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{{Short description|French journalist and minister}}
'''Pierre-Henri-Hélène-Marie Lebrun-Tondu''' (born August 27, 1754, [[Noyon]] – December 27, 1793, [[Paris]]) was a [[journalist]] and a French minister, during the [[French Revolution]].
'''Pierre-Henri-Hélène-Marie Lebrun-Tondu''' ({{ne}} '''Tondu'''; {{IPA-fr|pjɛʁ ɑ̃ʁi elɛn maʁi ləbʁœ̃ tɔ̃dy}}; 28 August 1754 [baptismal date], [[Noyon]] – 27 December 1793, [[Paris]]) was a [[journalist]] and a French minister, during the [[French Revolution]].


==Before the Revolution==
==Before the Revolution==
He was the son of Christophe Pierre Tondu, a well-to-do merchant also churchwarden of his parish, and Elisabeth Rosalie Lebrun.<ref>François Moureau, Anne-Marie Chouillet, Jean Balcou, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789): supplément, Centre de recherche sur les sensibilités, Université des langues et lettres de Grenoble, 1984, 212 pages, pp. 106-107 (ISBN 2-902709-34-X)</ref> He was sent as a youngster as a student at [[College Louis-le-Grand]], Paris, under benefit of a scholarship grant from the Chapter of Canons of Noyon, a common situation in such schools run by priests. Louis-le-Grand was attended during those years by such famous-to-be people as [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|La Fayette]] (a shade older than Tondu-Lebrun was), [[Maximilien Robespierre]], [[Camille Desmoulins]] (both younger), and a bunch of others that played some role in the French Revolution as well (such as Feron, Noel...). However his family ran into financial trouble (reasons are not known) and he had to become a teacher at Louis-le-Grand, the which position required at that time to become some level of tonsured cleric;<ref>Marcel Dorigny, « Lebrun-Tondu », dans Albert Soboul (dir.), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Paris, PUF, 1989 (rééd. Quadrige, 2005, pp. 657-658.</ref> thus he was known under the name "Abbot Tondu"; he moved to be employed at the Observatory of Paris about in 1777, where he devoted himself to mathematics and observations until early 1779. Then, for two years, he was a soldier, before obtaining his leave. Involved in some unclear contestation of French politics, he was banned by Minister Baron de Vergennes and had to move in the Principality of Liège in 1781 under the name "Pierre Lebrun",<ref>Daniel Droixhe, Livres et lumières au pays de Liège: 1730-1830, Desoer Éditions, 1980, 401 pages, p. 276.</ref> he became a foreman at the printing shop of Jean-Jacques Tutot, where he soon became editor, and married, in Liege on 28 July 1783, Marie-Jeanne Adrienne Cheret (as was written in French documents; some Belgian registers also write "Cherette"), who gave him seven children, out of which six grew to be adults: Jean-Pierre-Louis (born July 21, 1784), Josephine Barbe Marie (born September 10, 1786), Théodore Charles-Joseph Gilbert (born February 16, 1788), Marie-Francoise-Charlotte Henriette (born August 11, 1789), Isabelle Civilis Victoire Jemmapes Dumouriez, (born November 11th, 1792), Sophie Minerve (born February 13th, 1794) .<ref>François Moureau, Anne-Marie Chouillet, Jean Balcou, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789): supplément, Centre de recherche sur les sensibilités, Université des langues et lettres de Grenoble, 1984, 212 pages, pp. 106-107 (ISBN 2-902709-34-X).