Scotch oaks

Scotch oaks
Erysimum pieninicum
Systematics
Rosids Eurosiden II Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales) Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae) Tribe : Erysimeae Genre : Scotch oaks
Scientific name of the  tribe
Dumort.
Scientific name of the  genus
Erysimum
L.

The scot oaks ( Erysimum ) are the only genus of the tribe Erysimeae within the plant family of the cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae). The approximately 150 species are widespread in the northern hemisphere . Few kinds are used as medicinal plants and the varieties mainly of one kind are used as ornamental plants.

description

Trichomes from Erysimum capitatum var. Capitatum

Illustration of the Rods Schöterich ( Erysimum hieraciifolium )

Illustration of the gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri )

Umbrella inflorescence of Erysimum franciscanum

Illustration of the flower: P = style, St = stamens, Co = petals

Four-fold flowers in detail from Erysimum scoparium

Pods of gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri )

Appearance and leaves

The Erysimum TYPES grow as a one-, two-year to perennial herbaceous plants , rarely as subshrubs or shrubs . The above-ground parts of the plant are covered with hairy hairs with sitting simple hairs or three to five, rarely up to eight-rayed star hairs ( trichomes ). The independently upright shoot axes are simple or branched in the lower and / or upper area.

The leaves, which are arranged in basal rosettes or alternately on the stem axis, are stalked or sessile. The leaf blades of the basal leaves are usually simple. The simple or pinnately lobed leaf blades of the stem leaves are wedge-shaped to tapering at their base or are seldom eyed and entire or toothed. There are no stipules .

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are in the beginning schirmtraubigen inflorescences , up to fruit ripening by stretching the inflorescence axis traubig be. There are usually no, or at the base of the inflorescence bracts present. The flowers are stalked.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and four-fold. The four free, upright, downy hairy sepals are oblong to linear and the base of the lateral sepals can be sac-like. The four petals , which stand together in a cross shape, are almost as long or longer than the length of the sepals. The surfaces of the petals are almost circular, obovate, spatulate or elongated with a rounded or edged upper end. The colors of the petals range from white to yellow and orange to brown or pink to purple. Of the six upright stamens , four are long and two are short. The anthers are elongated or linear. There are one or two of the four free or fused nectar glands . The upper ovary is two-chambered with a septum that connects two parietal placentas. The ovary contains 15 to 100 ovules . The barely recognizable to short or rarely half to almost as long, often downy hairy style ends in a cephalic, simple or bilobed stigma.

Fruits and seeds

The upright, ascending, sparsely protruding or recurved fruit stalks, which are almost adjacent to the fructose rhachis , are straight, slender or thickened with almost the same diameter as the fruit. The pods are rarely 5 to, usually 8 to 11 centimeters and 1.5 to 2 millimeters in length, linear, cylindrical and slightly square (four-sided), flat parallel or perpendicular to the septum and unsegmented. The fruit valves have a barely recognizable to raised central nerve and are hairy on the outside, rarely also on the inside; they can be keeled. The translucent to opaque septum is complete, membranous and without nerves. The pods open with two flaps when ripe and contain many seeds in one or rarely two rows.

The flat or plump, elongated, egg-shaped, obovate or almost spherical seeds can have an edge or wings. The seed coat is tiny, reticulate and slimy when wet. The embryo is very curved.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = mostly 7 or 8, rarely 6 or 9 to 17.

