Chromolaena odorata
| Chromolaena odorata | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chromolaena odorata |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Chromolaena odorata | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) RMKing & H.Rob. |
Chromolaena odorata is a plant from the genus Chromolaena within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). It is of coursewidespreadin the neotropics anda neophyte in many tropical to subtropical areas. It is used as a medicinal plant.
Description and ecology
_W2_IMG_1450.jpg)
_on_Chromolaena_odorata_(Common_floss_flower)_W_IMG_1515.jpg)
Underground and above-ground appearance
Chromolaena odorata forms robust, creeping rhizomes as permanent organs . In the superficial root system , the thickened roots grow horizontally in the upper area and the massive tap roots reach deep.
Chromolaena odorata grows as a subshrub or perennial herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of usually 0.8 to 2.5, rarely up to 3 or very favorable conditions up to 8 meters. The shoot axes, which are usually only erect independently or later overhanging to lying or almost climbing due to increasing weight, are striped, briefly stiff or coarsely hairy. The shoot axes can become lignified after a while. The stable branches are often opposite, spread out and arranged horizontally or, more rarely, alternately with an acute angle to the main stem axis. The branches are densely woolly to short downy hairy. Injured parts of the plant, especially the leaves, give off a pungent odor. During the flowering and fruiting period, growth stagnates and often the leaves or even the stem axis wither during this time. Soon afterwards, new shoot axes, branches and leaves are formed again.
leaf
The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 5 to 20 mm long. The simple, relatively thick leaf blade is 3 to 10 cm long and 1 to 5 cm wide, narrow-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ovate or triangular with a truncated or slightly heart-shaped blade base and a pointed upper end. The leaf margin is roughly serrated or sparsely coarse and irregularly notched to almost smooth or serrated on one side, there may also be a coarse tooth or the leaf blade is trilobed on each side. The leaf blades have three clearly recognizable main veins and slightly raised, fine side veins on the underside of the leaf. The underside of the leaves is light and the upper side is green. Both leaf surfaces are scaly, shaggy covered with red-brown glandular hairs, denser on the underside of the leaf and on the leaf veins . The leaves directly below the entire inflorescence are smaller and usually with entire margins.
Inflorescence, flowering and pollination
In Florida and Texas, the main flowering period extends from October to December, but Chromolaena odorata can bloom year-round; in China the flowering period is between April and December. Chromolaena odorata can produce flowers in the first year. The thick 1 to 2 cm long inflorescence stem is densely hairy short and downy. In lateral or terminal, single or compound, umbrella-clustered total inflorescences, several to many (5 to over 50) cup-shaped partial inflorescences stand together. The inner areas of an inflorescence bloom a little earlier than the outer ones. The roof-tile-like overlapping bracts are usually four to six, rarely up to eight rows in a cylindrical involucre with a height of rarely 7 to, usually 8 to 10 mm and a diameter of 4 to 5 mm . The outer hairy bracts are ovate with a length of about 2 mm with a blunt upper end. The middle and inner bracts are straw-colored and elongated with a length of 7 to 8 mm with a pointed upper end; they are broadly three-nerved and without glands. The upper ends of the inner bracts are often pressed, rounded to truncated, sometimes somewhat whitish and enlarged.
There are only radially symmetrical tubular flowers in the flower heads , there are about 20 (10 to 35) each. The color of the petals is purple to light blue, almost white or slightly pink. The five petals are fused into a cylindrical corolla tube with a length of about 5 mm, which ends in clear five corolla lobes.
The pollination is done by insects . Also apomictic fruiting occurs.
Fruit and spread
In China, the fruits ripen between April and December. The black or brown, elongated, narrow, angular achenes with a length of 3 to 5 mm have five ribs. The achenes are sparsely pressed along the ribs, white, briefly bored. The pappus consists of about 40 thin, durable, 4 to 5 mm long bristles. The thousand grain weight of fresh achenes is 0.25 g. The germination capacity of fresh achenes is 33 to 66%; after two years up to 40% of the achenes germinate. The achenes are the diaspores and are mainly spread by the wind with the help of the pappus ( anemochory ), but spreading through animals and humans also play a role ( epichory ).
Chromosome set
The basic chromosome numbers are x = 10, 16. Chromosome sets with 2n = 40, 58, 60, 70 were determined.
ingredients
Secondary metabolites
The following six metabolites were isolated from the roots of Chromolaena odorata : 15-angeloyloxy-16,17-epoxy-19- kauronic acid, 16- kauric -19 -oic acid, 6′-hydroxy-2 ′, 3 ′, 4 , 4′-tetramethoxy chalcone , iso sakuranetin , acacetin , kaempferide .
In methanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata , rutin was found to be the main flavonoid . Main flavonoid aglyka : quercetin methyl ether, quercetin 4'-methyl ether, quercetin 7,4'-dimethyl ether, kaempferol 4'-methyl ether, naringenin 4'-methyl ether.
use
Chromolaena odorata is cultivated as a medicinal plant , for example in India, Cambodia, Vietnam and Taiwan. In some countries, plant parts of Chromolaena odorata are used in folk medicine to alleviate a wide variety of diseases.
Extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata are used to heal wounds on the skin. There is current scientific work on the pharmacological effects. Chromolaena odorata contains essential oils that have an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli .
Since Chromolaena odorata forms a lot of plant matter in a short time, it is used in plantations and fields as mulch material and green manure . After Chromolaena odorata grew on the land, the structure, pH and biological activity of the soil improved . It can also reduce soil erosion . The disadvantage is the strong tendency to become obscure.
There are reports that the leaves are effective against nematodes , for example Heterodera marioni in the cultivation of black pepper or sugar cane and tomatoes .
Occurrence and ecophysiology
The wide natural neotropical range extends from Florida and Texas to Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, southern Sonora, Tamaulipas, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan) and Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama) to South America (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Paraguay) and on the Caribbean Islands (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands ). In Florida and Texas, Chromolaena odorata thrives at altitudes between 0 and 30 meters.
In Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Fujian, Hainan, Yunnan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines) and other areas of the world (South Africa, Swaziland, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau) Chromolaena odorata is a neophyte and is rated as an aggressive invasive plant .
Chromolaena odorata forms populations in tropical and subtropical areas that exceed annual precipitation of 1100 mm, sometimes it also occurs in areas with 700 mm total precipitation. The drying times should be less than five months. It occurs between 30 ° N and 30 ° S latitude. Near the equator it can rise to altitudes of 1000 meters, otherwise it thrives at lower altitudes. It occurs at temperatures between 20 and 37 ° C; Annual average temperatures between 25 and 30 ° C are the optimum. Natural habitats are found in open spaces in tropical rainforests and on the banks of rivers ; it also occurs in the transition areas between savannah and closed forest .
Chromolaena odorata is a pioneer plant . The succession progresses quickly, dense stands are quickly formed in open, unshaded areas and then the stand slowly decreases when the canopy closes. Chromolaena odorata grows in different soils , but thrives best in well-drained (water-permeable) soils. It does not thrive in locations with waterlogging or with high salt contents. Due to the root symbiosis in the form of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza , it can colonize soils poor in phosphorus . This heliophilic plant species does not tolerate shade and thrives best in open areas. It often grows in dense stands and prevents the emergence of other species, both through competition and allelopathic effects. The ingredients phenols and alkaloids, especially in the leaves, cause these allelopathic effects, they inhibit the germination of your own seeds and the development of seedlings of other species. When the stocks are dry, they represent “food” for fires in the wild. In order to establish themselves, disturbed locations ( ruderal location ) are required. There are often stocks on pastures, fallow land and at roadsides.
Although many pathogenic organisms and insects live on Chromolaena odorata , they hardly cause any significant damage to it. Only the two neotropical, oligophagous insects Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata from the subfamily bear moth (Arctiinae) and the seed-eating Apion brunneonigrum from the weevil family (Curculionidae) cause greater damage to Chromolaena odorata . Both species have been used in some African and Asian countries for biological control of this aggressive " weed ", with varying degrees of success.
Systematics
It was first published in 1759 under the name ( Basionym ) Eupatorium odoratum by Carl von Linné in Systema Naturae , 10th edition, volume 2, p. 1205. The new combination to Chromolaena odorata (L.) RMKing & H.Rob. was founded in 1970 by Robert Merrill King and Harold Ernest Robinson in Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae). XXIX. The genus Chromolaena. , Published in: Phytologia , Volume 20, Issue 3, p. 204. Further synonyms for Chromolaena odorata (L.) RMKing & H.Rob. are: Chromolaena farinosa (BLRob.) RM King & H.Rob. , Eupatorium clematitis DC. , Eupatorium conyzoides fo. angustiflorum Cuatrec. , Eupatorium conyzoides Mill. , Eupatorium conyzoides var. Floribunda (Kunth) Hieron. , Eupatorium dichotomum Sch. Gdp. , Eupatorium divergens Less. , Eupatorium floribundum Kunth , Eupatorium graciliflorum DC. , Eupatorium klattii Millsp. , Eupatorium odoratum var. Pauciflorum Hieron. , Osmia divergens Sch. Gdp. , Osmia graciliflora Sch. Gdp. , Osmia odorata (L.) Sch. Gdp. The specific epithet odorata means fragrant.
