COVID-19 app

COVID-19 apps are mobile apps that are being discussed and developed in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic . The most common uses of these apps are: contact tracing , quarantine monitoring, providing information and / or collecting data.

Contact tracing app

The designation can be "Contact-Tracing-App", "(Anti-) Corona (-Tracking-) App" or "Corona (virus) -App". With tracing (proximity tracing) contacts should be tracked / recorded, but not the contact location. Tracking, on the other hand, evaluates location data: data from cell phone cells, GPS or WiFi signals.

An app should have three basic functions:

Informing and advising citizens and facilitating the organization of care for people with symptoms, often in conjunction with a self-diagnosis questionnaire,
informing people in retrospect that they were in the vicinity of an infected person in order to prevent the recurrence of infections during the gradual lifting of the measures and
Monitoring and enforcement of the quarantine of infected people, possibly in conjunction with functions for assessing their health during the quarantine.

Manual contact tracing (tracing of contact chains) is the responsibility of authorities, such as health authorities. In Austria, employees from the Federal Criminal Police Office or the State Criminal Police Office work through questionnaires from the health authorities. In Germany, at the end of March 2020, the Robert Koch Institute hired around 500 "containment scouts" (mostly students) for six months to support the health authorities to interview SARS-CoV-2 infected people and their contact persons by telephone.

The data collected with the contact tracing app can be used by employees to subsequently reconstruct contact chains, for example after a proven infection of person (A) with a certain incubation period or after reporting typical symptoms. Symptom-free carriers (B) can be notified via a pseudonym in order to go into quarantine .

On March 17th, the team led by Professor Christophe Fraser from the Big Data Institute at Oxford University presented the European governments with a feasibility study for a mobile application for contact tracking and demonstrated its efficiency in identifying contacts before the first symptoms of illness. Conventional methods are too slow due to the corona-specific early transmission. According to a simulation published March 31 in Science , contact tracing apps could play a critical role in avoiding or exiting mass quarantine . The project manager of the BlueTrace publication, however, vehemently warns not to consider other influencing factors such as local conditions and activities of the people. Tracing apps can produce a number of false positives and thus overwhelm health authorities and / or cause carelessness. On the Brookings Institution website in April 2020, three scientists from the disciplines of technology, law and biology stated that they believed tracing apps were too imprecise and insecure to contain COVID-19. Bruce Schneier considers the apps to be simply worthless due to insufficient effectiveness and the technology simply something that governments do .

Contact tracing apps expressly do not warn, as is often suggested, of being close to infected people. The idea of how they B. the resolution of the European Parliament expresses that these are applications "... to warn people when they are near an infected person" is based on misunderstandings.

The two decentralized versions according to DP-3T and Apple / Google can be seen and played through in the learning simulation to make them easier to understand.

technology

The apps must be able to detect other smartphones in the vicinity. The Bluetooth Low Energy radio technology is used for this - or other information, for example from payment service providers. The distance between two smartphones should be estimated using the signal strength. Smartphones are supposed to save encounters that fall short of a certain distance for a certain minimum time. Since near-range radio waves are not radiated in an ideal spherical shape, but rather the radiation is subject to a cardioid characteristic , the method is subject to high inaccuracy in principle.

Technically, the subsequent data processing is centralized as well as decentralized.

Properties of the central matching

With centralized approaches, a central office receives the numbers of all contacts of the infected and the contact time (contact graph)
Feedback from false positive cases can be corrected for future observations ( tuning )
Possibilities for subsequent use offer "considerable potential for abuse"

Properties of decentralized matching

In the case of decentralized variants such as DP-3T , the central server only receives the daily key from those who have tested positive if they have released it for publication. This allows apps on all other phones to calculate whether there was contact with the infected person.

Epidemiological research is possible with both approaches. With both models it is unclear how the phone operating system manufacturers such as Apple or Google are prevented from tapping into information.

The European Parliament decided on 17 April 2020 for the entire data storage that this has to take place decentralized.

Apple / Google

The main manufacturers Apple and Google published operating system interfaces for this. The European Data Protection Supervisor welcomes the move, the European Data Protection Board will be observing it critically. Moxie Marlinspike is critical of the opening of the APIs and fears that privacy is at risk.

