Clandestine radio
Clandestine radio or clandestine transmitter ( English clandestine , secretly, stealthily ) are radio stations that broadcast from a secret or unknown location. The aim is either to avoid persecution by political opponents or to fake a false identity. Clandestine transmitters are used for political or religious propaganda .
During World War II and in many proxy conflicts of the Cold War , Clandestine radio stations were part of the agenda of political groups to underpin their claims to power. Today there are only a few such channels. With new technical possibilities, political actors from the underground continue to produce audio products, but today they mostly distribute them online.
Definition and demarcation
In the German language, the term "underground station" is also common for stations broadcasting cladestin. The main concern of many clandestine radio stations is to give the target audience an alternative view of political events in the first place and to make additional information available - especially when national censorship takes place in the target area of the broadcast and / or state radio is the sole government opinion propagated - as usual in dictatorships .
“Clandestines” are or were in some cases the propaganda stations or broadcasters operated by opposing states or governments in exile in the “ no man's land ” between two state borders. Often the "clandestine stations" were even to be ascribed to the influence of secret services, political parties , opposition groups or armed rebels. Clandestine radio stations are and were, with a few exceptions, black channels that were banned on the territory of the state concerned or whose broadcast in the target area was prohibited.
Typically, a clandestine radio station is a station operated by one (or more) opposition group (s) which - with or without a license or callsign - broadcasts unwanted programs from the government of the target area. Broadcasting from a neighboring country is also common (e.g. Iran / Iraq). Clandestine radio is very language-related, as it is usually 100% propaganda stations that are one-sided even when selecting music. These propaganda or hate channels have the purpose of weakening the opposing side through propaganda . Therefore, politics is usually the only broadcast content. Whenever there is a hot spot in the world (including the ongoing feud between Cuba and the USA), Clandestine broadcasters are on the spot, often financed by a government or a secret service. In contrast to pirate stations (“Pirate Radio”), however, clandestine stations are without exception land-based broadcasting stations and not sea stations. Furthermore, because of their political background, Clandestine radio stations differ from pirate stations that were active in Europe, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, in the North Sea in order to circumvent the radio monopoly of public institutions. Clandestine radio stations often work towards an overthrow or change of power in the station's target area. Overall, however, the number of clandestine radio stations is declining after the fascination of these particular stations with the audience has decreased due to two factors:
- Today's target groups recognize better and faster that it is all about hidden or open propaganda.
- Some clandestine stations are and were so openly supported by opposing states or even partially initiated that even inexperienced listeners had to notice.
These facts became known worldwide through the educational work of the shortwave specialist press (so-called DX-News ) and independent journalists such as the well-known Israeli Mickey Gurdus - of course also in the target area of the Clandestine station. As a result, the audience usually dwindled. The longest-working Clandestine was Radio España Independiente , founded by the Spanish Communist Party in 1941 and only given up after General Franco's death in 1977.
Clandestine radio can almost always be found on short wave , occasionally on medium wave or other wave ranges.
Subdivision of the Clandestine channels
Almost from their earliest days, radio stations were an instrument of propaganda and counter-propaganda, at the latest since 1933 (the beginning of the Nazi era ) so active that radio broadcasts could become a tool of a state government . From then on, broadcasting played a massive role in every subsequent local, bilateral or cross-border conflict. Clandestine transmitters are divided into three groups.
White Clandestines (clear identification)
"White" clandestine channels are a rare exception and therefore the smallest group. They “need” a real war. The ' BBC London' in the 1940s should be mentioned as an outstanding example . This station broadcast legally, with a license and clear identification on registered frequencies ; What made it a “white” countryestine is the fact that in a state of war with the state of the target area ( Greater German Reich ) the broadcasts were factual, but partial in the selection of the facts and comments sent. The second reason for categorizing "White" -Clandestine is to be found in the fact that reception of the station in the target area was prohibited by law . On the other hand, the station "Peace and Progress" from the Soviet Union , which was later known to journalists and DXers, was not a clandestine station, as reception was not prohibited in Germany.
Gray Clandestines (unclear identification)
“Gray” clandestine transmitters differ from the “white” clandestines mostly in that they do not have a broadcast permit, or alternatively by broadcasting activities outside the national borders of the target audience.