</ref> In June 1785, he left Tutot and, with Jacques-Joseph Smits, started the ''Journal of General Europe'', based in Liege, a periodical favorable to new ideas that met with great success. Increasingly critical of the Prince-Bishop, he, in July 1786, installed the presses in the [[Austrian Netherlands]], in [[Herve]] ([[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]]), near [[Liege]]. Having acquired Liege citizenship, he was closely involved in politics and participated in the revolution Liege in 1789, also writing the ''Journal of Patriotic Liège'' from March 18 to July 4, 1790. During that period he turned to radical views such were later on embodied by Girondins and early days Montagnards in Paris, and was linked to the more radical Liege activists.
The son of Christophe Pierre Tondu, a well-to-do merchant also churchwarden of his parish, and Elisabeth Rosalie Lebrun,<ref>François Moureau, Anne-Marie Chouillet, Jean Balcou, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789): supplément, Centre de recherche sur les sensibilités, Université des langues et lettres de Grenoble, 1984, pp. 106-107; ({{ISBN|2-902709-34-X}})</ref> he was sent as a youngster as a student at [[College Louis-le-Grand]], Paris, under benefit of a scholarship grant from the Chapter of Canons of Noyon, a common situation in such schools run by priests. Louis-le-Grand was attended during those years by such famous-to-be people as [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|La Fayette]] (a shade older than Tondu-Lebrun was), [[Maximilien Robespierre]], [[Camille Desmoulins]] (both younger), and a bunch of others that played some role in the French Revolution as well (such as Feron, Noel...). However, his family ran into financial trouble (reasons are not known) and he had to become a teacher at Louis-le-Grand, the which position required at that time to become some level of tonsured cleric;<ref>Marcel Dorigny, « Lebrun-Tondu », dans Albert Soboul (dir.), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Paris, PUF, 1989 (rééd. Quadrige, 2005, pp. 657-658.</ref> thus he was known under the name "Abbot Tondu"; he moved to be employed at the Observatory of Paris about in 1777, where he devoted himself to mathematics and observations until early 1779. Then, for two years, he was a soldier, before obtaining his leave. Involved in some unclear contestation of French politics, he was banned by Minister Baron de Vergennes and had to move in the [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège]] in 1781 under the name "Pierre Lebrun",<ref>Daniel Droixhe, Livres et lumières au pays de Liège: 1730-1830, Desoer Éditions, 1980, 401 pages, p. 276.</ref> he became a foreman at the printing shop of Jean-Jacques Tutot, where he soon became editor.
===Marriage and children===
He married, in Liege on 28 July 1783, Marie-Jeanne Adrienne Cheret (as was written in French documents; some Belgian registers also write "Cherette"), who gave him seven children, out of which six grew to be adults:
* Jean-Pierre-Louis (born 21 July 1784),
* Josephine Barbe Marie (born 10 September 1786),
* Théodore Charles-Joseph Gilbert (born 16 February 1788),
* Marie-Francoise-Charlotte Henriette (born 11 August 1789),
* Isabelle Civilis Victoire Jemmapes Dumouriez, (born 11 November 1792),
* Sophie Minerve (born 13 February 1794) .<ref>François Moureau, Anne-Marie Chouillet, Jean Balcou, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789): supplément, Centre de recherche sur les sensibilités, Université des langues et lettres de Grenoble, 1984, pp. 106-107; {{ISBN|2-902709-34-X}}</ref>