Google delivers the functions via the proprietary, non-open Google Play services of their operating system kernel. The service is installed automatically without a system update. ACLU requires, among other things, that users must be able to interrupt the proximity data recording.

Apple and Google only support the decentralized approach. Google's head of Android tech said the protocol was "heavily inspired [by the DP-3T protocol]."

The communication, including the short-range signal strength, is stored in encrypted form in the respective telephone. If an infected person wants to warn other people, a code issued by the local authority must be entered before the warning is sent, which confirms the infection - in order to rule out misuse. Google and Apple support a single app per state, unless the state opts for a regional approach. The publisher is a public corporation and not a private company. This app is not allowed to evaluate location services. It is ad-free and geared towards data economy.

BlueTrace / OpenTrace

OpenTrace is the reference implementation of BlueTrace, a privacy protection protocol in epidemiological contact tracing to combat COVID-19.

PEPP-PT

PEPP-PT ( Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing ) is an initiative to develop a basic technology on the basis of which different national apps can be created, which are certified by the PEPP-PT founding consortium. According to Spiegel , heads of government from the federal and state levels decided on April 15, 2020 to support them. Their documentation will be available from April 24, 2020.

There are two implementation proposals for PEPP-PT:

a "German" variant
a “French” variant ROBERT : ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity tracing

Both store contacts in a centralized manner. While ROBERT uses polling to query the infection status, the German variant should use a push mechanism. How the push mechanism is supposed to preserve anonymity is not explained.

DP-3T

Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T, also DP3T) is an open protocol for COVID-19 short-range tracking with the help of Bluetooth low-energy short-range radio. Personal data and calculations remain on a person's phone. It was created by 25 scientists and academic researchers from Europe. The DP-3T started at EPFL and ETHZ and has since been expanded. DP-3T members originally participated in the loose agreement of the PEPP-PT project. Initially, DP-3T was not the only protocol under this umbrella. However, since April 2020 PEPP-PT has been in favor of centralized approaches with inadequate data protection properties compared to the decentralized approach.

For the decentralized DP-3T approach, specifications and details on design decisions as well as a DP-3T implementation have been published (April 14, 2020). On April 16, all mentions were removed from the PEPP-PT project website.

Pre-versions for Android and iOS have been available since April 17, 2020.

Serge Vaudenay from the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) points out that DP-3T could even reduce privacy. However, an analysis of the arguments by the DP-3T project concludes that most of the arguments either apply to all proposed Bluetooth based tracing solutions or are based on misunderstandings about how DP-3T works.

TCN protocol and apps

The Temporary-Contact-Numbers-Protocol arose from the WirVsVirus Hackathon of the federal government and the joint work with CoEpi and Covid-watch.

Some of the actors involved in the development of the protocol are: CovidWatch, CoEpi, ITO, Commons Project, Zcash Foundation and Openmined.

The first Android app was the ito app. Both the protocol and the ito app are published under an MIT license .

The first tracking app published in the app stores is the NOVID app from Expii, which was developed at Carnegie Mellon University .

Network based location tracking

Some countries use network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating the need to download an app as well as the ability to avoid tracking. Network-based location tracking has been approved in Israel. Peter Schaar spoke out against this approach on March 6, 2020.

Germany

Warning app NINA with information about Corona

The "warning app NINA" is conceptually integrated into MoWaS and has been recommended by the Federal Ministry of the Interior since April 2020 for information on the corona risk situation.

Corona warning app

The Corona-Warn-App was published on June 16, 2020 by the Robert Koch Institute . It was developed by the companies SAP and Deutsche Telekom AG , using software from Apple / Google , DP-3T and TCN .

Data donation app

The Robert Koch Institute published the Corona data donation app on April 7, 2020 . This app is about the statistical recording of suspicious vital data in the population, such as fever and / or increased pulse rate, in order to better explain the number of unreported cases of people infected with the coronavirus. The app accesses the data from smartwatches or fitness wristbands for this purpose . Is criticized u. a. that the source code is not openly accessible and that medical data is stored for a long time. In addition, the project management is criticized, the app developed under time pressure shows unauthorized interactions of individual modules. First data evaluations are "expected in the next few weeks." A security review by the Chaos Computer Club encourages the RKI and other operators of Corona apps to take a "proactive, transparent and opportunity-driven view of information security." Any attack on information security would create risks for society as a whole, when acceptance and trust in app-based measures to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic dwindle.

