Alexei Viktorovich Shchusev

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Aleksei Șciusev on a Moldovan postage stamp (2008)

Alexey Shchusev ( Romanian Aleksei Victorovici Şciusev , Russian Алексей Викторович Щусев , scientific. Transliteration Aleksej Viktorovič Ščusev ; born September 26 . Jul / 8. October  1873 greg. In Chisinau , Russian Empire ; † 24. May 1949 in Moscow , Soviet Union ) was a Russian architect. Shtusev built the Lenin Mausoleum , drafted plans for the rebuilding of destroyed cities after the Second World War and planned the urban concept for the expansion of Moscow.

Life

Shtusev's parents were the noble Viktor Petrovich Shtusev, overseer of the Chisinau Zemstvo Hospital, and Maria Korneevna, née Sasulina. Shtusev began studying at the Art Academy of the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg in 1891 with Leonti Nikolajewitsch Benois and Ilya Efimowitsch Repin . When he found out about the death of General DP Schubin-Posdejew from the newspaper in 1895, he went to the widow with a finished drawing of the tomb without recommendation and was commissioned to build a chapel in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky monastery . With his diploma project for the construction of a stately mansion , he graduated with a gold medal and a study abroad scholarship in 1897. After that, Shchusev was part of the archaeological expedition that examined the Gur-Emir mausoleum and the Bibi-Chanum mosque in Samarqand . From 1898–1899 Shtusev visited Tunisia , Vienna , Trieste , Venice and other cities in Italy as well as England , Belgium and France, and in particular in 1898 in Paris, the Académie Julian with his scholarship . After his return, his drawings were judged positively by Repin.

Shtusev settled in St. Petersburg and initially worked as a restorer . In the 1900s, restored it to Vasily 's Church in Ovruch from the 12th century, the restorer Pyotr Petrovich Pokryschkin and his assistant Vladimir Nikolaevich Maksimov played a major role. Since then, Shchusev, who was in contact with Igor Emmanuilowitsch Grabar , fought against eclectic builders who corrected old buildings in the sense of their idea of ​​a pure style when restoring old buildings. The leader of this stylish restoration was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , who was followed by the Russian architects Fyodor Fyodorowitsch Richter and Nikolai Wladimirowitsch Sultanow . In 1910 Shchusev was admitted to the Academy of Arts.

From 1901 Shchusev was in the service of the office of the chief procurator of the holiest ruling synod . One of his first independent works was the design of the iconostasis of the Uspensky Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra . Schtussev's programmatic work during this period was the Church of the Savior and the Transfiguration , which was built by order of the sugar manufacturer and patron Pavel Ivanovich Kharitonenko on his country estate Nataljewka near Kharkov according to Schtussev's plans by Alexei Mikhailovich Ruchlyadev and set up as an icon museum . The sculptural interior decoration was done by Sergei Timofejewitsch Konjonkow and Alexander Terentjewitsch Matvejew , while the mosaic on the entrance wall was carried out after a drawing by Nicholas Roerich . In 1902, Shtusev built in St. Petersburg for the artist and restorer Count Yuri Alexandrowitsch Olssuwjew his villa on the Fontanka . Olssuwjew was chairman of the committee for the construction of the Church of Sergius of Radonezh to commemorate the Battle of Kulikovo Pole and commissioned Shchusev with the project, which completed it in 1911. The church was built in 1913–1917. The completion of construction was prevented by the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War , so that the church was then closed and fell into disrepair. The icons made for the church by Vladimir Alexejewitsch Komarowski and Dmitri Semjonowitsch Stellezki had disappeared without a trace.

Shtusev was supported by Grand Duchess Jelisaveta Fyodorovna , for whom he designed the Martha Maria Monastery with Pokrov Cathedral and Martha Maria Church in the hospital building in Moscow (1908–1912). The wall painting in the cathedral was done by Shtusev's friend Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov and his assistant Pavel Dmitrievich Korin . For the Dormition monastery in Pochaiv Shchusev built the Trinity Church again with mosaics of Reorich (1906-1912). In 1913, Shtusev also planned the Russian Orthodox Chiesa di Cristo Salvatore in Sanremo and the Nikolai Church with a hospice in Bari .

Alexei Shtusev created the Kazan train station in Moscow from 1914 to 1926 , in a style based on the old Russian architecture and thus developed a strict monumental style. In the early 1920s he turned to constructivism and taught at the Wchutemas Institute . Between January 21 and 24, 1924, the first oak-wood Lenin mausoleum was built in Moscow under his direction . In the summer of the same year he built a wooden extension to the mausoleum. In 1930, due to the poor durability of the building material, the government decided to build a durable new building made of fine Labrador stone and dark red granite.

In the early 1930s, Shchusev planned and built the Hotel Moskva , a masterpiece of the imperial architectural style of the Stalin era.

According to his plans, the Lubyanka in Moscow was expanded to its current size between 1940 and 1947. The delay was due to the German attack on the Soviet Union.

After the Second World War , the architect developed plans for the reconstruction of destroyed cities with the help of a team of architects consisting of several people. This includes, for example, Chișinău . The Moscow Komsomolskaya metro station on the ring line is one of his best-known late works , for which he was awarded a state premium in 1951, already posthumously.

Shchusev was a bearer of the Order of Lenin and received the Stalin Prize four times . He was an Honored Architect of the USSR (1930) and twice received the Order of the Red Banner of Labor .

The Moscow Architecture Museum (MUAR) was named in honor of the architect.

Works

  • Vasily Church, Owrutsch

  • Church of the Savior Transfiguration, Natalewka

  • Sergius von Radonezh Church, Kulikowo Pole

  • Pokrov Cathedral of the Martha Maria Monastery, Moscow

  • Trinity Church, Dormition Monastery, Pochayiv

  • Chiesa di Cristo Salvatore, Sanremo

  • Kazan Railway Station, Moscow

  • Lenin Mausoleum, Moscow

  • Hotel Moskva, Moscow

  • Lyubanka, Moscow

  • Komsomolskaya metro station, Moscow

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Васькин А. А .: Щусев: Зодчий всея Руси . Молодая гвардия, Moscow 2015, ISBN 978-5-235-03807-3 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Article Alexei Viktorovich Shtusev in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D125058~2a%3D~2b%3DAlexei%20Wiktorowitsch%20Schtußew

Web links

Commons : Alexei Shchusev  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Shtusev, Alexei Viktorovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Șciusev, Aleksei Victorovici (Romanian); Щусев, Алексей Викторович (Russian); Ščusev, Aleksej Viktorovič (scientific transliteration)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Moldovan-Russian architect
DATE OF BIRTH October 8, 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH Chișinău , Moldova
DATE OF DEATH May 24, 1949
Place of death Moscow , Soviet Union