===Career in printing===
In June 1785, he left Tutot and, with Jacques-Joseph Smits, started the ''Journal général d'Europe'', based in Liege, a periodical favorable to new ideas that met with great success. Increasingly critical of the Prince-Bishop, he, in July 1786, installed the presses in the [[Austrian Netherlands]], in [[Herve]] ([[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]]), near [[Liège|Liege]]. Having acquired Liege citizenship, he was closely involved in politics and participated in the [[Liège Revolution]] in 1789, also writing the ''Journal of Patriotic Liège'' from 18 March to 4 July 1790. During that period he turned to radical views such were later on embodied by Girondins and early days Montagnards in Paris, and was linked to the more radical Liege activists.{{cn|date=March 2024}}


==During the Revolution==
==During the Revolution==
Forced into exile during the restoration of 1791, he moved to [[Lille]] in January, then to Paris, where he maintained some activity on account on the defunct Liege Republic, such as develop with other exiles a draft constitution proclaiming the equality of all citizens, freedom of the press and the formation of an assembly where national bourgeois representation would count twice as large as those of the clergy and nobility, or on 18 December appearing before the [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]] at the head of a Liège delegation.<ref>Jo Gérard, « Édouard de Walckiers, le La Fayette belge », La Revue générale, Éditions Duculot, juin-juillet 1789: « Au temps des révolutions », p. 91</ref> However he rapidly got engrossed in French Revolution politics through his newspaper he had revived starting March 1791.This got him in acquaintance with forefront players of those days, such as [[Jacques-Pierre Brissot]], [[Etienne Claviere]], [[Eugene Roland]] and [[Charles François Dumouriez]]; Tondu-Lebrun's familiarity with politics and power play between Powers-that-be (England, German Empire, Prussia, France, Holland, Russia in Flanders and central Europe got him to be appointed as chief clerk of the 1st branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Dumouriez.<ref>L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, 1998, n° 552-562, p. 927.</ref> After August 10, 1792, he became foreign minister in the Transitional Executive Council (August 11, 1792) and submitted to the National Convention a political picture of Europe as of September 25. An advocate of an immediate peace with Prussia after the [[battle of Valmy]], he conducted secret negotiations, and after negotiations failed, he was a supporter of the war of conquest and defended the annexation of [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]. On November 12, he baptized his daughter, Civilis-Victoire-Jemmapes Dumouriez, and the God father was Dumouriez.
Forced into exile during the restoration of 1791, he moved to [[Lille]] in January, then to Paris, where he maintained some activity on account on the defunct [[Republic of Liège]], such as develop with other exiles a draft constitution proclaiming the equality of all citizens, freedom of the press and the formation of an assembly where national bourgeois representation would count twice as large as those of the clergy and nobility, or on 18 December appearing before the [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]] at the head of a Liège delegation.<ref>Jo Gérard, « Édouard de Walckiers, le La Fayette belge », La Revue générale, Éditions Duculot, juin-juillet 1789: « Au temps des révolutions », p. 91</ref> However, he rapidly got engrossed in French Revolution politics through his newspaper he had revived starting March 1791. This got him in acquaintance with forefront players of those days, such as [[Jacques-Pierre Brissot]], [[Etienne Claviere]], [[Jean-Marie Roland]] and [[Charles François Dumouriez]]; Tondu-Lebrun's familiarity with politics and power play between Powers-that-be (England, German Empire, Prussia, France, Holland, Russia in Flanders and central Europe got him to be appointed as chief clerk of the 1st branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Dumouriez.<ref>Title unknown, [[L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux]], 1998, n° 552-562, p. 927.</ref> After 10 August 1792 he became foreign minister in the Transitional Executive Council (11 August 1792) and submitted to the National Convention a political picture of Europe as of 25 September. An advocate of an immediate peace with Prussia after the [[battle of Valmy]], he conducted secret negotiations, and after negotiations failed, he was a supporter of the war of conquest and defended the annexation of [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]. On 12 November he baptized his daughter, Civilis-Victoire-Jemmapes Dumouriez, and the God father was Dumouriez.{{cn|date=March 2024}}


Temporarily in charge of the Ministry of War after the resignation of Servan in October, he filed on December 19 and 31, reports on projects of England against France, in which he supported, however, for a peace policy, and showed the protests of Spain for Louis XVI. Chairman of the Executive Committee, after January 20, 1793, he signed the execution order of [[Execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI]].
Temporarily in charge of the Ministry of War after the resignation of Servan in October, on 19 and 31 December he filed reports on projects of England against France in which he supported, however, for a peace policy, and showed the protests of Spain for Louis XVI. Chairman of the Executive Committee, after 20 January 1793, he signed the execution order of [[Execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI]].


In the early months of 1793, he tried to reconnect with [[Lord Grenville]], to avoid a rupture with Great Britain. On March 7, he reported to the Assembly of the rupture of diplomatic relations with Spain and its imminent entry into the war. On February 2, he summoned [[Charles Louis Huguet, marquis de Sémonville|Semonville]] to justify himself in Paris and suspended his office, after suspicision of links with Louis XVI from the publication of a letter from Antoine Omer Talon, [[:fr:Antoine Omer Talon]] found in late November 1792.<ref>Fernand Beaucour, Un fidèle de l'empereur en son époque, Jean Mathieu Alexandre Sari (1792-1862), Société de Sauvegarde du Château impérial de Pont-de-Briques, 1972, vol. 1, pp. 97-98.</ref>
In the early months of 1793, he tried to reconnect with [[Lord Grenville]], to avoid a rupture with Great Britain. On 7 March he reported to the Assembly of the rupture of diplomatic relations with Spain and its imminent entry into the war. On 2 February he summoned [[Charles Louis Huguet, marquis de Sémonville|Semonville]] to justify himself in Paris and suspended his office, after suspicision of links with Louis XVI from the publication of a letter from [[Antoine Omer Talon]], found in late November 1792.<ref>Fernand Beaucour, Un fidèle de l'empereur en son époque, Jean Mathieu Alexandre Sari (1792-1862), Société de Sauvegarde du Château impérial de Pont-de-Briques, 1972, vol. 1, pp. 97-98.</ref>