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Erysimum arenicola

Inflorescences with flowers and young pods of Erysimum asperum

Habitus and inflorescences of Erysimum baeticum

Umbrella-shaped inflorescence of the two-colored scotland ( Erysimum bicolor ) with flowers in detail

Habitus, leaves and inflorescences of Erysimum caboverdeanum

Erysimum capitatum

Leaves and inflorescence of Carniolan scotland ( Erysimum carniolicum )

Erysimum diffusum

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Erysimum duriaei subsp. pyrenaicum

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Erysimum favargeri

Habit, deciduous leaves and inflorescences of the tailed scotland ( Erysimum hieraciifolium )

Erysimum insulare

Habit and flowers of the Piedmontese scotland ( Erysimum jugicola )

Habitus and inflorescences of Erysimum kotschyanum

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Erysimum menziesii

Habit of Erysimum nevadense

Habitus and inflorescences of Erysimum ochroleucum

Deciduous leaves and inflorescences of Erysimum popovii

Deciduous leaves and inflorescence of Erysimum pseudorhaeticum

Inflorescences of Erysimum scoparium on the Teide in Tenerife

Erysimum sylvestre

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Erysimum wittmanii

ecology

Depending on the species, they are therophytes or hemicryptophytes .

The Erysimum species are visited by many species of insects. As pollinators were observed: Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera), Fly (Diptera), Beetles (Coleoptera), butterflies (Lepidoptera) and bugs (Heteroptera).

The diaspores are the seeds.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Erysimum was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 660. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. was specified as the lectotype species in 1925 by Mary Letitia Green in Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 1925, p. 55. The genus name Erysimum is an old Greek plant name, from eryesthai for to save or to help, this refers to the medicinal properties of some species. Synonyms for Erysimum L. are: Acachmena H.P. Fuchs , Cheiranthus L. , Cheirinia Link , Cuspidaria (DC.) Besser , Dichroanthus Webb & Berthel. , Erysimastrum F.J.Ruprecht , Syrenia Andrz. ex Besser , Zederbauera H.P. Fuchs .

Erysimum is the only genus of the tribe Erysimeae Dumort. within family of the Brassicaceae . The tribe Erysimeae was set up in 1827 by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in Florula Belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore ... , p. 123.

Phylogenetic analyzes show that early radiation of the genus Erysimum occurred during the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene . Depending on the author, 150 to 350 species are included in the genus Erysimum . The genus Erysimum is widespread in the northern hemisphere , mainly in Eurasia . There are around 17 species in China , five of them only there. Only eight species are native to North Africa and Macaronesia . There are 14 species in North and Central America . All species native to California belong to the family group of Erysimum capitatum ; Hybridization blurs their species boundaries.

There are around 150 Erysimum species (selection):

