to stabilize prices in the Japanese economy. That exchange rate was maintained until 1971, when the United States abandoned the gold standard, which had been a key element of the Bretton Woods System, and imposed a 10 percent surcharge on imports, setting in motion changes that eventually led to floating exchange rates in 1973.
An undervalued yen
By 1971 the yen had become undervalued. Japanese exports were costing too little in international markets, and imports from abroad were costing the Japanese too much. This undervaluation was reflected in the current account balance, which had risen from the deficits of the early 1960s to a then-large surplus of U.S. $5.8 billion in 1971. The belief that the yen, and several other major currencies, were undervalued motivated the United States' actions in 1971.
The yen and major currencies float
Following the United States' measures to devalue the dollar in the summer of 1971, the Japanese government agreed to a new, fixed exchange rate as part of the Smithsonian Agreement, signed at the end of the year. This agreement set the exchange rate at ¥308 per US$1. However, the new fixed rates of the Smithsonian Agreement were difficult to maintain in the face of supply and demand pressures in the foreign-exchange market. In early 1973, the rates were abandoned, and the major nations of the world allowed their currencies to float.
Japanese government intervention in the currency market
In the 1970s, Japanese government and business people were very concerned that a rise in the value of the yen would hurt export growth by making Japanese products less competitive and would damage the industrial base. The government therefore continued to intervene heavily in foreign-exchange marketing (buying or selling dollars), even after the 1973 decision to allow the yen to float.
Despite intervention, market pressures caused the yen to continue climbing in value, peaking temporarily at an average of ¥271 per US$1 in 1973 before the impact of the 1973 oil crisis was felt. The increased costs of imported oil caused the yen to depreciate to a range of ¥290 to ¥300 between 1974 and 1976. The re-emergence of trade surpluses drove the yen back up to ¥211 in 1978. This currency strengthening was again reversed by the second oil shock in 1979, with the yen dropping to ¥227 by 1980.
The yen in the early 1980s
During the first half of the 1980s, the yen failed to rise in value even though current account surpluses returned and grew quickly. From ¥221 in 1981, the average value of the yen actually dropped to ¥239 in 1985. The rise in the current account surplus generated stronger demand for yen in foreign-exchange markets, but this trade-related demand for yen was offset by other factors. A wide differential in interest rates, with United States interest rates much higher than those in Japan, and the continuing moves to deregulate the international flow of capital, led to a large net outflow of capital from Japan. This capital flow increased the supply of yen in foreign-exchange markets, as Japanese investors changed their yen for other currencies (mainly dollars) to invest overseas. This kept the yen weak relative to the dollar and fostered the rapid rise in the Japanese trade surplus that took place in the 1980s.
The effect of the Plaza Accord
In 1985 a dramatic change began. Finance officials from major nations signed an agreement (the Plaza Accord) affirming that the dollar was overvalued (and, therefore, the yen undervalued). This agreement, and shifting supply and demand pressures in the markets, led to a rapid rise in the value of the yen. From its average of ¥239 per US$1 in 1985, the yen rose to a peak of ¥128 in 1988, virtually doubling its value relative to the dollar. After declining somewhat in 1989 and 1990, it reached a new high of ¥123 to US$1 in December 1992. In April 1995, the yen hit a peak of under 80 yen per dollar, temporarily making Japan's economy nearly the size of the US.
Post-bubble years
The yen declined during the Japanese asset price bubble and continued to do so afterwards, reaching a low of ¥134 to US$1 in February 2002. The Bank of Japan's policy of zero interest rates has discouraged yen investments, with the carry trade of investors lending yen and investing in better-paying currencies further pushing down the yen estimated to be as large as $1 trillion.[5] In February 2007, The Economist estimated that the yen is 15% undervalued against the dollar and as much as 40% undervalued against the euro.[6]
Coins
Coins were introduced in 1870. There were silver 5, 10, 20 and 50 sen and 1 yen, and gold 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen. Gold 1 yen were introduced in 1871, followed by copper 1 rin, ½, 1 and 2 sen in 1873.