The typical “Gray Clandestine” station is operated by opposition members in their own country either on the territory of the criticized state or in a neighboring state that often even supports the propaganda (example: USA and Cuba). This type of Clandestine transmitters therefore represents the vast majority of Clandestine radio stations. Whether it is in charge of the establishment of the station's opposition to a political party , a faction, a Resistance movement or armed guerrilla acts is ultimately irrelevant for the assignment to this group. The decisive factor is that it is a propaganda station that broadcasts with or without frequency registration - with registration only taking place in a neighboring country to the target area. The first Gray Clandestine broadcaster to become known to the general public started on June 9, 1933 in Cuba - near the town of Matranzas - and was founded by a student revolutionary group. The reason was the spontaneous outbreak of strikes in the country. The propaganda directed against the former Machado - dictatorship . The station called on the Cuban army to actively revolt. After just a few days, the Cuban police had found the transmitter location and confiscated the transmitter, which stopped the agitation. This measure no longer helped the then Cuban President; just a few months later in August 1933 he had to give up and flee abroad. Following this example, many a clandestine broadcaster has had a significant share in far-reaching political changes in the target area over the past few decades. Accordingly, a clandestine station is a means of conflict between the government and the extra-parliamentary or rebellious opposition, which in the 1970s and 1980s led to an increase in the number of clandestine radio stations. Today every armed political conflict within a country or region is unquestionably accompanied by one or even several clandestine stations.
Black Clandestines (opposite identification)
“Black” Clandestine radio stations distinguish themselves from the others by the fact that their programs are promptly followed by military or paramilitary actions. It can also be a civil war . Another characteristic of 'black' Clandestine stations is the “ psychological warfare ”: For example, the station can broadcast under the name of another station with opposing programs (common example: a government attacked by a subversive Clandestine station opens a station with the same name new broadcasting station pretends to be the broadcasting station of the rebels or the opposing side, but is not, and easily broadcasts pro-government programs)
Such transmitters are called "PsyWar Tool" or "PSYOPS" in English and are supposed to cause confusion. The opposing armed forces are an important target group. A small number of specialized DXers have set themselves the task of geographically locating and unmasking the Black Clandestine transmitters. This becomes particularly difficult when the 'Black Clandestine' initially spreads an opinion hostile to the government, and then slowly changes the content of the programs in the opposite direction, bit by bit. Black clandestines often work on a frequency directly next to the opponent; this did not make it easier for the audience to search for frequencies. Because radio receivers with digital displays were not widespread in the crisis regions of the world; manual tuning on a frequency scale was and is the rule there.
A clear distinction between "gray" and "black" clandestines is not possible in every case, as features can overlap in individual cases:
- The " Soldatensender Calais " (1943–1945) is generally classified as Black-Clandestine, as it was viewed by many Germans as a Wehrmacht broadcaster for a long time . However, it was operated by the British.
- The clandestine station "Voice of the National Salvation" broadcast from North to South Korea answered with "the service of the National Democratic Front of South Korea" (NDFSK). It was falsely suggested that the broadcasts came from South Korean soil, and the North Korean media openly claimed that the NDFSK was a South Korean movement and that its Seoul broadcaster “Voice of the National Salvation” was to make it appear or to maintain it there is a significant pro-North Korean opposition in South Korea. As one of the consideration negotiated in July 2003 for South Korean appeasement (" sunshine policy "), North Korea stopped operating this "South Korean" channel on August 1, 2003 and instead broadcast Korean Central TV from August 15 ; NDFSK propaganda and agitation continued via the website "The National Salvation Front" (since June 1997), which is also an NDFSK organ.
See also: Deutscher Freiheitsender 904 , Deutscher Soldatensender 935 , Radio Vltava
Classic clandestine transmitters
Africa and Middle East
In the Syrian Civil War, which has been going on since 2011 , radio stations are also used for political propaganda. Radio Al-Kul was founded by refugee Syrians and broadcasts from Istanbul for Syria and the Syrian diaspora abroad. In addition to an Internet livestream, Radio Al-Kul's program is also broadcast via Eutelsat 8 (8.0 ° W), 12563 V and DVB-S 27500.