• Erysimum adcumbens (Boiss.) Polatschek : It occurs in Turkey .
• Erysimum albescens (Webb & Berthel.) Bramwell : It is endemic to Gran Canaria .
• Erysimum ammophilum A.Heller : It occurs in California .
• Erysimum arbuscula (Lowe) Snogerup : It occurs on the island of Porto Santo near Madeira.
• Erysimum arenicola S. Watson : It occurs in North America British Columbia , Oregon and Washington .
• Erysimum asperulum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Albania and Greece .
• Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. : It is distributed from western Canada (southwestern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan ) through the US states of Kansas , Minnesota , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , eastern Colorado , eastern Montana , eastern Wyoming , to New Mexico and Texas .
• Erysimum aucherianum J.Gay : It is distributed in western Asia from eastern Turkey via northeast Iraq to northern and western Iran .
• Gold Schöterich ( Erysimum aureum M.Bieb. )
• Erysimum baeticum (Heywood) Polatschek : It occurs only in southeastern Spain .
• Erysimum benthamii Monnet : It comes from Sichuan . Yunnan , Tibet , India , Bhutan , Nepal and Sikkim .
• Two-colored scotland ( Erysimum bicolor (Hornem.) DC. )
• Erysimum bonannianum C.Presl : You only comes in Sicily before.
• Erysimum bulgaricum (Velen.) Ančev & Polatschek : It occurs in Bulgaria, Romania and European Turkey.
• Burnat's Schöterich ( Erysimum burnatii Vidal )
• Erysimum calycinum Griseb. : It occurs in Albania, Macedonia and Greece.
• Erysimum candicum Snogerup : It occurs in Greece and Crete .
• Erysimum canescens Roth : It is distributed from the Caucasus and the European part of Russia via Siberia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and Mongolia to the autonomous region of Xinjiang .
• Erysimum capitatum (Douglas) Greene : It is distributed with several varieties from British Columbia in western Canada via the USA to Mexico .
• Erysimum carium Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Carniolan Schöterich ( Erysimum carniolicum Dolliner ): It occurs in Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro.
• Field Scotch ( Erysimum cheiranthoides L. ): It is in Eurasia from France through Central, North, Southeast and Eastern Europe to Siberia as well as Russia's Far East to Mongolia and China ( Heilongjiang , Jilin , Nei Monggol , Xinjiang) is Korea and the Japanese island of Hokkaidō . He is a neophyte in many areas of the world .
• Gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz , Syn .: Cheiranthus cheiri L. ): The origin is unknown; possibly it originated as a hybrid in ancient Greece. It is used as an ornamental plant. He is a neophyte in many areas of the world .
• Erysimum comatum Pančić : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia and Greece.
• Erysimum concinnum Eastw. : It occurs only in the western US state of Oregon (only in Curry County) and in northwestern California.
• Erysimum corinthium (Boiss.) Wettst. : It occurs in Greece.
• Erysimum crassicaule (Boiss.) Boiss. : It is common in Iran and Pakistan .
• Erysimum crassipes fish. & CAMey. : It is common in Western Asia and the Caucasus .
• Erysimum crassistylum C. Presl : It occurs in Italy, Sicily, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
• Pale Scotch ( Erysimum crepidifolium Rchb. )
• Erysimum creticum Boiss. & Hero. : She is endemic to Crete .
• Erysimum cuspidatum (M.Bieb.) DC. : It iswidespreadfrom East to Southeast Europe and West Asia to the Caucasus.
• Erysimum degenianum Azn. : It occurs in European and Asian Turkey.
• Erysimum diffusum Ehrh. (Syn .: Erysimum andrzejowskianum DC. ): It iswidespreadfrom eastern Austria via the southern Czech Republic and Slovakia to Hungary and southeastern Europe, the southern European part of Russia to the Ukraine and the Crimea as well as the Turkish Edirne . It is used as an ornamental plant (Andrzejowski's Schöterich) and is a neophyte in some areas of the world.