Chromolaena odorata does not belong to the genus Eupatorium, especially because it has several rows of bracts and has three main nerves on the leaf blade.
Chromolaena odorata belongs to the subgenus Chromolaena subg. Osmiella from the genus Chromolaena DC.
From Chromolaena odorata two forms are recognized:
- Chromolaena odorata (L.) RMKing & H.Rob. fo. odorata
- Chromolaena odorata fo. squarrosa S. Garg
Common names
Common names in some languages are:
- Chamorro : coarse, coarse, kesengesil
- Chinese : 飞机 草 fei ji cao
- Chuukesian : otuot
- English : Bitter bush, Butterfly weed, Christmasbush, chromolaena, devilweed, hagonoy, Jack in the bush, paraffin-weed, Siam weed, Triffid weed, Chromolaena
- Filipino : agonoi, huluhagonoi, hagonoy
- French : Fleurit-Noël, Herbe du Laos
- Kosraean : mahsrihsrihk
- Palauan : kesengesil, ngesngesil
- Pohnpeanisch : masigsig, masikisik, wisolmat, wisolmat en rehnwel
- Spanish : chimuyo, crucito, hierba de chiva, paleca, rey del todo
- Indonesian : Rumput belalang, Rumput golkar, Rumput putih Indonesian
- Afrikaans : paraffienbos
- German : Siamese herb
- Aztec : coacihuizpatli
swell
- Guy L. Nesom: Chromolaena : Chromolaena odorata , p. 545 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8 : Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae) , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5 (Sections Description and Occurrence)
- Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara & DJ Nicholas Hind: Tribus Eupatorieae , p. 879: Chromolaena odorata , p. 890 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-Yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (editors): Flora of China , Volume 20–21 - Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 12, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 (Description and Occurrence Sections)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara & DJ Nicholas Hind: Tribus Eupatorieae , p. 879: Chromolaena odorata , p. 890 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-Yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (editors): Flora of China , Volume 20-21 - Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 12, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t data sheet at prota4u . ( Memento of the original from November 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c Entry in the Flora of Taiwan .
- ↑ Entry in the Bolivia checklist .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Guy L. Nesom: Chromolaena : Chromolaena odorata , p. 545 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae) , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5
- ↑ a b TTH Hanh, DTT Hang, C. Van Minh, NT & Dat: Anti-inflammatory effects of fatty acids isolated from Chromolaena odorata. In: Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine , Volume 4, Issue 10, 2011, pp. 760-763. doi : 10.1016 / S1995-7645 (11) 60189-2
- ↑ a b LRMKH Robinson, E. Wollenweber, M. Dorr & R. Munlappant: exudate flavonoid in a Tropical Weed, Chromolaena odorata. In: Biochemical systematics and ecology , Volume 23 (718), 1995, pp. 873-874.
- ↑ a b c TT Phan, L. Wang, P. See, RJ Grayer, Han SY Chan & ST Lee: Phenolic Compounds of Chromolaena odorata Protect Cultured Skin Cells from Oxidative Damage: Implication for Cutaneous Wound Healing In: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Volume 24, Issue 12, 2001, pp. 1373-1379. doi : 10.1248 / bpb.24.1373
- ↑ a b P. Kouamé, C. Jacques, G. Bedi, V. Silvestre, D. Loquet, S. Barillé-Nion, R. Robins & I. Tea: Phytochemicals Isolated from Leaves of Chromolaena odorata: Impact on Viability and Clonogenicity of Cancer Cell Lines. In: Phytotherapy research: PTR , 2012.
- ↑ a b c d Chromolaena odorata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
- ↑ Data sheet at African Plant Database from CJB.
- ↑ a b c data sheet at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER.
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ New combination scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Chromolaena odorata at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 22, 2013.
- ↑ a b Global Compositae Checklist
- ↑ Data sheet at Catalog of Life - The 2006 Annual Checklist = ITIS.
