Afanassjewo culture

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Afanassjewo culture
Age : late Copper Age - Early Bronze Age
Absolutely : 3500 BC Chr. - 2500 BC Chr.

expansion
South Siberia
Leitforms

Line markers

Spread of the Afanassjewo culture around 3000 BC Chr.

The Afanassjewo culture ( Russian Афанасьевская культура , scientific transcription of the location Afanas'evo) is an archaeological culture of the Copper Age . It was between 3500 and 2500 BC. Widespread in southern Siberia.

Regional distribution

Excavations that can be assigned to this culture can be found primarily in the area of Minussinsk in the Krasnoyarsk region in southern Siberia , in the neighboring Tuva and in the Altai Mountains , but also widespread in western Mongolia , northern Xinjiang , as well as in eastern and central Kazakhstan . Connections also seem to exist to Tajikistan and the Aral Sea region .

Culture

Prehistoric cultures of Russia
Mesolithic
Kunda culture 7400-6000 BC Chr.
Neolithic
Bug Dniester culture 6500-5000 BC Chr.
Dnepr-Don culture 5000-4000 BC Chr.
Sredny Stog culture 4500-3500 BC Chr.
Ekaterininka culture 4300-3700 BC Chr.
Fatyanovo culture around 2500 BC Chr.
Copper Age
North Caspian culture
Spa culture 5000-3000 BC Chr.
Samara culture around 5000 BC Chr.
Chwalynsk culture 5000-4500 BC Chr.
Botai culture 3700-3100 BC Chr.
Yamnaya culture 3600-2300 BC Chr.
Afanassjewo culture 3500-2500 BC Chr.
Usatovo culture 3300-3200 BC Chr.
Glaskovo culture 3200-2400 BC Chr.
Bronze age
Poltavka culture 2700-2100 BC Chr.
Potapovka culture 2500-2000 BC Chr.
Catacomb tomb culture 2500-2000 BC Chr.
Abashevo culture 2500-1800 BC Chr.
Sintashta culture 2100-1800 BC Chr.
Okunew culture around 2000 BC Chr.
Samus culture around 2000 BC Chr.
Andronovo culture 2000-1200 BC Chr.
Susgun culture around 1700 BC Chr.
Srubna culture 1600-1200 BC Chr.
Colchis culture 1700-600 BC Chr.
Begasy Dandybai culture around 1300 BC Chr.
Karassuk culture around 1200 BC Chr.
Ust-mil culture around 1200–500 BC Chr.
Koban culture 1200-400 BC Chr.
Irmen culture 1200-400 BC Chr.
Late corporate culture around 1000 BC Chr.
Plate burial culture around 1300–300 BC Chr.
Aldy Bel culture 900-700 BC Chr.
Iron age
Baitowo culture
Tagar culture 900-300 BC Chr.
Nosilowo group 900-600 BC Chr.
Ananino culture 800-300 BC Chr.
Tasmola culture 700-300 BC Chr.
Gorokhovo culture 600-200 BC Chr.
Sagly bashi culture 500-300 BC Chr.
Jessik Beschsatyr culture 500-300 BC Chr.
Pazyryk level 500-300 BC Chr.
Sargat culture 500 BC Chr. – 400 AD
Kulaika culture 400 BC Chr. – 400 AD
Tes level 300 BC Chr. – 100 AD
Shurmak culture 200 BC Chr. – 200 AD
Tashtyk culture 100–600 AD
Chernyakhov culture AD 200–500

Different types of ceramics are characteristic. High, egg-shaped vessels with a pointed bottom and a stepped rim are very common, and there are also spherical pots and small "incense bowls". The ceramic is decorated with imprints, notches and punctures, which are arranged in horizontal rows over the entire surface of the vessel. In addition to bones and flint , copper has already been processed. Several settlement sites are known that were used over a long period of time; In most cases, however, only stoves were found on them, but no building remains; the bearers of the Afanassjewo culture thus probably settled in light, tent-like dwellings. In addition, caves were visited in the Altai. Sheep dung remains from caves shows that the bearers of the Afanassjewo culture already farmed cattle, but the large amount of wild animal bones that were found also shows that hunting continued to be of great importance. The necropolises of the Afanassjewo culture were quite small and were mostly laid out on terraces. The dead were in kurgans buried with stone circle in the back crouched position in a rectangular grave pit and covered with stone slabs. In the vicinity of the necropolis there were often small burnt sacrifice sites made of stone circles, inside of which pottery, animal bones, small finds and ashes were found.

