circumflex
|
ˆ
|
|
|---|---|
| Diacritical marks | |
| designation | character |
| Acute, simple | ◌́ |
| Acute, double | ◌̋ |
| Breve, about it | ◌̆ |
| Breve, including | ◌̮ |
| Cedilla, including | ◌̧ |
| Cedilla, about it | ◌̒ |
| Gravis, simple | ◌̀ |
| Gravis, double | ◌̏ |
| hook | ◌̉ |
| Hatschek | ◌̌ |
| horn | ◌̛ |
| Comma below | ◌̦ |
| Coronis | ◌̓ |
| Kroužek, about it | ◌̊ |
| Kroužek, including | ◌̥ |
| Macron, about it | ◌̄ |
| Macron, underneath | ◌̱ |
| Ogonek | ◌̨ |
| Period about that | ◌̇ |
| Point below | ◌̣ |
| Dash | ◌̶ |
|
diacritical slash |
◌̷ |
| Alcohol asper | ◌̔ |
| Spiritus lenis | ◌̕ |
| Tilde, about it | ◌̃ |
| Tilde, underneath | ◌̰ |
| Trema, about it | ◌̈ |
| Trema, including | ◌̤ |
| circumflex | ◌̂ |
Ôô Ŝŝ Ûû Ŵŵ Ŷŷ
A circumflex (from latin [accentus] circumflex , "bent around" derived from ancient Greek περισπωμένη perispōménē or περισπασμός perispasmós ; Neugriechisch περισπωμένη perispoméni ; French [accent] circonflexe ), also known as a caret , roof , hat or caret is a diacritical mark , mostly to identify a particular pronunciation or stress on a letter. There is an acute angle (roof) open at the bottom above the letter (e.g. â, ĉ, ê), the graphic counterpart to Hatschek (e.g. č).
Occurrence
In Greek , the circumflex was used as early as the 3rd century BC. Chr. Introduced and usually as a round roof or like a Spanish tilde written (~). For the ancient Greeks himself he referred to vowel length and accentuation, so ancient Greek was a tonal language ; In any case, it sounded differently than the acute , but the exact sound of the circumflex has not been passed down. In the two common forms of pronunciation of ancient Greek today - the modern Greek pronunciation and the western school pronunciation, both no longer tonal languages - it sounds exactly like the acute. In modern Greek , he was therefore in 1982 with the other two accents by the acutely similar Tonos replaced (unit accent), because he had caused students only unnecessary learning curve. However, some conservative or elderly people in Greece still use it today.
In Old High German , the circumflex was sometimes used to stretch the i (sound value: in IPA [iː], in New High German also ie ). When spelling normalized Middle High German , the circumflex over a, e, i, o and u indicates a long pronunciation. All vowels without a circumflex are pronounced briefly.
In Latin the circumflex is used (as a contraction sign , latin signum contractionis ) contractions indicate how in Duum for Duorum '(two of two,) or Deum for DEORUM (the gods) to mark and to long vowels or certain cases , as in -â instead of -a as the ablative singular of the a-declension.
In the French language , the circumflex ( accent circonflexe ) over vowel letters marks in most cases the absence of a subsequent old French "s", cf. old french. estre , fenestre , chasteau - neufranz . être ("to be"), fenêtre ("window"), château ("castle"). In the English language this "s" is sometimes still present: neufranz. hôpital ("hospital"), île ("island"), hôtel ("hotel") - English: hospital , isle , hostel ("hostel"). In some specific cases, the French circumflex is used to denote a vowel stretch without an “s” dropout; B. in théâtre "theater" from the Latin theatrum . Thirdly, the French circumflex is used to distinguish homophonic words which have adopted an identical spelling (e.g. by sound shifting ), e.g. B. sûr “safe” and sur “on”.
In Italian , the circumflex was mainly used earlier to form the plural of words with the final -io to mark the "disappeared" plural-i: il principio → i principî .
In the Welsh language , a circumflex over a, e, i, o, w, and y indicates that this vowel is pronounced long. In contrast, vowels without a circumflex are pronounced either short or long, depending on the following consonant.
In Chichewa , Ŵ, ŵ (W, w with circumflex) denote the bilabial fricative / β /, e.g. B. in the country name Malaŵi ( German : Malawi ).