Cupronickel 5 sen coins were introduced in 1889. In 1897, the silver 1 yen coin was demonetized and the sizes of the gold coins were reduced by 50%, with 5, 10 and 20 yen coins issued. In 1920, cupro-nickel 10 sen coins were introduced.
Production of silver coins ceased in 1938, after which a variety of base metals were used to produced 1, 5 and 10 sen coins during the Second World War. Clay 5 and 10 sen coins were produced in 1945 but not issued for circulation.
After the war, brass 50 sen, 1 and 5 yen were introduced between 1946 and 1948. In 1949, the current type of holed 5 yen was introduced, followed by bronze 10 yen (of the type still in circulation) in 1951.
Coins in denominations of less than 1 yen became invalid on December 31, 1953, following enforcement of the Small Currency Disposition and Fractional Rounding in Payments Act (小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律, Shōgaku tsūka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasūkeisan ni kan suru hōritsu).
In 1955, the current type of aluminium 1 yen was introduced, along with unholed, nickel 50 yen. In 1957, silver 100 yen pieces were introduced. These were replaced in 1967 by the current, cupro-nickel type, along with the holed 50 yen coin. In 1982, the first 500 yen coins were introduced.[7]
The date is on the reverse of all coins, and, in most cases, the name 日本国, Nihonkoku (Japan) and the value in kanji is on the obverse, except for the 5-yen where Nihonkoku is on the reverse.
500 yen coins are probably the highest valued coins to be used regularly in the world (with rates in the neighbourhood of US$4.10, €3.05, and £2.10). The United States' largest-valued commonly-used coin (25¢) is worth around 26 yen; the Eurozone's largest (€2) is worth ¥279, and the United Kingdom's largest (£2) is worth ¥402 (as of March 2005). The Swiss 5-franc coin is currently (as of April 2007) worth about ¥495. No doubt because of this high face value, the 500 yen has been a favourite target for counterfeiters. It was counterfeited to such an extent that in 2000 a new series of coins was issued with various security features. In spite of these changes, however, counterfeiting continues.
On various occasions, commemorative coins are minted using gold and silver with various face values, up to 100,000 yen.[8] Even though they can be used, they are treated as collectibles.
Instead of displaying the A.D. year of mintage like most coins, yen coins instead display the year of the current emperor's reign. For example, a coin minted in 2006 would bear the date Heisei 18 (the 18th year of Emperor Akihito's reign).
Currently Circulating Coins [1] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Image | Value | Technical parameters | Description | Date of first minting | |||||
Diameter | Thickness | Mass | Composition | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | |||
¥1 | 20 mm | 1.2 mm | 1 g | 100% aluminium | Smooth | Young tree, state title, value | Value, year of minting | 1955 | |
¥5 | 22 mm | 1.5 mm | 3.75 g | 60–70% copper 30–40% zinc |
Smooth | Ear of Rice, gear, water, value | State title, year of minting | 1949 | |
¥10 | 23.5 mm | 1.5 mm | 4.5 g | 95% copper 3–4% zinc 1–2% tin |
Milled | Hōōdō Temple, Byōdō-in, state title, value | Evergreen tree, value, year of minting | 1951 | |
Smooth | 1959 | ||||||||
¥50 | 21 mm | 1.7 mm | 4 g | Cupronickel 75% copper 25% nickel |
Milled | Chrysanthemum, state title, value | Value, year of minting | 1967 | |
¥100 | 22.6 mm | 1.7 mm | 4.8 g | Cherry blossoms, state title, value | 1967 | ||||
¥500 | 26.5 mm | 2 mm | 7.2 g | Cupronickel 75% copper 25% nickel |
Smooth with lettering ("NIPPON ◆ 500 ◆ NIPPON ◆ 500 ◆") | Paulownia, state title, value | Value, bamboo, Mandarin orange, year of minting | 1982 | |
¥500 | 7 g | 72% copper 20% zinc 8% nickel |
Reeded slantingly | Value, bamboo, Mandarin orange, year of minting, latent image [2] | 2000 | ||||
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table. |
Banknotes
In 1872, the Ministry of Finance introduced notes in denominations between 10 sen and 100 yen. "Imperial Japanese Paper Currency" followed in 1873 in denominations of 1 yen up to 20 yen. "Imperial Japanese Paper Money" was issued between 1881 and 1883 in denominations between 20 sen and 10 yen.