It is from this region of the world that clandestine transmitters report and report most frequently, due to the high frequency of conflict in this area. This region is characterized by a multitude of states , as well as by a multitude of local or border liberation organizations, which is why a high level of broadcasting activity is justified. It was precisely this improvisation in all respects that made it a special experience for the DXer and professional listener of these stations to receive them. Sound recordings were still rare because the opposing side often did so-called jamming . Sound samples on the website of DXer Dave Kernick prove the audibility especially in the 1970s and 1980s. The programs are regionally oriented, so the majority of the program hours were broadcast either in the national language or even in local dialects. The pause signals and station announcements at the beginning and end of the respective broadcast are, however, a good identification option for the experienced DXer. Furthermore, a minority of the Clandestine broadcasters in Africa had recorded announcements in English or French, but not “Voice of the Broad Masses” from Eritrea - in the liberation struggle against Ethiopia . The opposite station "Voice of United and Free Ethiopia" also did without it. In the Portuguese-speaking Mozambique , the “Voz de Africa Livre” - voice of free Africa - spoke with English announcements and messages , the responsibility of which lay with the FRELIMO liberation army . - 'Radio Kudirat, the Voice of Democracy' also spoke up in English in 1996, targeting Nigeria . This was followed in 1997 by 'Radio Nadeco, the Voice of Free Nigeria'. - Also temporarily sending in English, a broadcast for Angola program was popular by the detection signal of the crowing cock: Vorgan, a station with the announcement "Voice of the Resistance of the Black Cockerel" sent to 2 April 1998 successfully under the leadership of UNITA against the incumbent, initially Marxist-oriented MPLA . This exemplary list shows that clandestine broadcasters were often either jointly responsible or involved in political upheavals or attempted coups. Their role was decisive in this continent, as the majority of the population's opinion was formed through the radio due to the high number of illiterate people .
Asia
In many Asian countries , violent changes of power and armed conflicts were accompanied by a propaganda war. The USA has operated Radio Free Asia since the 1960s .
In the Tibet conflict there has been a program in Tibetan and Mandarin for Tibet since "Voice of Tibet" from Norway. The program is transmitted via shortwave and distributed as a podcast. The “Voice of Free Tibet” as the mouthpiece of the Dalai Lama , who was expelled from his home country, and the government-in-exile also broadcast historically for several years. The program was initially broadcast on shortwave and then as a podcast. The program was funded by a foundation.
The Vietnam War and the entire conflict in Indochina from 1964 to 1975 were accompanied by clandestine stations: 'Mother Vietnam', 'Liberation Radio' or 'Voice of Freedom Radio' broadcast programs in English and mostly in Vietnamese.
America
The most popular Clandestine station was Radio Rebelde , which was used by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro as an aid to overthrow the then dictator Batista . Che in particular quickly recognized the importance that radio programs had among the population. Today, as a state broadcaster with a license, Radio Rebelde is no longer a 'clandestine'. Cuba has always been the target of Clandestine radio stations: after the victory of the Cuban Revolution in early January 1959, years later the new government under Castro itself became the target of political agitation . La Voz del CID (Cuba Independiente y Democrática) - "the voice of democratic and independent Cuba" - was a propaganda broadcaster of the anti-Castro faction with a studio in Florida from 1981 to 1998 , some of which bought airtime from other shortwave stations to get the broadcast their own programs. In 1994 Radio Nederland made the long suspected fact public that La Voz del CID had been founded with the help of the American secret service CIA and that the programs were also financed by the CIA, which shortly thereafter stopped paying. Up until the end of broadcasting operations, the (reduced) programs were financed by groups of Cuban exiles who had already had an influence on the program design. Another important Clandestine station against Castro was Radio Caiman, also founded and funded by the CIA. - High attention in the population of Nicaragua was 1978/1979 the station Radio Sandino the Nicaraguan Sandinistas . On July 19, 1979, they seized the power they had wrested from the corrupt dictator Somoza . - La Voz de la Libertad ( Voice of Freedom ) was unmistakable in Panama in 1987 thanks to the memorable Morse code at the station announcement and was directed against the ruling Manuel Noriega . In December 1989 he was overthrown by invading US troops. Again the end of a dictator was preceded by the establishment of a clandestine station.