GeoHealth app

In April 2020, the first private corona tracking app for Germany and Switzerland was launched in the iOS and Google Play Store. Based on a person's geolocation data, the app can determine the likelihood of infection with COVID-19. The app has several hundred thousand users around the world and is operated by a non-profit GmbH , financed by a crowdfunding campaign and the Z Zurich Foundation , among other things .

Quarantine app

An app is planned to support the health authorities. The users should enter data about their state of health on a daily basis so that they no longer have to call them daily to identify a deterioration in the state of health of the users. It is being developed by Climedo Health and SAS Institute .

CovApp

This app is a web app developed by the Berlin Charité and Data4Life with which the hospital optimizes its own processes. The app contains a medical questionnaire that asks about current symptoms and possible contacts. After answering the questionnaire, the user receives information as to whether a test or a medical examination makes sense.

EINS app

This is a planned contact tracing app that is being developed by the #GesundZ together initiative, consisting of European startups and tech companies.

CoroNotes

This is a symptom tracker from the KI Center at the University of Tübingen , the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , the University Hospital Tübingen and other companies. The aim is to collect data on COVID-19 and to support medical and scientific studies in this area. The answers to the health questions are saved in order to identify the symptoms of an infection and early indicators of severe disease progression.

# WirVsVirus hackathon

This hackathon should work on solutions to the challenges posed by COVID-19. In the period from March 20 to March 22, 2020, over 1,500 software products were created, of which 130 projects are to be implemented. These included, for example, information apps such as UDO or apps for neighborhood help such as Colivery and Feasibility .

ito app

The tracking app is the result of the collaboration of several participants in the # WirVsVirus hackathon. It is based on the TCN protocol.

quarano

The app for tracking corona cases was created during the # WirVsVirus hackathon and has been used by the Mannheim Health Department since May 2020.

Austria

The Austrian Red Cross published the coronavirus tracking app " Stop Corona " on March 25th . The app can use Bluetooth or an acoustic signal to detect nearby smartphones that are using the app. These smartphones are listed so that the user can manually register people with this list. With the app, all contact persons can be informed about a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Contacts have been registered automatically since mid-April. You can also submit a suspicion and all-clear message. The app is available for Android from version 6 and for iOS from version 12 ( iPhone 5 ) and should be compatible with DP-3T .

Switzerland

The Next Step app is a planned contact tracing app that is being developed by the Zurich-based company Ubique. It is based on the DP-3T protocol.

With contact tracing , the coronavirus in Switzerland is to be kept in check and to warn of a feared second wave in good time. A COVID-19 app is also to be used for this. In the corona session of the federal councils at the beginning of May 2020, it was required that such a session should be based on a legal basis and be voluntary. Anyone who does not want to use an app should not experience any disadvantages or be denied services. Only technical solutions that do not store personal data centrally should also be permitted. The DP-3T app developed by ETH meets these requirements. On May 20, 2020, the Federal Council presented a legal basis for the tracing app with a supplement to the Epidemics Act. The National Council and Council of States passed this amendment to the law with the right of urgency in the 2020 summer session.

On May 25, 2020, the Federal Office of Public Health started the pilot phase of the app. A disclosure of the source code and further information on a public security test was announced for May 28, 2020. The app was already available for download on June 25, 2020 under the name SwissCovid for iOS and Android.

SwissCovid for Android can be downloaded and installed directly from the Swiss Google Play Store. For iPhones with software version iOS 13.5 or higher , the SwissCovid app can be downloaded from the Swiss AppStore . The use of these Google or Apple services is mandatory and SwissCovid cannot be used without them.

Other countries

An app developed by the Austrian association Novid 20 was launched in Georgia . The source code was published as open source on GitHub .

The contact tracing app Aarogya Setu was introduced in India at the end of March . At the beginning of May, the app had been installed over 90 million times. The app uses Bluetooth LE and the Global Positioning System to determine the location . From May 4, the use of the app was made mandatory for all employees in public and private companies as well as for all people in quarantine zones.

At the beginning of April, the contact tracing app eRouška (pronounced eRouschka ) was introduced in the Czech Republic . Rouška roughly translated means mouthguard in the context. It uses Bluetooth LE. The popular map application Mapy.cz offered GPS position tracking due to COVID-19.