In 1877 and 1878, the Imperial Japanese National Bank issued 1 and 5 yen notes. In 1885, the Bank of Japan began issuing notes, in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 yen. 20 yen notes were added in 1917, followed by 200 yen in 1927 and 1000 yen in 1945.
Between 1917 and 1922, the government issued 10, 20 and 50 sen notes. 50 sen notes were reintroduced in 1938. In 1944, 5 and 10 sen notes were introduced by the Bank of Japan.
Allied forces notes
The Allies issued notes in denominations of 10 and 50 sen, 1, 5, 10, 20, 100 and 1000 yen between 1945 and 1951, during which time the Bank of Japan also issued notes. Banknotes below 1 yen became invalid on December 31, 1953 by the same legislation mentioned above.
Australia actually made notes for the invasion as well and those can be seen at the Australian Reserve Bank website [3]
Regaining sovereignty
By the early 1950s, notes below 50 yen had been replaced by coins, followed by those for 50 and 100 yen in the late 1950s. In 1957 and 1958, 5000 and 10,000 yen notes were introduced. The 500 yen notes were replaced after 1982, while 2000 yen notes were introduced in 2000.
Series A (1946-48)
Series A (1946-48) | ||||||
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Value | Dimensions | Description | Date of | |||
Obverse | Reverse | issue | issue suspension | expiration | ||
¥0.05 | 94 × 48 mm | Ume blossoms | Geometric patterns | May 25, 1948 | December 31, 1953 | December 31, 1953 |
¥0.1 | 100 × 52 mm | A pigeon | The Diet building | September 5, 1947 | ||
¥1 | 124 × 68 mm | Ninomiya Sontoku | Geometric patterns | March 19, 1946 | October 1, 1958 | Valid |
¥5 | 132 × 68 mm | Geometric patterns | March 5, 1946 | April 1, 1955 | ||
¥10 | 140 × 76 mm | The Diet building | February 25, 1946 | |||
¥100 | 162 × 93 mm | Prince Shōtoku, "Yumedono" (A hall associated with Prince Shōtoku in Hōryū-ji Temple) | Hōryū-ji Temple | February 25, 1946 | July 5, 1956 | |
For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |
Series B (1950-53)
Series B (1950-53) [4] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Dimensions | Main Color | Description | Date of | ||
Obverse | Reverse | issue | issue suspension | |||
¥50 | 144 × 68 mm | Orange | Takahashi Korekiyo | The old headquarters of Nippon Ginko | December 1, 1951 | October 1, 1958 |
¥100 | 148 × 76 mm | Brown-orange | Itagaki Taisuke | The Diet building | December 1, 1953 | August 1, 1974 |
¥500 | 156 × 76 mm | Dark blue | Iwakura Tomomi | Mt. Fuji | April 2, 1951 | January 4, 1971 |
¥1000 | 164 × 76 mm | Grey | Prince Shōtoku | "Yumedono" | January 7, 1950 | January 4, 1965 |
For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |
The series B introduced a new high value banknote ¥1000.
Series C (1957-69)
Series C (1957-69) [5] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Dimensions | Main Color | Description | Date of | ||
Obverse | Reverse | issue | issue suspension | |||
¥500 | 159 × 72 mm | Blue | Iwakura Tomomi | Mt. Fuji | November 1, 1969 | April 1, 1994 |
¥1000 | 164 × 76 mm | Yellow-green | Itō Hirobumi | The old headquarters of Nippon Ginko | November 1, 1963 | January 4, 1986 |
¥5000 | 169 × 80 mm | Brown | Prince Shōtoku | The old headquarters of Nippon Ginko | October 1, 1957 | January 4, 1986 |
¥10000 | 174 × 84 mm | Brown-green | Prince Shōtoku | A pillar painting of Hōō in Byōdōin Temple | December 1, 1958 | January 4, 1986 |
For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |
The series C introduced two new high value banknotes ¥5000 and ¥10000.
Series D (1984)
Series D (1984) [6] | ||||||||
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Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Color | Description | Date of | |||
Obverse | Reverse | Obverse | Reverse | issue | issue suspension | |||
[7] | [8] | ¥1000 | 150 × 76 mm | Blue | Natsume Sōseki | Pair of Cranes | November 1, 1984 | April 2, 2007 |
[9] | [10] | ¥5000 | 155 × 76 mm | Purple | Nitobe Inazō | Mt. Fuji, Lake Motosuko and Cherry blossoms | ||
[11] | [12] | ¥10000 | 160 × 76 mm | Brown | Fukuzawa Yukichi | Pair of Pheasants | ||
For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |
Due to the discovery of a large number of counterfeit Series D banknotes at the end of 2004, all Series D banknotes except ¥2000 were virtually suspended on January 17, 2005 [13]. And they were officially suspended on April 2, 2007.[14] According to a news release [15] from the National Police Agency, they seized 11,717 counterfeit Series D banknotes (excluding the ¥2000 denomination) in 2005. However, they seized only 486 counterfeit current issue banknotes, namely Series E ¥1000, ¥5000, ¥10000, and Series D ¥2000.
Commemorative series D (2000, the current issue)
Commemorative series D (2000) [16] | |||||||
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Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Color | Description | Date of issue | ||
Obverse | Reverse | Obverse | Reverse | ||||
[17] | [18] | ¥2000 | 154 × 76 mm | Green | Shurei-mon | Scene from the Tale of Genji and portrait of Murasaki Shikibu | July 19, 2000 |
For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |
The 2000 yen note was first issued on July 19, 2000 to commemorate the G8 Economic Summit in Okinawa and the millennium year as well. Pictured on the front of the note is Shureimon, a famous gate in Naha, Okinawa near the site of the summit. These notes are hard to find (except at banks, where they are readily available) and many Japanese consider it a novelty as it is the only denomination in the factor of 2 (from 1 and 5). Some say it was a way to stimulate the economy from building new vending machines to be able to process the note, to creating wider cash registers to handle the bill. [citation needed] This hasn't really materialised. Some businesses will refuse this note. To increase the circulation of the notes, some companies started paying wages in these notes. The series D is the first to display the EURion constellation.
Series E (2004, the current issue)
Series E (2004) [19] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Image | Value | Dimensions | Main Color | Description | Date of issue | ||
Obverse | Reverse | Obverse | Reverse | ||||
[20] | [21] | ¥1000 | 150 × 76 mm | Blue | Hideyo Noguchi | Mt. Fuji, Lake Motosuko and Cherry blossoms | November 1, 2004 |
[22] | [23] | ¥5000 | 156 × 76 mm | Purple | Higuchi Ichiyō | "Kakitsubata-zu" (Painting of Irises, a work by Ogata Korin) | |
[24] | [25] | ¥10000 | 160 × 76 mm | Brown | Fukuzawa Yukichi | Statue of hōō (phoenix) from Byōdō-in Temple | |
For table standards, see the banknote specification table. |
The EURion constellation pattern can be observed on the series E.
Determinants of value
The relative value of the yen is determined in foreign exchange markets by the economic forces of supply and demand. The supply of the yen in the market is governed by the desire of yen holders to exchange their yen for other currencies to purchase goods, services, or assets. The demand for the yen is governed by the desire of foreigners to buy goods and services in Japan and by their interest in investing in Japan (buying yen-denominated real and financial assets).
The yen as an international reserve currency
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1995 | 1990 | 1985 | 1980 | 1975 | 1970 | 1965 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US dollar | 58.41% | 58.52% | 58.80% | 58.92% | 60.75% | 61.76% | 62.73% | 65.36% | 65.73% | 65.14% | 61.24% | 61.47% | 62.59% | 62.14% | 62.05% | 63.77% | 63.87% | 65.04% | 66.51% | 65.51% | 65.45% | 66.50% | 71.51% | 71.13% | 58.96% | 47.14% | 56.66% | 57.88% | 84.61% | 84.85% | 72.93% |
Euro (until 1999 - ECU) | 19.98% | 20.40% | 20.59% | 21.29% | 20.59% | 20.67% | 20.17% | 19.14% | 19.14% | 21.20% | 24.20% | 24.05% | 24.40% | 25.71% | 27.66% | 26.21% | 26.14% | 24.99% | 23.89% | 24.68% | 25.03% | 23.65% | 19.18% | 18.29% | 8.53% | 11.64% | 14.00% | 17.46% | |||
Japanese yen | 5.70% | 5.51% | 5.52% | 6.03% | 5.87% | 5.19% | 4.90% | 3.95% | 3.75% | 3.54% | 3.82% | 4.09% | 3.61% | 3.66% | 2.90% | 3.47% | 3.18% | 3.46% | 3.96% | 4.28% | 4.42% | 4.94% | 5.04% | 6.06% | 6.77% | 9.40% | 8.69% | 3.93% | 0.61% | ||
Pound sterling | 4.84% | 4.92% | 4.81% | 4.73% | 4.64% | 4.43% | 4.54% | 4.35% | 4.71% | 3.70% | 3.98% | 4.04% | 3.83% | 3.94% | 4.25% | 4.22% | 4.82% | 4.52% | 3.75% | 3.49% | 2.86% | 2.92% | 2.70% | 2.75% | 2.11% | 2.39% | 2.03% | 2.40% | 3.42% | 11.36% | 25.76% |
Canadian dollar | 2.58% | 2.38% | 2.38% | 2.08% | 1.86% | 1.84% | 2.03% | 1.94% | 1.77% | 1.75% | 1.83% | 1.42% | |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese renminbi | 2.29% | 2.61% | 2.80% | 2.29% | 1.94% | 1.89% | 1.23% | 1.08% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Australian dollar | 2.11% | 1.97% | 1.84% | 1.83% | 1.70% | 1.63% | 1.80% | 1.69% | 1.77% | 1.59% | 1.82% | 1.46% | |||||||||||||||||||
Swiss franc | 0.23% | 0.23% | 0.17% | 0.17% | 0.15% | 0.14% | 0.18% | 0.16% | 0.27% | 0.24% | 0.27% | 0.21% | 0.08% | 0.13% | 0.12% | 0.14% | 0.16% | 0.17% | 0.15% | 0.17% | 0.23% | 0.41% | 0.25% | 0.27% | 0.33% | 0.84% | 1.40% | 2.25% | 1.34% | 0.61% | |
Deutsche Mark | 15.75% | 19.83% | 13.74% | 12.92% | 6.62% | 1.94% | 0.17% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
French franc | 2.35% | 2.71% | 0.58% | 0.97% | 1.16% | 0.73% | 1.11% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch guilder | 0.32% | 1.15% | 0.78% | 0.89% | 0.66% | 0.08% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other currencies | 3.87% | 3.48% | 3.09% | 2.65% | 2.51% | 2.45% | 2.43% | 2.33% | 2.86% | 2.83% | 2.84% | 3.26% | 5.49% | 4.43% | 3.04% | 2.20% | 1.83% | 1.81% | 1.74% | 1.87% | 2.01% | 1.58% | 1.31% | 1.49% | 4.87% | 4.89% | 2.13% | 1.29% | 1.58% | 0.43% | 0.03% |
Source: World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves International Monetary Fund |
Historical exchange rate
The table below shows the number of yen per U.S. dollar. (monthly average)
Year | Month | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
1949–71 | 360 | |||||||||||
1972 | 308 | |||||||||||
1973 | 301.15 | 270.00 | 265.83 | 265.50 | 264.95 | 265.30 | 263.45 | 265.30 | 265.70 | 266.68 | 279.00 | 280.00 |
1974 | 299.00 | 287.60 | 276.00 | 279.75 | 281.90 | 284.10 | 297.80 | 302.70 | 298.50 | 299.85 | 300.10 | 300.95 |
1975 | 297.85 | 286.60 | 293.80 | 293.30 | 291.35 | 296.35 | 297.35 | 297.90 | 302.70 | 301.80 | 303.00 | 305.15 |
1976 | 303.70 | 302.25 | 299.70 | 299.40 | 299.95 | 297.40 | 293.40 | 288.76 | 287.30 | 293.70 | 296.45 | 293.00 |
1977 | 288.25 | 283.25 | 277.30 | 277.50 | 277.30 | 266.50 | 266.30 | 267.43 | 264.50 | 250.65 | 244.20 | 240.00 |
1978 | 241.74 | 238.83 | 223.40 | 223.90 | 223.15 | 204.50 | 190.80 | 190.00 | 189.15 | 176.05 | 197.80 | 195.10 |
1979 | 201.40 | 202.35 | 209.30 | 219.15 | 219.70 | 217.00 | 216.90 | 220.05 | 223.45 | 237.80 | 249.50 | 239.90 |
1980 | 238.80 | 249.80 | 249.70 | 238.30 | 224.40 | 218.15 | 226.85 | 219.20 | 212.00 | 211.75 | 216.75 | 203.60 |
1981 | 205.20 | 208.85 | 211.40 | 215.00 | 223.50 | 225.75 | 239.75 | 228.75 | 231.55 | 233.35 | 214.15 | 220.25 |
1982 | 228.45 | 235.20 | 248.30 | 236.30 | 243.70 | 255.55 | 256.65 | 259.60 | 269.40 | 277.40 | 253.45 | 235.30 |
1983 | 238.40 | 235.55 | 239.30 | 237.70 | 238.60 | 239.80 | 241.50 | 246.75 | 236.10 | 233.65 | 234.20 | 232.00 |
1984 | 234.74 | 233.28 | 224.75 | 226.30 | 231.63 | 237.45 | 245.45 | 241.70 | 245.40 | 245.30 | 246.50 | 251.58 |
1985 | 254.78 | 259.00 | 250.70 | 251.40 | 251.78 | 248.95 | 236.65 | 237.10 | 216.00 | 211.80 | 202.05 | 200.60 |
1986 | 192.65 | 180.45 | 179.65 | 168.10 | 172.05 | 163.95 | 154.15 | 156.05 | 153.63 | 161.45 | 162.20 | 160.10 |
1987 | 152.30 | 153.15 | 145.65 | 139.65 | 144.15 | 146.75 | 149.25 | 142.35 | 146.35 | 138.55 | 132.45 | 122.00 |
1988 | 127.18 | 128.12 | 124.50 | 124.82 | 124.80 | 132.20 | 132.53 | 134.97 | 134.30 | 125.00 | 121.85 | 125.90 |
1989 | 129.13 | 127.15 | 132.55 | 132.49 | 142.70 | 143.95 | 138.40 | 144.28 | 139.35 | 142.15 | 142.90 | 143.40 |
1990 | 144.40 | 148.52 | 157.65 | 159.08 | 151.75 | 152.85 | 147.50 | 144.50 | 137.95 | 129.35 | 132.75 | 135.40 |
1991 | 131.40 | 131.95 | 140.55 | 137.42 | 137.97 | 138.15 | 137.83 | 136.88 | 132.95 | 131.00 | 130.07 | 125.25 |
1992 | 125.78 | 129.33 | 133.05 | 133.38 | 128.33 | 125.55 | 127.30 | 123.42 | 119.25 | 123.35 | 124.75 | 124.65 |
1993 | 124.30 | 117.85 | 115.35 | 111.10 | 107.45 | 106.51 | 105.60 | 104.18 | 105.10 | 108.23 | 108.82 | 111.89 |
1994 | 109.55 | 104.30 | 102.80 | 102.38 | 104.38 | 98.95 | 99.93 | 99.57 | 98.59 | 97.37 | 98.98 | 99.83 |
1995 | 98.58 | 96.93 | 88.38 | 83.77 | 83.19 | 84.77 | 88.17 | 97.46 | 98.18 | 101.90 | 101.66 | 102.91 |
1996 | 106.92 | 104.58 | 106.49 | 104.29 | 108.37 | 109.88 | 107.13 | 108.40 | 111.45 | 113.27 | 113.44 | 115.98 |
1997 | 122.13 | 120.88 | 123.97 | 126.92 | 116.43 | 114.30 | 117.74 | 119.39 | 121.44 | 120.29 | 127.66 | 129.92 |
1998 | 127.34 | 126.72 | 133.39 | 131.95 | 138.72 | 139.95 | 143.79 | 141.52 | 135.72 | 116.09 | 123.83 | 115.20 |
1999 | 115.98 | 120.32 | 119.99 | 119.59 | 121.37 | 120.87 | 115.27 | 110.19 | 105.66 | 104.89 | 102.42 | 102.08 |
2000 | 106.90 | 110.27 | 105.29 | 106.44 | 107.30 | 105.40 | 109.52 | 106.43 | 107.75 | 108.81 | 111.07 | 114.90 |
2001 | 116.38 | 116.44 | 125.27 | 124.06 | 119.06 | 124.27 | 124.79 | 118.92 | 119.29 | 121.84 | 123.98 | 131.47 |
2002 | 132.94 | 133.89 | 132.71 | 127.97 | 123.96 | 119.22 | 119.82 | 117.97 | 121.79 | 122.48 | 122.44 | 119.37 |
2003 | 119.21 | 117.75 | 119.02 | 119.46 | 118.63 | 119.82 | 120.11 | 117.13 | 110.48 | 108.99 | 109.34 | 106.97 |
2004 | 105.88 | 109.08 | 103.95 | 110.44 | 109.56 | 108.69 | 111.67 | 109.86 | 110.92 | 105.87 | 103.17 | 103.78 |
2005 | 103.58 | 104.58 | 106.97 | 105.87 | 108.17 | 110.37 | 112.18 | 111.42 | 113.28 | 115.67 | 119.46 | 117.48 |
2006 | 117.18 | 116.35 | 117.47 | 114.32 | 111.85 | 114.66 | 114.47 | 117.23 | 117.91 | 118.01 | 117.23 | 115.57 |
2007 | 118.72 | 121.29 | 115.86 | 117.83* | 119.52* | 122.67 | ||||||
Source:[9] |
*monthly close from bloomberg
Current JPY exchange rates | |
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References
- ^ Titsingh, I. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 415.
- ^ xe.com (2006-09-07). "Equivalent of 0.78 troy ounce of silver in yen". Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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(help) - ^ xe.com (2006-09-07). "Equivalent of 0.04822612 troy ounce of gold in yen". Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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(help) - ^ A law of the abolition of currencies in a small denomination and rounding off a fraction, July 15 1953 Law No.60 (小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律, Syōgakutsūka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasūkeisan ni kansuru houritu))
- ^ What keeps bankers awake at night?, The Economist, Feb 1st 2007
- ^ http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8679006
- ^ Japan Mint (2006-09-07). "Number of Coin Production (calendar year)". Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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(help) - ^ Japan Mint (2006-09-07). "Commemorative Coins issued up to now". Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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(help) - ^ Bank of Japan (2006-09-07). "Foreign Exchange Rates". Retrieved 2006-09-07.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help)
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Further reading
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo, 1652]. Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
See also
- Japanese military yen
- Economy of Japan
- Capital flows in Japan
- Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
- Balance of payments accounts of Japan (1960-90)
External links
Template:Standard numismatics external links
- Japanese currency FAQ in Currency Museum, Bank of Japan
- OSATSU.NET - Japanese yen banknote tracking site, which looks like Where's George?
- Template:De icon Chart: US-Dollar in Yen
- Template:De icon Chart: 100 Yen in Euro
- Template:Jp icon Museum of Bank notes and Coins. (Private site)
- Study of the inflation in Japan and its relationship to interest rates - thereby effecting Yen
- Money in Japan. A guide while traveling.
Preceded by: Japanese mon |
Currency of Japan 1870 – |
Succeeded by: Current |