Connection with Indo-Europeans?

The burials found, but also the lifestyle with predominantly cattle breeding, also arable farming and the archaeological-material remains show great similarities with cultures in Eastern Europe, such as the Yamnaja culture , the Sredny-Stog culture , the catacomb culture and the Poltavka culture . Culture , with the yamna culture by most researchers in the tradition of Marija Gimbutas as the origin of Indo-European languages is considered (known Kurgankultur or Kurganhypothese). New genetic engineering results show kinship relationships to Eastern European groups via the haplogroup R1a1-M17. The similarities suggest that the establishment of the Afanassjewo culture was the result of a very early migration to the east from the complex of the Kurgan culture , especially the Chwalynsk culture and the Repin culture around 3700-3300 BC. Was.

Early Afanassjewo culture with the Tienschan and Pamir mountains adjoining to the south and the Tarim basin

A few centuries later, around 3000-2500 BC. BC, characteristic Afanassjewo sites spread south through the Xinjiang region to the Tarim Basin , but also west of it, to Tajikistan and the region around Bukhara . With the spread of the Andronowo culture at the end of 3rd – 2nd centuries. Millennium BC The Afanassjewo finds ended west of the Pamir and north of the Tienschan . Apparently the Afanassjewo people were gradually assimilated culturally and possibly also linguistically by the Andronowo people . Only in the northeast did they change to the Okunew culture due to influences from other neighboring cultures . In contrast, in the Tarim Basin, archaeological-cultural continuities can be traced back to the Tarim culture in the 1st millennium BC. Watch. The researched archaeological correspondences are particularly numerous and range from lifestyle and diet, typical kurgan, metallurgy and ceramics to textiles and woodworking, because the dry desert climate of the Taklamakan , like the permafrost in the north, also conserves organic finds.

The observations of the early immigration from the western steppes and the later expansion to the south led to the hypothesis going back to James Patrick Mallory that the bearers of this culture could have been the earliest speakers of the Tocharian languages , which were still used in the Tarim basin in the 1st millennium AD and which occupy a special position within the Indo-European language family .

literature

Archeology:

  • Hermann Parzinger : The early peoples of Eurasia. From the Neolithic to the Middle Ages (= Historical Library of the Gerda Henkel Foundation. ). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54961-6 , p. 186 ff.
  • Эльга Б. Вадецкая: Археологические памятники в степях среднего Енисея. Наука, Ленинград 1986.

Afanassjewo culture and Indo-Europeans:

  • James P. Mallory: Afanasevo Culture. In: James P. Mallory , Douglas Q. Adams (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London et al. 1997, ISBN 3-404-64162-0 .
  • Павел М. Кожин: О псалиях из афанасьевских могил. In: Советская археология. No. 4, 1970, ISSN  0038-5034 , pp. 189-193.
  • Henri-Paul Francfort: The Archeology of Protohistoric Central Asia and the Problems of Identifying Indo-European and Uralic-Speaking Populations. In: Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio (Eds.): Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Linguistic and Archaeological considerations (= Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Volume 242). Papers presented at an international Symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, 8–10 January, 1999. Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, Helsinki 2001, ISBN 952-5150-59-3 , pp. 151–168 ( review in ling.ed.ac.uk ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The dates in the table are taken from the individual articles and do not always have to be reliable. Cultures in areas of other former Soviet republics were included.
  2. ↑ Anton Scherer (Ed.): The original home of the Indo-Europeans (= ways of research. Vol. 166, ISSN  0509-9609 ). Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1968.
  3. ↑ James P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London et al. 1997, ISBN 3-404-64162-0 .
  4. ↑ Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio (eds.): Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Linguistic and Archaeological considerations (= Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 242). Papers presented at an international Symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, January 8-10, 1999. Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura , Helsinki 2001, ISBN 952-5150-59-3 .
  5. ^ David W. Anthony: The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the modern World. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ et al. 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0 .
  6. ↑ Christine Keyser, Caroline Bouakaze, Eric Crubézy, Valery G. Nikolaev, Daniel Montagnon, Tatiana Reis, Bertrand Ludes: Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people. Human Genetics. In: Human Genetics. Vol. 126, No. 3, September 2009, ISSN  0340-6717 , pp. 395-410, doi: 10.1007 / s00439-009-0683-0 .
  7. ↑ See e.g. B. David W. Anthony: The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the modern World. , Pp. 307-336.
  8. ↑ Elena Efimowna Kuzmina, Victor H. Mair: The Prehistory of the Silk Road. Pennsylvania 2008, pp. 93-98