List of known clandestine radio stations
Before 1960
Africa
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial Ethiopian Radio Stations | Ethiopia | Emperor Haile Selasse | 1935/36 |
| Radio Diego Suarez | Madagascar | Pro-British Groups | 1942 |
Europe
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic transmitter | Greater German Reich | British government | from March 1943 |
| Soldier transmitter Calais | France / Greater German Empire | British government | from Oct. 1943 |
| Sender Gustav Siegfried 1 | Greater German Reich | British government | |
| Landscape broadcaster Berlin of the Black Front | Greater German Reich | Otto Strasser | 1934/35 |
| Radio Humanité | Western Europe | Greater German Reich (camouflaged) | |
| Radio Free Germany | German army | Soviet Union and NKFD | 1943-1945 |
| Channel »Bir Hakeim« | German army | Bir Hakeim group (French partisans) | until 1945 |
| Radio werewolf | Berlin | Propaganda Ministry of the German Reich | 1945 |
| Radio Blyskawica | Warsaw | Polish resistance | 1944 |
| German freedom broadcaster 29.8 | Greater German Reich | KPD | 1937-39 |
| German freedom broadcaster 904 | Federal Rep. Germany | KPD and GDR | 1956-71 |
| German soldier transmitter 935 | Federal Rep. Germany | GDR, Political Headquarters of the Ministry for National Defense | 1960-72 |
| Radio 1212 | Greater German Reich | United States | |
| Fatherland radio | Greece | Greater German Reich |
Note: From 1933 to 1945 a psychological ether war took place in which the propaganda of the German Reich was confronted with no fewer than 130 radio stations broadcasting German-language programs against the National Socialist government. Many of these stations were supported by prominent German emigrants , be it financially, be it as authors, speakers or translators.
Asia
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Congress Radio | India | "Quit India" movement (anti-British) | 1942 |
| Free Voice of the Authentic Vietnamese Nationalists | Vietnam | Organization Cao Dai | 1954/55 |
| Habanah radio | Palestine | Organization Hebrew for Defense (Zionist) | from 1938 |
| Radio Comet // Radio Mercury | Korea | US Army | from Oct. 1950 |
| Voice of the South | Vietnam | Operating group Viet Minh for independence v. France | 1947-54 |
America
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voz de la Libertad | Costa Rica | unknown | 1948-50 |
| Radio Liberacion | Guatemala | MLN (part of the military junta, backed by the CIA) | 1954 |
| Radio Rebelde | Cuba | Cuban Rebel Army , Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión | from February 1958 |
| Radio Libertad | Dominican Republic | Anti-Trujillo Movement |
1960 to 1980
Africa
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voice of Truth | Angola | UNITA | |
| GOING ON | Angola | UNITA | |
| Voice of Fighting Angola | Angola | MPLA | |
| Voice of the Broad Masses of Eritrea | Eritrea | EPLF | |
| Voice of the West Somali and the Abo Liberation Front | Ethiopia | WSLF and SALF | |
| Voice of Namibia | Namibia | SWAPO | |
| Voice of Free Sahara | Western Sahara | Polisario front |
Asia
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Radio Khmer Serei | Cambodia | Khmer Freedom Movement | |
| Echo of Hope | North Korea | Agency for National Security Planning | |
| Voice of Reunification | North Korea | South Korean government | |
| New Star Broadcasting Station | People's Republic of China | Taiwan | |
| Voice of the People's Liberation Army | People's Republic of China | Taiwanese Secret Service | |
| Contingent of Proletarian Fighters | People's Republic of China | Taiwanese Secret Service | |
| Central People's Broadcasting Station | People's Republic of China | Taiwanese Secret Service | |
| Voice of the Revolutionary Party for Reunification | South Korea | NDFSK , a North Korean guerrilla group | |
| Voice of Malayan Revolution | Malaysia | Malaysian Communist Party | |
| Voice of the Thai People | Thailand | Thai Patriotic Front and Communist Party of Thailand | |
| Liberation Radio | South Vietnam | National Liberation Front (Viet Cong, North Vietnam) | until 1975 |
| Mother Vietnam | North Vietnam | South Vietnamese Government (Strategic Technical Directorate) | 1971-1975 |
| Hanoi radio | North Vietnam | American military and CIA | 1970-1975 |
| Voice of United Indochina | North Vietnam | Secret service CIA | 1970-1975 |
| Radio Maetze | East Timor , Australia | FRETILIN | 1975-1988 |
America
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| La Voz del CID | Cuba | CIA | |
| Radio Caiman | Cuba | CIA | |
| Voz de la Esperanza | Cuba | Cubans in exile | |
| Voz de la Resistencia Chilena | Chile | Bureau de la Resistencia Antifasciste Chilienne | |
| Radio Magellanes | Chile | Chilean Communist Party | |
| Radio Clarin | Dominican Republic | Secretaria de las Fuerzas Armadas Dominicanas | |
| Voz de la UNO | Nicaragua | United Nicaraguan opposition | |
| Radio Sandino | Nicaragua | FSLN | 1977/79 |
From 1981
Africa
| Surname | Target area | operator | target | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radio Peace and Liberty | Central African Republic | A. Kolingba (rebel) | ||
| Radio Bardai / Radio Chad | Chad | GUNT, supported by Libya | ||
| Radio CANDIP | DR Congo | Thomas Lubanga , Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) | 1999-2003 | |
| Radio Bukavu | DR Congo | RCD | ||
| Voice of the Broad Masses of Eritrea | Eritrea | Eritrean People's Liberation Front | ||
| Voice of Democratic Eritrea | Eritrea | ELF-RC | ||
| Voice of the Eritrean Liberation Front | Eritrea | Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) | ||
| Millennium Voice | Eritrea | Voice of Eritrea | ||
| Voice of Tigray Revolution | Ethiopia | Tigreean People's Liberation Front | ||
| Voice of the Ethiopian Revolution | Ethiopia | Iraqi intelligence | ||
| Voice of the West Somali and the Abo Liberation Front | Ethiopia | Western Somali and Somali Abo Liberation Front | ||
| Voz da FRELIMO | Mozambique | FRELIMO | ||
| Voice of the People of Namibia | Namibia | unknown, anti-SWAPO | ||
| Radio Kudirat | Nigeria | UDFN | ||
| Voice of Biafra International | Nigeria | Biafra Foundation | ||
| Radio Mogadishu, Voice of the Somali Pacification | Somalia | Uthman Ali Ato | ||
| Radio SNM Voice of the Somali National Movement | Somalia | Somali National Movement | ||
| Radio Hargeisa | Somalia | Secessionist Movement Republic Somaliland | ||
| Radio Banaadir | Somalia | "A group of Somali business people" | ||
| Radio Télévision Libre de Mille Collines (RTLM) | Rwanda | Hutu government under J. Habyalimana (hate broadcaster) | ||
| Radio Freedom | South Africa | ANC | ||
| Voice of Sudan | Sudan | Sudanese NDA | ||
| Voice of Liberty and Renewal | Sudan | SAF (affiliate with NDA) | ||
| Radio SPLA | Sudan | Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) | Overthrow of the Islamic government in Khartoum , supported by Ethiopia and Libya. | 1988 |
| Radio Rhino International | Uganda | UPC | ||
| Voice of the People (Radio VoP) | Zimbabwe | former employees of the ZBC | ||
| SW Radio Africa | Zimbabwe | Citizens of Zimbabwe in exile in London | ||
| National Radio of the Arab-Saharan Democratic Republic | Western Sahara | Polisario front | Western Sahara independence | |
| Radio Voz del Sahara Libre | Western Sahara | Polisario front | Western Sahara independence |
Asia
| Surname | Target area | operator | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voice of Shari'a | Afghanistan | Taliban | |
| Voice of the United Muslim Fighters of Afghanistan | Afghanistan | CIA funded guerrilla group | |
| Radio Free Afghanistan | Afghanistan | RFE / RL | |
| Afghanistan Information Radio | Afghanistan | US military | |
| Voice of Justice | Azerbaijan | local business people | |
| Democratic Voice of Burma | Myanmar | Burmese exiles | |
| Radio Free Asia | Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam | U.S. government | |
| Voice of Democratic Kampuchea | Cambodia | Khmer Rouge | |
| Voice of the Khmer | Cambodia | KPNLF and FUCINPEC | |
| Voice of the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea | Cambodia | CGDK | |
| Radio of the Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia | Cambodia | Khmer Rouge | |
| Republic of Abkhazia Radio | Georgia | Abkhazian secessionist movement | |
| Voice of Jammu Kashmir Freedom | Parts of India | insurgent mujahideen | |
| Radio dat | Kazakhstan | Association for Democracy in Asia | |
| Echo of Hope | North Korea | Agency for National Security Planning | |
| Voice of the People | North Korea | South Korean Armed Forces | |
| Voice of Tibet | Tibet and China | an independent foundation | |
| New Star Broadcasting Station | People's Republic of China | Taiwan (Rep. China) | |
| World Falun Dafa Radio | People's Republic of China | Organization of Falun Dafa | |
| Voice of China | People's Republic of China | Foundation for China in 21st Century, USA | |
| Voice of the People's Liberation Army | People's Republic of China | Taiwanese Secret Service | |
| October Storm Broadcasting Station | People's Republic of China | Taiwanese Secret Service | |
| Denge Mezopotamya | Kurdistan | Denge-Mezopotamya.com c / o www.airtime.be | |
| Voice of the People of Kurdistan | Kurdistan | PUK, USA | |
| Voice of National Salvation | South Korea | NDFSK , a North Korean guerrilla group | |
| Hmong Lao Radio | Laos | United Lao Movement for Democracy, USA | |
| Voice of Malayan Democracy | Malaysia | Malaysian Communist Party | |
| Voice of the Tigers | Sri Lanka | LTTE | |
| New Horizon Radio | Vietnam | Organization CTM, Germany | |
| Radio Free Vietnam | Vietnam | Government of Free Vietnam opposition group , USA | |
| Voice of Kampuchea Krom | South Vietnam | Khmer Kampuchea-Krom Federation (Independence for South-Vietnam) | |
| Forum for Democracy | Vietnam | Vietnam Restoration Party | 1994-97 |
| Que Huong Radio | Vietnam | Vietnamese in exile in the USA |
America
| Surname | Target area | operator | target | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radio Marti | Cuba | USA ( International Broadcasting Bureau ) | Cuban government weakened | |
| La Voz del CID | Cuba | CIA | Cuban government weakened | |
| Radio Caiman | Cuba | CIA | Cuban government weakened | |
| Radio Clarin | Dominican Republic | Secretaria de las Fuerzas Armadas Dominicanas | ||
| Radio Insurgente | Mexico | EZLN ( Zapatistas ) | For the rights of the indigenous people of Mexico; for global autonomous self-government , against neoliberal economic policy . | in operation |
| Radio Zapote | Mexico | supporting activists of the "EZLN" | ||
| Radio Patria Libre | Colombia | Frente del Guerra Central del ELN | ||
| Voz de la Resistencia, Cadena Radial Bolivariana | Colombia | FARC -EP | since 1996 | |
| Radio Peru | Peru | Mr. Vasquez Chacon | ||
| Resistencia Democrática Peru | Peru | Ex-Health Minister Dr. Caro | ||
| Radio Liberté | Haiti | RDDN Progresses d'Haiti | 1984/1985 | |
| Radio Impacto | Nicaragua | CIA | 1983-1990 | |
| Radio Miskut | Nicaragua | Misurasata, a coalition within FDN | ||
| Radio Quince de Septiembre | Nicaragua | 15th of September Legion, the military arm of the ADREN | ||
| Voz de Nicaragua Libre | Nicaragua | ARDE | ||
| Voz de la Libertad | Panama | Panama City Rotary Club members | ||
| Radio Free Suriname | Surinam | Surinam Liberation Committee | ||
| Radio Venceremos | El Salvador | People's Revolutionary Army (ERP within FMLN) | ||
| Radio Farabundo Martí | El Salvador | FPL (within FMLN) | ||
| Voz Patriotica | El Salvador | CCPD Committee |
The hobby 'Clandestine'
For some of the listeners who follow the radio hobby, it is an exciting undertaking to find new or only periodically broadcasting stations on the one hand (keyword: weaker transmission power), on the other hand, to identify them (often only broadcasting in national languages or even only in dialects ) and, thirdly, either recordings to manufacture and / or to inform other hobby colleagues about the reception of the station in the internal trade press (DX-News, Clandestine-Bulletin, Clandestine Radio Watch).
The existing German radio clubs and usually the station's own website are also helpful when searching . Good reception equipment in the form of a professional world receiver with an appropriate external antenna is essential, as inexpensive devices only reproduce a noise in most cases, even if the transmission time and frequency are known. When listening to clandestine radio you need almost amateur radio-like qualities and tuning options for the receiver.
An alternative to expensive equipment is the hunt for the rare transmitters either via a so-called "web receiver" or via live streams on the Internet or recorded programs that are also made available on the Internet . A web receiver is a high-quality receiving system connected to the World Wide Web. An expert audience primarily collects the exotic and rare station announcements or jingles and recordings of break signals. A card (QSL card) with which the station heard confirms the hearing result in writing is considered a great success for DXers . Pennants and other additions also increase the joy of hobby, since the location of clandestine transmitters, in addition to the technical conditions described and their status as secret or underground transmitters, make the special attraction.
Michael “Mickey” Gurdus, mentioned above, proved that the hobby “clandestines” can have an impact on world political history. The six-language DXer lives in Tel Aviv and became known in the media overnight: In 1974 military troops staged a coup in Cyprus to defeat President Archbishop Makarios III. discontinue. According to Greek radio reports, Makarios had since been shot. At that time, Gurdus monitored a large number of "outband" frequencies from Israel and was famous for three things: for his number memory (frequency scanners did not exist at the time), for his "flying papers" (his notes) and thirdly for his persistence in listening to the many stations; at that time he did not even leave his reception room to eat or sleep ... Gurdus suddenly heard a very weak and barely audible broadcast of an emergency transmitter with only two words: "Makarios si, Makarios si". He then called the nearby Cypriot embassy and asked for the translation: “Makarios is alive!”. A sensation. He immediately recognized the meaning of this announcement and calculated the approximate position of the transmitter by taking cross bearings with friend DXers. It turned out that it was in the sea off the coast of Cyprus. Michael Gurdus passed the information on to the British military on site. The British forces rescued Archbishop Makarios from a boat that also had the emergency transmitter. Makarios later reported to the Israeli ambassador to Cyprus that he owed his life to Gurdus.
Sound samples
literature
- WRTH - World Radio & Television Handbook . Section Clandestine Radio
- M. Schmitz, W. Siebel: Sender & Frequenzen 2014 . Siebel Verlag - vth-Verlag, Baden-Baden 2013, ISBN 978-3-88180-888-0
- JS Berg: Listening on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today . 2008. ISBN 978-0-7864-3996-6 .
- Lawrence C. Soley, John C. Nichols: Clandestine Radio Broadcasting: A Study of Revolutionary and Counterrevolutionary Electronic Communication . 1986. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-92259-7 .
Web links
- Alphabetical list of stations broadcast by the airtime broker TDP via relay on shortwave
- Hobby hobby - listening and identifying Clandestines (English)
- Monitoring Iraq - War of the Waves . DXing.info
- List of 75 historical clandestine channels for Cuba
Individual evidence
- ↑ See also the history of radio in Germany, secret broadcasters in World War II .
- ↑ In Korean, depending on the source, either 구국 의 소리 , in South Korean transcription Gugugui sori , "voice of the salvation of the country", or 구국 의 소리 방송 Gugugui soribangsong "radio of the salvation of the country" - the term soribangsong is, however, North Korean and in South Korea unusual. Before August 8, 1985, the station was called kor. 통혁당 의 목소리 방송 Tonghyeokdangui moksori bangsong ; Tonghyeokdang is the abbreviation of Tongilhyeongmyeongdang , the then name (August 1969 to July 1985) of the later NDFSK (renamed again in 2005).
- ↑ Example from 1999 of a related claim: Past news ( English ) Korean Central News Agency (North Korea). December 14, 1999. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 7, 2012: "[T] he Voice of the National Salvation from Seoul quoted the Pusan city committee ..."
- ↑ Kuguk Chonson · The National Salvation Front ( Korean and English ) Kuguk Chonson. Archived from the original on January 17, 1999. Retrieved October 7, 2012. According to the website “Organ of the NDFSK Central Committee”
- ↑ Korea Institute for National Unification (Ed.): 2009 북한 개요 . Seoul 2009, ISBN 978-89-8479-498-6 , 9.1. 다 .8, section “ 반제 민족 전선 (반제 민전) ”, p. 463 (Korean, lib.kinu.or.kr [PDF; 3.1 MB ; accessed on 1 October 2012] typographically erroneous HTML versions: 1 / 2 ).
- ↑ intervals signals.net
- ↑ Sixty years in exile - Weltspiegel - ARD | The first. Retrieved August 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Bir Hakeim group in the DRAFD Wiki ( Memento of the original from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b RARE SIGNAL: Radio Candip - Bunia. Retrieved August 7, 2019 .
- ^ Radio SPLA (Second Sudanese Civil War, 1988). Retrieved August 7, 2019 .
- ↑ Interview with Jesús Santrich (February 2004): Cadena Radial Bolivariana, la Voz de las FARC-EP. (No longer available online.) Agencia Periodística de Información Alternativa (ApiaVirtual), May 21, 2006, archived from the original on December 1, 2017 ; Retrieved November 23, 2017 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