• Erysimum drenowskii sword : It occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.
• Erysimum duriaei Boiss. : It occurs in Spain.
• Erysimum echinellum Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in Turkey.
• Erysimum ehrendorferi Polatschek : It was first described from Morocco.
• Erysimum favargeri Polatschek : It occurs only in southeastern Spain.
• Erysimum forrestii (WWSm.) Polatschek : It thrives at altitudes of 3600 to 4900 meters in Yunnan.
• Erysimum franciscanum Rossbach : It occurs in California.
• Erysimum funiculosum Hook. f. & Thomson (Syn .: Erysimum absconditum O.E. Schulz ): It occurs in Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet and Sikkim.
• Erysimum gomez-campoi Polatschek : It occurs only in eastern Spain.
• Erysimum graecum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.
• Erysimum gramineum Pomel : It occurs in Morocco around in northern Algeria .
• Erysimum grandiflorum Desf. (non Erysimum grandiflorum auct.): It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia .
• Erysimum handel-mazzettii Polatschek : It thrives at altitudes of 4100 to 4800 meters in Sichuan.
• Erysimum heritieri Kuntze : It occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands .
• Rod Schöterich ( Erysimum hieraciifolium L. , Syn .: Erysimum denticulatum J. Presl & C. Presl , Erysimum strictum P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. , Erysimum virgatum Roth , Erysimum hieracifolium subsp. Denticulatum (J.Presl & C.Presl) Čelak. , Erysimum hieraciifolium subsp. Delphinense (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud , Erysimum hieraciifolium subsp. Virgatum (Roth) Schinz & R. Keller )
• Erysimum horizontal Candargy : It occurs in Turkey and on the islands of the Aegean Sea.
• Erysimum huber-morathii Polatschek : It occurs in Turkey.
• Erysimum humile Pers. (Syn .: Cheiranthus ochroleucus Schleich. , Erysimum decumbens (Willd.) Dennst. , Erysimum dubium (Suter) Thell. Nom. Illeg., Erysimum ochroleucum (Schleich.) DC. , Erysimum ochroleucum DC. Nom. Illeg.): You occurs in southern France and Switzerland .
• Erysimum hungaricum Zapał. : It occurs in Austria, Romania and Ukraine.
• Erysimum incanum Kunze : It is distributed from eastern and central Spain to Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia.
• Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill. : It is distributed from Alaska over Canada and the central to the western USA.
• Piedmontese Schöterich ( Erysimum jugicola Jord .; Syn .: Cheiranthus pumilus Murith , Erysimum pumilum (Murith) Gaudin nom. Illeg., Erysimum helveticum subsp. Pumilum (Murith) P.Fourn. ): It occurs from France via Switzerland to Italy .
• Erysimum korabense Kümmerle & Jáv. : It occurs in Serbia, Albania and Macedonia.
• Erysimum kotschyanum J.Gay : It occurs in Turkey.
• Erysimum kuemmerlei Jáv. : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Macedonia and Greece.
• Erysimum kykkoticum Hadjik. & Alziar : This rare species is only known from one site called "Argakin tou Pissokremmou" (the Pissokremmos River), located in the valley of the Xeros River in the western part of the Troodos Mountains on Crete. It israted inthe IUCN 2006Red List of Endangered Speciesas “Critically Endangered”. Their population on an area of ​​less than 3 hectares is decreasing; In 2006 it was estimated at around 800 copies.
• Erysimum lagascae Rivas Goday & Bellot : It occurs only in central Spain .
• Erysimum leptocarpum J.Gay (Syn .: Erysimum aciphyllum Boiss. ): This rare species occurs only in Erzurum in Turkey. It israted inthe IUCN 2007Red List of Endangered Speciesas “Endangered”.
• Erysimum leptostylum DC. : It occurs in Ukraine and in European Russia.
• Erysimum linariifolium exchange : It occurs in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Montenegro and in Greece.
• Erysimum linifolium (Pers.) J.Gay : It occurs in Spain and Portugal.