===Arrest and execution===
Denounced by the end of 1792 by [[The Mountain]] for his close links with the [[Girondins]], suspected of complicity with Gen. Charles François Dumouriez, He was arrested on June 2, 1793 with 29 members and fellow Girondin, [[Étienne Clavière]]. First held temporarily in office, he was brought with Claviere before the Revolutionary Court September 5, but managed to escape the 9, and went into clandestinity while remaining in Paris, where he hid under a variety of names during several months; while under the name of Pierre Brasseur, citizen of Liege, he was arrested on 2 Nivose year II (December 22, 1793), by Francis Heron, Agent of the Committee of General Security.
Denounced by the end of 1792 by [[The Mountain]] for his close links with the [[Girondins]], suspected of complicity with General [[Charles François Dumouriez]], he was arrested on 2 June 1793 with 29 members and fellow Girondin, [[Étienne Clavière]]. First held temporarily in office, he was brought with Claviere before the Revolutionary Court on 5 September but managed to escape on the 9th and went into clandestinity while remaining in Paris, where he hid under a variety of names during several months; while under the name of Pierre Brasseur, citizen of Liege, he was arrested on 2 Nivose year II (22 December 1793), by [[Francois Heron]], Agent of the Committee of General Security.
Brought before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death on 7 Nivose (December 27) under a variety of contrived and undocumented treason against the unity of the Republic, conspiracy on account of foreign powers charges, the most obvious reason being of having been called to office by Roland, Brissot, Dumouriez, all guillotined or escaped from France. He was guillotined the following day.


A barely sketched attempt at defense and justification, written by him (this document does not exceed mere introductory terms in the rather pompous style of those days), was published in the year IV under the title: ''Historical Memory and supporting my ministry.''
Brought before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death on 7 Nivose (27 December) under a variety of contrived and undocumented treason against the unity of the Republic, conspiracy on account of foreign powers charges, the most obvious reason being of having been called to office by Roland, Brissot, Dumouriez, all guillotined or escaped from France. He was guillotined the following day. A barely sketched attempt at defense and justification, written by him (this document does not exceed mere introductory terms in the rather pompous style of those days), was published in the year IV under the title: ''Historical Memory and supporting my ministry.''{{cn|date=March 2024}}


==Note==
==Opinion of Madame Roland==
LeBrun was not illegitimate, as Frederick Masson claims.<ref>''Le Département des affaires étrangères pendant la Revolution 1787–1804'' (Paris, 1877), p. 162.</ref> According to the archives in [[Noyon]], he was baptized on 28 August 1754, the "son of Mister Christophe-Pierre Tondu, churchwardern, and Elisabeth-Rosalie LeBrun." After becoming a Liégeois citizen, he changed his surname to Tondu-LeBrun and later dropped the Tondu.<ref>G. de Froidcourt, “Les Réfugiés Liégeois à Paris en 1793 et Pierre LeBrun,” Le vieux-Liège 114, no. 5 (1956): p. 55.</ref>
In her memoirs, [[Madame Roland]] describes him thus: <blockquote>He was considered a wise man, because he had no outbursts of any kind, and clever man, because he was a very good clerk, but he had neither action, nor mind, nor character. </blockquote>This was hardly a fair view coming from a prejudiced woman whose husband had been a fellow Minister and very unpopular as Home Office Minister, with big responsibilities in the fall of the Girondins. Robespierre held some personal grudge against Lebrun.
In a contray perspective, Lebrun, had led a full ten years of political militancy in Liege at personal risk while others were happily plying ordinary trades throughout the 1780s, a background only a few others, such as Jean-Pierre Brissaud or Mirabeau could claim with comparable legitimacy.


==References==
==References==
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{{Ministers of the French National Convention}}
{{Frenchtrans|Pierre Henri Hélène Tondu|2010-01-6|oldid=48519281}}
{{Foreign Ministers of France}}
{{Foreign Ministers of France}}
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{{Authority control}}


⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebrun-Tondu, Pierre}}
⚫
{{Authority control|VIAF=6862495}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| NAME =Lebrun-Tondu, Pierre Henri Helene
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 27, 1754
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = December 27, 1793
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebrun-Tondu, Pierre Henri Helene}}
[[Category:1754 births]]
[[Category:1754 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Noyon]]
[[Category:Secretaries of State for War (France)]]
[[Category:Secretaries of State for War (France)]]
[[Category:People from Picardy executed by guillotine during the French Revolution]]
[[Category:French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution]]
[[Category:French Foreign Ministers]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of France]]
[[Category:18th-century French politicians]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]

Latest revision as of 23:53, 3 May 2024

Pierre-Henri-Hélène-Marie Lebrun-Tondu (né Tondu; French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ɑ̃ʁi elɛn maʁi ləbʁœ̃ tɔ̃dy]; 28 August 1754 [baptismal date], Noyon – 27 December 1793, Paris) was a journalist and a French minister, during the French Revolution.

Before the Revolution[edit]

The son of Christophe Pierre Tondu, a well-to-do merchant also churchwarden of his parish, and Elisabeth Rosalie Lebrun,[1] he was sent as a youngster as a student at College Louis-le-Grand, Paris, under benefit of a scholarship grant from the Chapter of Canons of Noyon, a common situation in such schools run by priests. Louis-le-Grand was attended during those years by such famous-to-be people as La Fayette (a shade older than Tondu-Lebrun was), Maximilien Robespierre, Camille Desmoulins (both younger), and a bunch of others that played some role in the French Revolution as well (such as Feron, Noel...). However, his family ran into financial trouble (reasons are not known) and he had to become a teacher at Louis-le-Grand, the which position required at that time to become some level of tonsured cleric;[2] thus he was known under the name "Abbot Tondu"; he moved to be employed at the Observatory of Paris about in 1777, where he devoted himself to mathematics and observations until early 1779. Then, for two years, he was a soldier, before obtaining his leave. Involved in some unclear contestation of French politics, he was banned by Minister Baron de Vergennes and had to move in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège in 1781 under the name "Pierre Lebrun",[3] he became a foreman at the printing shop of Jean-Jacques Tutot, where he soon became editor.

Marriage and children[edit]

He married, in Liege on 28 July 1783, Marie-Jeanne Adrienne Cheret (as was written in French documents; some Belgian registers also write "Cherette"), who gave him seven children, out of which six grew to be adults:

  • Jean-Pierre-Louis (born 21 July 1784),
  • Josephine Barbe Marie (born 10 September 1786),
  • Théodore Charles-Joseph Gilbert (born 16 February 1788),
  • Marie-Francoise-Charlotte Henriette (born 11 August 1789),
  • Isabelle Civilis Victoire Jemmapes Dumouriez, (born 11 November 1792),
  • Sophie Minerve (born 13 February 1794) .[4]

Career in printing[edit]

In June 1785, he left Tutot and, with Jacques-Joseph Smits, started the Journal général d'Europe, based in Liege, a periodical favorable to new ideas that met with great success. Increasingly critical of the Prince-Bishop, he, in July 1786, installed the presses in the Austrian Netherlands, in Herve (Limburg), near Liege. Having acquired Liege citizenship, he was closely involved in politics and participated in the Liège Revolution in 1789, also writing the Journal of Patriotic Liège from 18 March to 4 July 1790. During that period he turned to radical views such were later on embodied by Girondins and early days Montagnards in Paris, and was linked to the more radical Liege activists.[citation needed]

During the Revolution[edit]

Forced into exile during the restoration of 1791, he moved to Lille in January, then to Paris, where he maintained some activity on account on the defunct Republic of Liège, such as develop with other exiles a draft constitution proclaiming the equality of all citizens, freedom of the press and the formation of an assembly where national bourgeois representation would count twice as large as those of the clergy and nobility, or on 18 December appearing before the Legislative Assembly at the head of a Liège delegation.[5] However, he rapidly got engrossed in French Revolution politics through his newspaper he had revived starting March 1791. This got him in acquaintance with forefront players of those days, such as Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Etienne Claviere, Jean-Marie Roland and Charles François Dumouriez; Tondu-Lebrun's familiarity with politics and power play between Powers-that-be (England, German Empire, Prussia, France, Holland, Russia in Flanders and central Europe got him to be appointed as chief clerk of the 1st branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Dumouriez.[6] After 10 August 1792 he became foreign minister in the Transitional Executive Council (11 August 1792) and submitted to the National Convention a political picture of Europe as of 25 September. An advocate of an immediate peace with Prussia after the battle of Valmy, he conducted secret negotiations, and after negotiations failed, he was a supporter of the war of conquest and defended the annexation of Belgium and the Netherlands. On 12 November he baptized his daughter, Civilis-Victoire-Jemmapes Dumouriez, and the God father was Dumouriez.[citation needed]

Temporarily in charge of the Ministry of War after the resignation of Servan in October, on 19 and 31 December he filed reports on projects of England against France in which he supported, however, for a peace policy, and showed the protests of Spain for Louis XVI. Chairman of the Executive Committee, after 20 January 1793, he signed the execution order of Louis XVI.