Russia has launched a tracking app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow to ensure they do not leave their home.

The contact tracing app Smittestopp was introduced in Norway .

In the USA there are the contact tracing apps Care19 , which is widespread in North Dakota and South Dakota , and Healthy Together , which is widespread in Utah . Both apps also try to collect anonymized GPS data, as this is important for health authorities. More apps are about to be released: Covid Watch ( Stanford University ), as well as SafePaths and CoEpi ( MIT ). The COVID Control app collects data on health: body temperature and other symptoms associated with COVID-19.

In Italy , the Immuni app is being developed by the Italian company Bending Spoons.

The contact tracing app COCOA was released in Japan on June 19 . It is an app that is compatible with the specifications of Apple and Google.

Basis in around twelve countries: app from NSO Group

So far, it has been questionable whether all of these tracking apps were developed from scratch in the various countries, or whether they are based on otherwise provided bases or merely modify the apps made available to them. In mid-March 2020 it became known that around 12 states had a “corona tracker” from the Israeli spyware manufacturer NSO Group “already in use for test purposes” and that the app would then “be sold” to “health ministries”. This tracker evaluates "huge amounts of historical location data". A request from Netzpolitik.org to the German Ministry of Health "[...] whether the NSO Group had offered him the use of the software and to what extent it was considering it" has so far remained unanswered.

Australia

In Australia , the Department of Health released the Coronavirus Australia app for information and on April 27th the COVIDSafe contact tracing app . COVIDSafe is based on the Bluetooth technology used in Singapore with a "digital handshake" like many partner search apps. The use of COVIDSafe is voluntary. The data is stored on the smartphone and centrally on Australian servers and automatically deleted after 21 days.

China

The Chinese government released a mini-program (en: close contact detector ) on February 9th , which informs users whether they have had contact with an infected or possibly infected person. The mini-program runs within well-known apps such as Alipay, WeChat and QQ. In early March, over 200 Chinese cities used this service. At this point in time, a recently introduced innovation was a color code that could be updated via QR code and was only valid for a short period of time and that signaled the duration of the quarantine: green - none, yellow - 7 days, red - 14 days. It happens that the corona status has to be shown during controls at the entrance and exit of subway stations, shops and offices.

France

After the National Commission for IT and Freedoms (CNIL) approved a centralized Corona app based on Bluetooth on May 26, the majority of the French National Assembly also approved it on May 27, so that it can start at the beginning of June. There were fierce disputes between supporters and critics, as the centralized solution could potentially create extensive contact lists. Use is voluntary and anonymized. No location data is determined.

Use of the StopCovid app, which was published in France at the beginning of June, is voluntary. People in the immediate vicinity are recorded via Bluetooth and an alarm is given if someone who has recently been in the area becomes aware of the disease. The app's acceptance turned out to be negligible after three weeks up to June 22, 2020. Data is not only stored in the smartphone, but also in a centralized manner. With 1.8 million installations, 14 reports were triggered by June 23, 2020. The app must always be open in the foreground on iPhones in order to send Bluetooth signals. The association for civil rights on the Internet, La Quadrature du Net, fears misuse of the data.

Iceland

A tracking app, Rakning-Covid-19 , was introduced in Iceland at the beginning of April , which can be used voluntarily and which saves the user's movement profiles on the respective smartphone for two weeks. In the event of an infection, the authorities can use the app to understand where the infection took place and which other contacts have occurred. The app records the location of the encounters via GPS. Despite a download frequency of almost 40 percent of residents in a global comparison, the app was not very helpful in the opinion of the authorities.

Singapore

In Singapore , an app called TraceTogether was released on March 20, 2020. It is the world's first national Bluetooth LE application to identify contact persons and uses the OpenTrace code to implement the BlueTrace protocol. With the help of the Bluetooth Low Energy radio technology , this app automatically detects the smartphones that are also using this app. Some contact details are stored in the smartphone for 21 days and then deleted. It became known from Singapore that "every app installation is linked to the telephone number of the user and is therefore identifiable".

Since May 12, 2020, the use of the SafeEntry app has been mandatory to log in and out on certain occasions. This applies to entering for example: offices and factories, educational institutes, hospitals, nursing homes, hairdressers, supermarkets, at certain market halls , shopping centers, hotels and gradually taxis. A QR code is scanned or, alternatively, the barcode of an ID is evaluated.

South Korea

In South Korea , the Corona 100m app was released on February 11, 2020. Based on government data, the app alerts the user when they get closer than 100 meters to a location where someone has been infected. The app indicates the gender, approximate age and case number of the infected. The app was installed a million times in the first 10 days.

A self-diagnosis app is compulsory for everyone entering South Korea. From version 3 (April 1st) also with automatic recognition of the identity card number. The app records the daily health status for 14 days after arrival in South Korea. You will be called if you don't make the report.

There is a quarantine app that uses GPS. The app aims to enable users to stay in touch with their supervisors. It is a criminal offense to leave the quarantine without permission.

There are also several apps that access data provided by the government (via API) to inform citizens where protective masks are still available.

concerns

Apple announced that it will introduce restrictions on COVID-19 apps in its app store . They will only accept apps from government organizations, health-focused NGOs, companies deeply credentialed in health issues, and medical or educational institutions . Google and Amazon have the same policy.

effectiveness

The European Commission considers technology and data to be an important tool to inform the public, to support the responsible authorities in their efforts to contain the spread of the virus or to enable health institutions to exchange health data. However, a fragmented and uncoordinated approach carries the risk that the effectiveness of the measures to combat the COVID-19 crisis could be undermined while at the same time the internal market and fundamental rights and freedoms could be undermined. On April 16, 2020, the European Commission published an “EU toolbox for the use of mobile apps for contact tracking and warning”. Around the same time, the Brookings Institution published an essay by three scientists, according to which corona apps would, in the best case, have limited use, but in any case it must be ensured that they do no harm. Shortly afterwards, the security expert Bruce Schneier pointed out a number of technical reasons why the technology could not meet the expectations and judged the Contact App as ultimately worthless. In Iceland , the authorities described the app there as not very helpful, despite its very high distribution.

A study carried out by Douglas J. Leith and Stephen Farrell at Trinity College Dublin concluded that it was practically impossible to take a reliable distance measurement between two smartphones on public transport. This cannot be used to determine whether a relevant contact has existed. For the study, the researchers applied the calculation rules used in various countries for a relevant contact. In the German and Swiss rules, not a single contact was recorded, regardless of how close the people were. Using the Italian parameters, 50 percent of the cases were correctly identified, 50 percent were incorrect contacts.

privacy

Gernot Beutel, Senior Physician at the Hannover Medical School (MHH) was involved in the development of the Geohealth App, one of several apps whose development became known in Germany. Gernot Beutel does not want to pursue "this development for reasons of data protection".

Privacy activists have raised concerns about the impact of mass surveillance with coronavirus apps, specifically whether the surveillance infrastructure built to fight the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled when the threat passes.

This applies not only to the centralized version, but also to the decentralized one, which initially appears secure. Norbert Häring describes how Google and Apple become a kind of world passport authority and install a sleeping, global monitoring facility. The sovereignty of the user to decide on the installation and use of his own tracking app is then only applicable in the Orwellian sense. From a technical point of view, essential software parts are relocated to the operating system level and the power structures in everyday life cancel out voluntariness if there are corresponding requirements (e.g. through access requirements).

Security analyzes reveal a number of questionable monitoring options simply through the implementation of the infrastructure. Professor Jaap-Henk Hoepman, Digital Security Group , calls his detailed analyzes “the wolf in sheep's clothing”. It shows the hidden possibility of switching from a decentralized to a centralized system using a virtual switch. This switch for misusing the GACT platform will then be located in the headquarters of Google and Apple and should resist all internal, commercial and not least the US national security interests, legal and illegal desires. "They don't necessarily have the flawless history that would warrant such trust."

The Chaos Computer Club calls " contact tracing " a "risk technology". Basically, the concept of a “Corona App” carries an enormous risk due to the contact and health data that may be recorded. At the same time, there are broad application possibilities for "privacy-by-design" concepts and technologies that have been developed by the crypto and privacy community over the past few decades . With the help of these technologies it is possible to develop the potential of “contact tracing” without creating a private disaster. For this reason alone, all concepts that violate or even endanger privacy should be strictly rejected. According to the Chaos Computer Club, the residual risks that remain even with conceptually and technically meaningful concepts must be continuously monitored, openly debated and minimized as far as possible. That is why the Chaos Computer Club presented “10 touchstones for assessing contact tracing apps”. One of these requirements is that "IDs for 'contact tracing' via wireless technology (e.g. Bluetooth or ultrasound) [...] cannot be traced back to people" and "change frequently". For this reason, "a connection with or derivation of IDs from accompanying communication data such as push tokens, telephone numbers, IP addresses used, device IDs, etc."