• Erysimum macilentum Bunge : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Marschalls Schöterich ( Erysimum marschallianum Andrz. Ex DC. ): It occurs in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova and Serbia.
• Erysimum menziesii (Hook.) Wettst. : It occurs in California.
• Erysimum merxmuelleri Polatschek (Syn .: Erysimum helveticum Samp. , Erysimum nevadense subsp. Merxmuelleri (Polatschek) PWBall ): It iswidespreadon the Iberian Peninsula .
• Erysimum metlesicsii Polatschek : She is endemic to Sicily .
• Mountain Scotch ( Erysimum montosicola Jord. )
• Erysimum myriophyllum Lange : It occurs with two subspecies only in southeastern Spain.
• Erysimum nevadense Reut. : It occurs in Spain.
• Honey scotland ( Erysimum odoratum Ehrh. ): It is distributed from France to Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe and western Siberia and Xinjiang .
• Erysimum olympicum Boiss. : It occurs only in northern Greece .
• Erysimum penyalarensis (Pau) Polatschek : It occurs with two subspecies only in north-central Spain.
• Afghan scotland ( Erysimum perofskianum Fisch. & CAMey. ): It is used as an ornamental plant and is only known from culture.
• Erysimum pieninicum (Zapalł.) Pawlł. : It occurs in Poland.
• Erysimum pulchellum (Willd.) J.Gay : It is distributed from northern and eastern Turkey via Iran to Armenia.
• Erysimum raulinii Boiss. : She is endemic to Crete .
• Bulky Schöterich ( Erysimum repandum L. ), also called Brach Schöterich
• Swiss Schöterich or Rhaetian Schöterich ( Erysimum rhaeticum (Schleich. Ex Hornem.) DC. , Syn .: Cheiranthus rhaeticus Schleich. Ex Hornem. , Erysimum augustanum Jord. , Erysimum helveticum Griseb. , Erysimum schaererianum Wallr. , Erysimum segusianum Jord. ) You occurs in alpine areas of France, Switzerland, Tyrol (Oberinntal) and South Tyrol (especially in Vinschgau).
• Erysimum roseum (Maxim.) Polatschek (Syn .: Erysimum limprichtii O.E.Schulz ): It thrives at altitudes of 3200 to 4900 meters in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Erysimum scabrum DC. : It is common in Western Asia.
• Erysimum schlagintweitianum O.E. Schulz : It occurs in western Tibet and Pakistan.
• Erysimum scoparium (Brouss. Ex Willd.) Wettst. : It occurs on Tenerife and Gran Canaria .
• Erysimum semperflorens (Schousb.) Wettst. : It occurs in Morocco and in northwestern Algeria.
• Erysimum senoneri (Reut.) Compet. : It occurs with three subspecies in Greece.
• Erysimum siliculosum (M.Bieb.) DC. : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Xinjiang.
• Erysimum sisymbrioides C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Southwest Asia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia and Xinjiang.
• Erysimum smyrnaeum Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
• Erysimum sylvestre (Crantz) Scop. (Syn .: Cheiranthus sylvestris Crantz , Erysimum cheiranthus Pers. , Erysimum aurantiacum (Leyb.) Leyb. ): It is distributed with two subspecies from Austria via Slovenia and Croatia to Montenegro and in north-eastern Italy and Spain.
• Erysimum szowitsianum Boiss. (Syn .: Erysimum deflexum Hook. F. & Thomson , Erysimum deflexum Cullen ): This rare species is only known from one location in the Turkish Trabzon in northeastern Anatolia . It israted “Critically Endangered” inthe IUCN 2007Red List of Endangered Species. Their stocks decrease, for example, due to the influence of tourism .
• Erysimum teretifolium Eastw. : In California, this endemic occurs only in Santa Cruz.
• Erysimum wahlenbergii (Ash. & Engl.) Simonk. : It occurs in Poland and Slovakia .
• Erysimum wardii Polatschek : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and in Tibet.
• Erysimum welchevii Urum. : It spread in the former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria .
• Erysimum wilczekianum Brown-Blanq. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
• Erysimum witmannii Zaw. (Syn .: Erysimum baumgartenianum Schur , Erysimum transsilvanicum Schur ): It iswidespreadfrom southern Poland through northern Hungary , the Czech Republic and Slovakia to northern and central Romania .