In Esperanto , the circumflex can appear over five consonants:
- C: [tʃ], unvoiced, (ch ' sealed echien)
- Ĝ ĝ: [dʒ], voiced 'dsch' ( Dsch ungel)
- Ĥ ĥ: [x], Ach-Laut '(Sa ch e)
- J j: [ʒ], voiced, SCH '( J ournal)
- Ŝ ŝ: [ʃ], voiceless 'sch' ( Sch long).
In Slovak , the Ô, ô (O, o with circumflex) occurs, which converts the letter O into a diphthong / u̯o /.
In the latest ISO - transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet of the circumflex is used to those Cyrillic characters thus far in a combination of several Latin letters transliterated were to assign a single Latin letters. The selection of characters does not correspond to any convention, but it always enables a clear translation back into Cyrillic:
| Cyrillic | ISO 9 |
|---|---|
| Є є | Ê ê |
| Ѕ ѕ | Ẑ ẑ |
| Ӥ ӥ | Î î |
| Љ љ | L̂ l̂ |
| Њ њ | N̂ n̂ |
| Ө ө | Ô ô |
| Щ щ | Ŝ ŝ |
| Ю ю | Û û |
| Я я | Â â |
use
In formulas, the circumflex accent is read as a roof or hat . It has the following meanings, among others:
- In mathematics , the Fourier transform of a function is denoted by.
- In addition, a maximum value is often marked as such. is the largest of a series or set.
- The constant function is called the mapping that assigns a constant to each .
- In physics , quantities are identified as ( quantum mechanical ) operators with the circumflex : B. the Hamilton operator or energy operator :
- In historical linguistics , the circumflex is used to indicate vowel length.
The circumflex is used as an independent symbol in some programming languages and in TeX to denote powers . When calculating potencies, e.g. B. with a spreadsheet program or with a pocket calculator you write instead of x² x^2. In the programming language C and languages derived from it such as C ++ and Java, however, the circumflex does not mean exponentiation, but rather stands for the bitwise XOR operation . It is also used in IT for regular expressions to identify the beginning of the line for search patterns applied to character strings or to exclude certain characters by means of negation.
Two circumflexes (^^) are used on the Internet to express joy or amusement about the previous statement. The two symbols are meant to represent eyes blinking with giggles. You can find it in chat groups, forums, MMORPGs and the like (see net jargon ).
The non-printable control characters are sometimes visualized using the so-called "caret notation". This represents the control characters with a circumflex ("caret") followed by another ASCII character. The code of the control character then results from the code of the (capital) letter minus 64 (hex 40). For example, a line feed character (line-feed) with the code 10 (hex 0A) is represented as ^ J, for J has the code 74 (hex 4A). Many text consoles / terminals can be switched so that they do not execute control characters but display them using this caret notation. Often this switchover happens unintentionally, for example through faulty programs that send the wrong switchover commands to the console. As a result, it can happen that the control characters represented by the caret notation such as Backspace (^ H) or Return (^ M) are inadvertently inserted when the corresponding key is pressed. This fact is sometimes used in chats, e-mails and web forums to pretend that a text has been deleted again that can still be seen "by mistake". This serves as a stylistic means, for example to cover up an insult in this way or to portray self-censorship ironically: "This idiot ^ H ^ H ^ H ^ H ^ H guy said ...".
Presentation on the computer
Character sets
The ASCII character set only contains the ^ character (in Unicode at position U + 005E), which is now interpreted as a single, universally applicable character. The 8-bit character sets from the ISO-8859 family contain selected characters with circumflexes; For example, ISO 8859-1 contains Â, â, Ê, ê, Î, î, Ô, ô, Û as well as û, ISO 8859-3 the circumflex letters of Esperanto Ĉ, ĉ, Ĝ, ĝ, Ĥ, ĥ, Ĵ, ĵ, Ŝ, ŝ, and ISO 8859-14 also include the Welsh letters Ŵ, ŵ, Ŷ, ŷ.
In the Unicode standard, in addition to the universal character ^ (U + 005E), the typographically better character ˆ (U + 02C6) and other pre-composed characters with circumflexes are included (e.g. Ẑ, ẑ). By adding a combining circumflex (U + 0302) any other characters can be displayed with circumflex.
LaTeX and TeX
LaTeX and TeX can represent any characters with circumflex. There are two different commands for this:
- In math mode for the formula set generates
\hat{a}the formula . - In text mode for typesetting,
\^aa â generates .