The German Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, Ulrich Kelber , said in an interview with the television broadcaster n-tv : “Of course there are limits where you cannot voluntarily waive your rights to freedom. This is a very important pillar of our constitutional state. However, we have not yet reached these red lines in the fight against the pandemic. ”He points out that when asked,“ Would you be willing to forego data protection in order to protect yourself or others from the virus? ”,“ Around 64 percent would be answered with yes “. However, he makes it clear: “I think the question is unfair because it is not specific. If I were to ask: 'Do you agree that your name and address will be mentioned on the radio after an infection?', Many would reject it as completely unnecessary. It's about proportionality. "

literature

Dehmel, S., Kenning, P., Wagner, GG, Liedtke, C., Micklitz, HW & Specht-Riemenschneider, L. (2020): The effectiveness of the Corona warning app will only be shown in practical tests. Data protection is just one of many challenges. Publications of the German Advisory Council on Consumer Issues. Berlin: Expert Council for Consumer Questions . (35 pp.) Bmjv.de

Web links

Commons : COVID-19 apps - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Corona warning app : Source code of the German apps and associated backend services at GitHub
Overview of COVID-19 apps at the GDPR Hub
Article on COVID-19 apps at Netzpolitik.org
How a corona tracing app works - overview on Deutschlandfunk
Projects using personal data to combat SARS-CoV-2 - GDPRhub. Retrieved April 5, 2020 . , a comprehensive list of Covid-19 apps from the NGONOYBunder data protection aspects

Individual evidence

↑ Linus Neumann: 10 touchstones for evaluating "contact tracing" apps. April 6, 2020, accessed April 6, 2020 .

^ ^A ^b Marcel Rosenbach, Hilmar Schmundt: Project Pepp-PT: The anti-corona technology still has pitfalls. In: Spiegel Online . April 17, 2020, accessed May 15, 2020 .

↑ Recital 12 of Recommendation (EU) 2020/518 of the Commission of 8 April 2020 for a common set of instruments for the Union to use technology and data to combat and overcome the COVID-19 crisis, in particular with regard to mobile apps and the use of anonymised mobility data ( OJ L 114 of 14 April 2020, p. 7 )

^ Corona virus , Federal Ministry of the Interior, from April 16, 2020.

↑ As "containment scouts": Thousands want to help RKI. ZDF , April 24, 2020, accessed April 30, 2020 .

↑ Infectious disease experts provide evidence for a coronavirus mobile app for instant contact tracing. Oxford University , March 17, 2020, accessed May 20, 2020 .

↑ IT IS POSSIBLE TO STOP THE EPIDEMIC. Oxford University , Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, accessed May 20, 2020 .

↑ Luca Ferretti, Chris Wymant, Michelle Kendall, Lele Zhao, Anel Nurtay, Lucie Abeler-Dörner, Michael Parker, David Bonsall, Christophe Fraser: Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing . In: Science . March 31, 2020, ISSN 0036-8075 , doi : 10.1126 / science.abb6936 , PMID 32234805 ( sciencemag.org [accessed April 7, 2020]): "Digital contact tracing could play a critical role in avoiding or leaving lockdown"

^ Jason Bay: Automated contact tracing is not a coronavirus panacea. Government Digital Services at the Government Technology Agency, Singapore, April 11, 2020, accessed on April 13, 2020 : “If you ask me whether any Bluetooth contact tracing system deployed or under development, anywhere in the world, is ready to replace manual contact tracing, I will say without qualification that the answer is, No. [...] There are critical factors (like ventilation or singing!) That a purely automated system will not have access to. "

↑ Five ways a COVID-19 contact-tracing app could make things worse .