Goldlack ( Erysimum cheiri ) cultivar 'Covent Garden'

use

Use as ornamental plants

The varieties of gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri ), Erysimum diffusum and Erysimum perofskianum are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Use as food crops

The tender, young, vegetative plant parts of Erysimum hieraciifolium are cooked and eaten as vegetables.

Use as medicinal plants

The active ingredients of many species (for example Erysimum capitatum , Erysimum cheiranthoides , Erysimum cheiri , Erysimum diffusum , Erysimum repandum ) were examined. Presumably, the cardenolide glycosides contained in extracts (for example erycordin, erysimoside, glucostrophalloside, helveticoside) lead to a therapeutic effect.

Ethnobotany

Some species, such as Erysimum canescens , see also gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri ), were used in folk medicine . For example, Erysimum capitatum was used by the indigenous peoples of North America as an anti-rheumatic drug , for toothache, as a compress and to prevent sunburn. For example, Erysimum cheiranthoides was used by the indigenous peoples of North America to make a drink from the crushed seeds as a wormer , or a decoction of the underground parts of the plant was used for rashes. Also Erysimum inconspicuum was used by the indigenous peoples of North America.

swell

• Zhou Taiyan, Lu Lianli, Yang Guang, Vladimir I. Dorofeyev, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum Linnaeus , p. 163 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 .
• Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum Linnaeus , p. 534 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 .
• Peter William Ball: Erysimum L. , pp. 325-335 in the Google book search. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea. 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X .
• Dimitry A. German, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Five additional tribes (Aphragmeae, Biscutelleae, Calepineae, Conringieae, and Erysimeae) in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: Harvard Papers in Botany , Volume 13, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 165-170. doi : 10.3100 / 1043-4534 (2008) 13 [165: FATABC] 2.0.CO; 2 .
• Adolf Polatschek: Revision of the genus Erysimum (Cruciferae): Part 1: Russia, the successor states of the USSR (excluding Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), China, India, Pakistan, Japan and Korea. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum Vienna. Series B for Botany and Zoology , Volume 111, March 2010, pp. 181-275. Full text PDF.
• Adolf Polatschek: Revision of the genus Erysimum (Cruciferae), Part 2: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidzan, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum Vienna. Series B for Botany and Zoology , Volume 112, March 2011, pp. 369-497. Full text PDF.
• Adolf Polatschek: Revision of the genus Erysimum (Cruciferae), part 3: America and Greenland. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Series B for Botany and Zoology , Volume 113, April 2012, pp. 139-192. JSTOR 41767509
• Adolf Polatschek: Revision of the genus Erysimum (Cruciferae): Part 4. North Africa, Malta and Cyprus. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Series B for Botany and Zoology , Volume 115, 2013, pp. 57-74.
• Adolf Polatschek: Revision of the genus Erysimum (Cruciferae): Part 5. Northern, western, central Europe, Romania and western Balkan peninsula to Albania. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Series B for Botany and Zoology , Volume 115, 2013, pp. 75-218.
• S. Peccenini, Adolf Polatschek: The genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) in Italy, part II: Description of new species and subspecies. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum Vienna. Series B for Botany and Zoology , Volume 116, 2014, pp. 107–117.
• Hamid Moazzeni, Shahin Zarre, Bernard E. Pfeil, Yann JK Bertrand, Dmitry A. German, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Klaus Mummenhoff, Bengt Oxelman: Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genus Erysimum (Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 175, Issue 4, August 2014, pp. 497-522. on-line. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12184
• David Aeschimann et al .: Flora Alpina . Volume 1 and 2. Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna Haupt-Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-258-06600-0 (German names).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab} Zhou Taiyan, Lu Lianli, Yang Guang, Vladimir I. Dorofeyev, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum Linnaeus , p. 163 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum. at Jepson eFlora 2013.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Erysimum Linnaeus , p. 534 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 .
4. ↑ Erysimum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
5. ↑ Evoflor : Plant-Pollinator Interactions - Ecology, Genetics, Evolution .
6. ^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
7. ↑ ^{a b} Erysimum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 19, 2014.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at} Erysimum im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba} Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
10. ↑ ^{a b} Hamid Moazzeni, Shahin Zarre, Bernard E. Pfeil, Yann JK Bertrand, Dmitry A. German, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Klaus Mummenhoff, Bengt Oxelman: Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genus Erysimum (Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 175, Issue 4, August 2014, pp. 497-522. on-line. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12184
11. ↑ SMH Jafri: Brassicaceae. Erysimum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Search for "Erysimum" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
13. ↑ ^{a b c d} Entries on Erysimum at Plants For A Future
14. ↑ Erysimum canescens with Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases . ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
15. ↑ Erysimum capitatum at Native American Ethnobotany - A Database of Foods, Drugs, Dyes and Fibers of Native American Peoples, Derived from Plants.
16. ↑ Erysimum cheiranthoides with Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases . ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
17. ↑ Erysimum inconspicuum at Native American Ethnobotany - A Database of Foods, Drugs, Dyes and Fibers of Native American Peoples, Derived from Plants.

Web links

Commons : Schöteriche ( Erysimum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• The species occurring in Austria with links to profiles, 2005.
• Identification key with photos of the species occurring in Swabia for flowers in Swabia .
• Data sheet at InfoFlora, the national data and information center for Swiss flora .

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap