Bulky scotland

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Bulky scotland
Bulky scotland (Erysimum repandum), illustration

Bulky scotland ( Erysimum repandum ), illustration

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Erysimeae
Genre : Scot oak ( Erysimum )
Type : Bulky scotland
Scientific name
Erysimum repandum
L.

The chubby scotland ( Erysimum repandum ), also known as spreader scotland , is a species of plant from the genus scotland ( Erysimum ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia and a neophyte in many areas of the world .

description

Habitus
Fruiting habit
Opened pod with seeds
Seeds
Pod with compass needle hairs on the surface

Appearance and leaf

The chunky Schöterich is an annual herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 15 to 45 (4 to 70) centimeters. The vegetative parts of the plant have two to three-strand hairs ( indument ). The independently upright, hairy stem is simply or mainly branched in the lower area, whereby the uppermost branches are mostly spread out.

Of the alternate, basal and distributed leaves on the stem , the lower ones are stalked and the upper ones are sessile. The leaf stalks are usually 0.5 to 2 (0.3 to 3) centimeters long. The flat leaf blades are usually 2 to 8 (1 to 11) centimeters long and usually 5 to 10 (2 to 15) millimeters wide, elliptical or elongated, narrow, obverse-lanceolate to linear with a tapering blade base and a pointed upper one The End. Of the stem leaves, the leaf margins of the upper ones are serrated almost completely to curly and the lower ones are dentate, sometimes they are wavy. The lowest leaves have often wilted while the fruit is ripe. There are more two- than three-strand hairs ( trichomes ) on the leaf blades .

Inflorescence and flower

In the initially umbrella-clustered later, by lengthening the inflorescence axis, cluster-like inflorescences stand together 15 to 30 flowers; the inflorescence axis extends significantly to a length of up to 30 centimeters until the fruit is ripe. There are no bracts . The mostly relatively short, thick flower stalks elongate until the fruit is ripe.

The hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold and are relatively small with a diameter of up to 5 millimeters. The four free sepals are linear-oblong with a length of 4 to 6 millimeters and a width of 0.7 to 1 millimeter. One difference to related species is that the sepals are not sac-like at their base. The four yellow petals are 6 to 9 millimeters long and 1.5 to 2 millimeters wide and are narrow, lanceolate to spatulate with a rounded upper end; they are nailed with a length of 3 to 6 millimeters, almost as long as the sepals are long. The six stamens stand upright. The yellow stamens are 4 to 6 millimeters long. The anthers are 0.7 to 1.3 millimeters long and narrow linear. The ovary contains usually 50 to 80 (40 to 90) ovules .

Fruit and seeds

The often horizontally protruding, 2 to 4, rarely up to 6 centimeters long fruit stalks are about as thick as the pods themselves. The pressed hairy pods are usually 3 to 8 (2 to 10) centimeters long and 1 to 1 in diameter 2 millimeters almost cylindrical, narrow, linear-elongated, square and straight or slightly curved upwards. The fruit flaps have a distinct midrib and are downy hairy on the outside with more two- than three-rayed trichomes and mostly bald or sometimes downy hairy on the inside. The slightly bilobed stigma is located on a squat, 1 to 4 millimeter long, cylindrical or almost club-shaped, sparsely downy hairy to hardly recognizable stylus, whereby the stigmas are as long as they are wide.

The seeds are elongated or oblong ellipsoidal with a length of about 1.1 to 1.5 millimeters and a diameter of 0.6 to 0.7 millimeters; they are mostly wingless.

Phenology and set of chromosomes

The flowering period extends from May to July in Central Europe and from April to July in China. The fruits ripen in China between May and September.

The basic chromosome number is x = 8; there is diploidy , i.e. chromosome number of 2n = 16.

ecology

The Bulky Schöterich is a therophyte .

From an ecological point of view, these are disc flowers with partially covered nectar glands (nectaries) at the base of the stamens. Typical pollinators are hoverfly insects (Syrphidae) and bees (Apiformes).

The seeds are the diaspores .

Occurrence and endangerment

The wide natural range extends from southwest over central and east to south- east Europe and from west Asia over the Caucasus and central Asia to the Indian subcontinent and China . There are sites in Spain , in northern Italy , in Germany, in eastern Austria, in southwestern Poland , in the Czech Republic , in Slovakia , in Slovenia , Hungary , Serbia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Macedonia , in northern Greece , Cyprus , Turkey , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , in Ciscaucasien, Krasnodar, Stavropol, Rostov, in Ukraine , in Crimea , in Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , Afghanistan , in Indian Jammu and Kashmir and in Pakistan , Xinjiang and Liaoning .

In Europe, the chunky scotland is an essentially Pannonian-Pontic floral element . Its main distribution area is in southeastern Europe , southern Russia and southwestern Siberia . The occurrences in Vienna , Lower Austria and Burgenland are original and the other Central European locations are secondary. In the Harz , on the Werra , in Lusatia , in Thuringia , Saxony-Anhalt and in Main Franconia , it occurs sporadically, rarely and strongly declining. While the Sparrige Schöterich is not considered endangered in Germany, the situation in the individual federal states is very different: Hesse is extinct, Baden-Württemberg is threatened with extinction, Thuringia is endangered, Bavaria is endangered and it is unstable in Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. In Austria the species occurs in Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland and inconsistently in Styria, Carinthia and Tyrol. It died out in Salzburg. In the Pannonian region of Austria, the Sparrige Schöterich is scattered, otherwise only rarely found. It is considered endangered, in the southeastern Alpine foothills as endangered.

Erysimum repandum is a neophyte in many areas of the world, for example in North, South America, Australia and Switzerland .

In China, Erysimum repandum thrives in disturbed locations ( ruderal flora ) and on pastures at altitudes of 200 to 1400 meters. The chunky scotland grows best in Central Europe on nitrogen-rich clay soils , which should not, however, be predominantly moist. It can also withstand saline soils. He loves warmth and populates fields, wasteland , fallow land and paths.

According to Oberdorfer, the sparse Schöterich is a character type of the Association of Annual Ruderal Societies (Sisymbrion Tx. Et al. In Tx. 1950), it is the main occurrence. The main occurrences in Central Europe are in fields and short-lived weed meadows.

The pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg are: light number L 7 = half-light plant; Temperature number T 7 = heat indicator; Continental number K 6 = subcontinental, showing moderate steppe climate; Moisture index F 4 = dryness to freshness indicator; showing no change in humidity; Reaction number R 8 = weak base to base / calcium indicator; Nitrogen number N 5 = indicating moderately nitrogenous locations; Salt number S 2 = oligohaline, showing very low salt content; Heavy metal resistance: not heavy metal resistant.

Taxonomy

Erysimum repandum was first published in 1753 by L. Synonyms for Erysimum repandum L. are: Cheiranthus ramosissimus Lam. , Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link , Crucifera repanda E. HL Krause , Erysimum comperianum Czern. ex Turcz. , Erysimum rigidum DC. , Erysimum ramosissimum Crantz . The specific epithet repandum means curved, curved and refers to the leaf margin.

Toxicity

The chunky scotland contains cardiac glycosides and is therefore poisonous.

use

The medical effects were examined.

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd expanded edition. tape 2 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Dilleniidae): Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3323-7 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 3 : Evening primrose plants to reddish plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Cheo Tai-yien, Lou Lian-li, Yang Guang, Vladimir I. Dorofeyev, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum repandum , p. 169 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven ( Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 (English). (Sections Description and Distribution)
  • Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum. : Erysimum repandum , p. 544 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 (English). (Section description)
  • SMH Jafri: Brassicaceae. : Erysimum repandum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Description Section)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Erysimum repandum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Spreading Schöterich. In: FloraWeb.de.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g data sheet at BiolFlor of the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum. : Erysimum repandum , p. 544 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: data sheet at Jepson eFlora .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m SMH Jafri: Brassicaceae. : Erysimum repandum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Cheo Tai-yien, Lou Lian-li, Yang Guang, Vladimir I. Dorofeyev, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum repandum , P. 169 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 (English).
  8. ↑ a b c d e data sheet at InfoFlora, the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
  9. ↑ a b c Gerhard Nitter: data sheet with photos.
  10. ^ A b Reed C. Rollins, 1993: data sheet at Jepson Manual Treatment .
  11. ↑ Erysimum repandum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  12. ↑ a b Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  13. ↑ Data sheet from Flora Italiana .
  14. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 631 .
  15. ↑ a b Profile on the vascular plants of Bavaria of the Botanical Information Node Bavaria .
  16. ↑ a b data sheet with photos by Michael Hassler and Bernd Schmitt: Plant world of Germany .
  17. ↑ Data sheet of the InvasivePlantAtlas USA.
  18. ↑ a b Erysimum repandum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 6, 2014.
  19. ↑ Erysimum repandum at Plants For A Future . Retrieved September 7, 2014.

Web links

Commons : Steifer Schöterich ( Erysimum repandum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files