↑ ^a ^b [ https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/inaccurate-and-insecure-why-contact-tracing-apps-could-be-a-disaster/ Ashkan Soltani, Ryan Calo and Carl Bergstrom: Contact-tracing apps are not a solution to the COVID-19 crisis], online April 27, 2020, accessed July 15, 2020

↑ https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2020/05/me_on_covad-19_.html

↑ ^a ^b Resolution of the European Parliament of April 17, 2020 on coordinated EU measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, p. 13, point 52.

↑ http://www.corona-tracing.info/

↑ Svenja Bergt: The German Corona App: Proximity will soon be measured . In: The daily newspaper: taz . June 12, 2020, ISSN 0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed June 13, 2020]).

↑ BLE113 Data Sheet Silicon Labs 1.48, pages 16-17 .

↑ Tim Pritlove: LNP341 Corona Hotel. In: logbuch-netzpolitik.de. April 19, 2020, accessed May 15, 2020 .

↑ Data protection risks of a Corona app: Complete version of the data protection impact assessment (DPIA) now available in English. In: fiff.de. April 24, 2020, accessed May 15, 2020 .

↑ Comprehensive data evaluation even with a decentralized solution

↑ Google and Apple preview how contact tracing apps will work .

↑ EDPS: 1/3 #EDPS welcomes @Apple and @Google joint initiative to help accelerate globally fight against # covid19 pandemic. Ensuring #interoperability between operating systems can be a necessary step towards deploying technology solutions to serve humankind in this time of history. . April 10, 2020.

↑ Moxie Marlinspike: [ https://twitter.com/moxie/status/1248707318646067202 So it takes BTLE privacy a ~ step back. I don't see why all of the existing beacon tracking tech wouldn't incorporate this into their stacks. At that point adtech (at minimum) probably knows who you are, where you've been, and that you are covid +.] . April 10, 2020.

↑ Dieter Bohn: Android phones will get the COVID-19 tracking updates via Google Play . April 13, 2020.

^ ACLU News & Commentary .

↑ ^a ^b France, Germany in standoff with Silicon Valley on contact tracing. In: reuters.com. April 24, 2020, accessed on May 15, 2020 .

↑ Apple and Google update joint coronavirus tracing tech to improve user privacy and developer flexibility. In: TechCrunch. Retrieved May 1, 2020 (American English).

↑ Dan Goodin: Here's how Apple, Google will warn you if you've been exposed to COVID-19. Ars Technica , May 4, 2020, accessed May 5, 2020 (American English).

↑ OpenTrace .

↑ Jason Bay, Joel Kek, Alvin Tan, Chai Sheng Hau, Lai Yongquan, Janice Tan, Tang Anh Quy: BlueTrace: A privacy-preserving protocol for community-driven contact tracing across borders. (PDF) In: BlueTrace Whitepaper. Government Technology Agency, Singapore, April 9, 2020, accessed April 10, 2020 .

↑ Press kit "2020-04-01 PEPP-PT Press Realease.pdf" via https://www.pepp-pt.org/press

↑ Documentation on PEPP-PT

↑ Description of the German PEPP-PT variant

^ Description by ROBERT

↑ DP-3T / documents .

↑ DP ^ 3T .

↑ Marcel Salathé : [ https://twitter.com/marcelsalathe/status/1250066320269479936 Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (# DP3T): SDK and calibration app for iOS and Android and a backend implementation are now open source. Actual app with nice UI will follow soon Massive thank you to everyone contributing to this! https://github.com/DP-3T/ pic.twitter.com/QAOZVHMsGC] . April 14, 2020.

↑ PEPP-PT: Dispute in the Corona app project - Golem.de .

↑ Michael Veale: [ https://twitter.com/mikarv/status/1251044870367690753 More # DP3T open-source code for truly privacy-preserving, decentralized Bluetooth contact tracing. Today, our i'national consortium releases alpha Android / iOS apps on GitHub for the world to test & improve. Please do! Android: https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android… iOS: https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-ios… pic.twitter.com / jR6TcUZ6ko] . 17th April 2020.

↑ Serge Vaudenay: Analysis of DP3T. In: Report 2020/399. Cryptology ePrint Archive, April 8, 2020, accessed on April 13, 2020 : "some privacy protection measurements by DP3T may have the opposite affect of what they were intended to. Specifically, sick and reported people may be deanonymized, private encounters may be revealed, and people may be coerced to reveal the private data they collect. "

↑ Response to 'Analysis of DP3T' .

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