Disporum
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| Salisb. ex D.Don |
The plant genus Disporum belongs to the timeless family (Colchicaceae). There are around 21 species that are common in Asia .
description
Appearance and leaves
Disporum species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . They are mostly geophytes . Subterranean rhizomes, or sometimes stolons , are often formed, often bare or sometimes rough. The roots are fleshy. On the upright, simple or branched stalk in the upper area there are leaf sheaths in the lower area.
The leaves, which are concentrated in the upper part of the stem and arranged alternately, have short stalk or sessile. The leaf blade is linear or almost circular and has three to seven parallel leaf veins .
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Inflorescence, flower, fruit and seeds
The pendulous or horizontally aligned flowers are terminal or pseudo-lateral on a short branch opposite a leaf in a dold-like inflorescence or terminal individually up to two. There are no bracts .
The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. The six identical bloom cladding sheets are free and are tubular-bell- shaped to open flat together. The bracts are often sack-shaped to spurred at their base . The colors of the bracts range from white to greenish to yellow and from pink to dark-red to dark-purple. There are two circles with three stamens each. The stamens inserted at the base of the bracts are usually somewhat flat. Three carpels have grown together to form a three- chamber ovary. Each ovary chamber contains three to six ovules. The thin stylus is three-lobed to three-part, with the ends more or less curved back.
The berries turn dark blue to black when ripe and usually contain two (hence the generic name Disporum ), rarely up to six seeds. The seeds are spherical to ovoid.
Systematics and distribution
The Disporum species are common in Russia , India , Bhutan , Nepal , Sikkim , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand , Vietnam , