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{{Short description|Genus of viruses}}
{{context}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Henipavirus#Nipah virus|Nipah virus]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Virusbox
| image = Gvflv.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Crystal structure of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus
| taxon = Nepovirus
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Taxonomy|see text]]
}}


'''''Nepovirus''''' is a genus of [[virus]]es in the order ''[[Picornavirales]]'', in the family ''[[Secoviridae]]'', in the subfamily ''[[Comovirinae]]''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 40 species in this genus.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/300.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> Nepoviruses, unlike the other two genera (''[[Comovirus]]'' and ''[[Fabavirus]]'') in the subfamily ''[[Comovirinae]]'', are transmitted by [[nematode]]s.<ref name=dpvweb/>
'''Nepoviruses''', also known as '''nematode transmitted polyhedral viruses''', are [[plant virus]]es of the family ''[[Comoviridae]]''. They are classified as type IV [[virus]]es under the [[virus classification|Baltimore classification system]]. Nepoviruses are one of three genera in the family ''Comoviridae'' the other two [[genera]] are [[comovirus]] and [[fabavirus]]. Nepoviruses unlike the other two genera in the family are transmitted by [[nematode]]s.


==Taxonomy==
There are many members of the genus Nepovirus including [[tobacco ringspot virus]], [[cherry leaf roll virus]], [[beet ringspot virus]] and [[raspberry ringspot virus]]. Nepoviruses have bipartite, liner, single stranded positive sense [[RNA]] [[genome]]s. The two genome segments are encapsulated separately into two different [[icosahedral]] particles. The first segment (RNA1) which is approximately 8000 [[nucleotide]]s appears as a single copy in each B type [[virion]]. The second segment (RNA2) is approximately 4000-7000 nucleotides and usually appears as a single copy in each M type virion, two copies will be present however if RNA2 is smaller than 4kb. Each of the genome segments produces a different polypeptide, which under goes a series of steps in order to produce a functional protein. RNA1 encodes the [[protein]]s that are important in replication and RNA2 encodes the proteins that are important in cell-cell movement.
The genus contains the following species:<ref name=ICTV />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Aeonium ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Apricot latent ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Arabis mosaic virus]]''
*''[[Arracacha virus A]]''
*''[[Artichoke Aegean ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Artichoke Italian latent virus]]''
*''[[Artichoke yellow ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Beet ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Blackcurrant reversion virus]]''
*''[[Blueberry latent spherical virus]]''
*''[[Blueberry leaf mottle virus]]''
*''[[Cassava American latent virus]]''
*''[[Cassava green mottle virus]]''
*''[[Cherry leaf roll virus]]''
*''[[Chicory yellow mottle virus]]''
*''[[Cocoa necrosis virus]]''
*''[[Crimson clover latent virus]]''
*''[[Cycas necrotic stunt virus]]''
*''[[Grapevine Anatolian ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Grapevine Bulgarian latent virus]]''
*''[[Grapevine chrome mosaic virus]]''
*''[[Grapevine deformation virus]]''
*''[[Grapevine fanleaf virus]]''
*''[[Grapevine Tunisian ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus latent ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Lucerne Australian latent virus]]''
*''[[Melon mild mottle virus]]''
*''[[Mulberry mosaic leaf roll associated virus]]''
*''[[Mulberry ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Myrobalan latent ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Olive latent ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Peach rosette mosaic virus]]''
*''[[Potato black ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Potato virus B]]''
*''[[Potato virus U]]''
*''[[Raspberry ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Soybean latent spherical virus]]''
*''[[Tobacco ringspot virus]]''
*''[[Tomato black ring virus]]''
*''[[Tomato ringspot virus]]''
{{div col end}}


==References==
==Structure==
Viruses in ''Nepovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-30&nbsp;nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, bipartite, around 23.9kb in length.<ref name=ViralZone />


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/showgenus.php?genus=Nepovirus |title=Notes on Genus: Nepovirus |accessdate=2007-08-06}}
|-
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation
|-
|''Nepovirus''||Icosahedral||Pseudo T=3||Non-enveloped||Linear||Segmented
|}


==Life cycle==
[[Category:Viruses]]
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement.
Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (nematodes, mite, and thrips). Transmission routes are vector.<ref name=ViralZone />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
|-
|''Nepovirus''||Plants||None||Viral movement; mechanical inoculation||Viral movement||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Nematodes; mites; thrips
|}

== Genome ==
Nepoviruses are classified as type IV [[virus]]es under the [[virus classification|Baltimore classification system]], and consequently contain bipartite, linear, single stranded positive sense [[RNA]] [[genome]]s. The two genome segments are encapsulated separately into two different [[icosahedral]] particles. Each of the genome segments produces a different polypeptide, which undergoes a series of steps (i.e. [[proteolysis]], and other [[post-translational modification]]s) in order to produce a functional protein.<ref name=dpvweb/>

=== RNA1 ===
The first segment (RNA1) is approximately 8,000 [[nucleotide]]s in length and appears as a single copy in each B type [[virion]]. It encodes the [[protein]]s that are important in replication and is the first gene to be activated.<ref name=dpvweb>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/showgenus.php?genus=Nepovirus |title=Notes on Genus: Nepovirus |accessdate=2007-08-06}}</ref>

=== RNA2 ===
The second segment (RNA2) is approximately 4,000–7,000 nucleotides in length and usually appears as a single copy in each M type virion. It encodes the proteins that are important in cell-cell transmission and evasion of cellular defenses.<ref name=dpvweb/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/300.html '''Viralzone''': Nepovirus]
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
*UniProt Taxonomy [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/675063]

{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3338289}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nepoviruses]]
[[Category:Virus genera]]

Latest revision as of 12:54, 30 January 2023

Not to be confused with Nipah virus.

Nepovirus
Crystal structure of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Secoviridae
Subfamily: Comovirinae
Genus: Nepovirus
Species

see text

Nepovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae, in the subfamily Comovirinae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 40 species in this genus.[1][2] Nepoviruses, unlike the other two genera (Comovirus and Fabavirus) in the subfamily Comovirinae, are transmitted by nematodes.[3]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus contains the following species:[2]

Structure[edit]

Viruses in Nepovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-30 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, bipartite, around 23.9kb in length.[1]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Nepovirus Icosahedral Pseudo T=3 Non-enveloped Linear Segmented

Life cycle[edit]

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (nematodes, mite, and thrips). Transmission routes are vector.[1]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Nepovirus Plants None Viral movement; mechanical inoculation Viral movement Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nematodes; mites; thrips

Genome[edit]

Nepoviruses are classified as type IV viruses under the Baltimore classification system, and consequently contain bipartite, linear, single stranded positive sense RNA genomes. The two genome segments are encapsulated separately into two different icosahedral particles. Each of the genome segments produces a different polypeptide, which undergoes a series of steps (i.e. proteolysis, and other post-translational modifications) in order to produce a functional protein.[3]

RNA1[edit]

The first segment (RNA1) is approximately 8,000 nucleotides in length and appears as a single copy in each B type virion. It encodes the proteins that are important in replication and is the first gene to be activated.[3]

RNA2[edit]

The second segment (RNA2) is approximately 4,000–7,000 nucleotides in length and usually appears as a single copy in each M type virion. It encodes the proteins that are important in cell-cell transmission and evasion of cellular defenses.[3]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d "Notes on Genus: Nepovirus". Retrieved 6 August 2007.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepovirus&oldid=1136465291"