In the early months of 1793, he tried to reconnect with Lord Grenville, to avoid a rupture with Great Britain. On 7 March he reported to the Assembly of the rupture of diplomatic relations with Spain and its imminent entry into the war. On 2 February he summoned Semonville to justify himself in Paris and suspended his office, after suspicision of links with Louis XVI from the publication of a letter from Antoine Omer Talon, found in late November 1792.[7]

Arrest and execution[edit]

Denounced by the end of 1792 by The Mountain for his close links with the Girondins, suspected of complicity with General Charles François Dumouriez, he was arrested on 2 June 1793 with 29 members and fellow Girondin, Étienne Clavière. First held temporarily in office, he was brought with Claviere before the Revolutionary Court on 5 September but managed to escape on the 9th and went into clandestinity while remaining in Paris, where he hid under a variety of names during several months; while under the name of Pierre Brasseur, citizen of Liege, he was arrested on 2 Nivose year II (22 December 1793), by Francois Heron, Agent of the Committee of General Security.

Brought before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death on 7 Nivose (27 December) under a variety of contrived and undocumented treason against the unity of the Republic, conspiracy on account of foreign powers charges, the most obvious reason being of having been called to office by Roland, Brissot, Dumouriez, all guillotined or escaped from France. He was guillotined the following day. A barely sketched attempt at defense and justification, written by him (this document does not exceed mere introductory terms in the rather pompous style of those days), was published in the year IV under the title: Historical Memory and supporting my ministry.[citation needed]

Note[edit]

LeBrun was not illegitimate, as Frederick Masson claims.[8] According to the archives in Noyon, he was baptized on 28 August 1754, the "son of Mister Christophe-Pierre Tondu, churchwardern, and Elisabeth-Rosalie LeBrun." After becoming a Liégeois citizen, he changed his surname to Tondu-LeBrun and later dropped the Tondu.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ François Moureau, Anne-Marie Chouillet, Jean Balcou, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789): supplément, Centre de recherche sur les sensibilités, Université des langues et lettres de Grenoble, 1984, pp. 106-107; (ISBN 2-902709-34-X)
  2. ^ Marcel Dorigny, « Lebrun-Tondu », dans Albert Soboul (dir.), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Paris, PUF, 1989 (rééd. Quadrige, 2005, pp. 657-658.
  3. ^ Daniel Droixhe, Livres et lumières au pays de Liège: 1730-1830, Desoer Éditions, 1980, 401 pages, p. 276.
  4. ^ François Moureau, Anne-Marie Chouillet, Jean Balcou, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789): supplément, Centre de recherche sur les sensibilités, Université des langues et lettres de Grenoble, 1984, pp. 106-107; ISBN 2-902709-34-X
  5. ^ Jo Gérard, « Édouard de Walckiers, le La Fayette belge », La Revue générale, Éditions Duculot, juin-juillet 1789: « Au temps des révolutions », p. 91
  6. ^ Title unknown, L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, 1998, n° 552-562, p. 927.
  7. ^ Fernand Beaucour, Un fidèle de l'empereur en son époque, Jean Mathieu Alexandre Sari (1792-1862), Société de Sauvegarde du Château impérial de Pont-de-Briques, 1972, vol. 1, pp. 97-98.
  8. ^ Le Département des affaires étrangères pendant la Revolution 1787–1804 (Paris, 1877), p. 162.
  9. ^ G. de Froidcourt, “Les Réfugiés Liégeois à Paris en 1793 et Pierre LeBrun,” Le vieux-Liège 114, no. 5 (1956): p. 55.
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
10 August 1792 – 21 June 1793 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary of State for War
3 October 1792 – 18 October 1792 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary of State for War
1 April 1793 – 4 April 1793 		Succeeded by
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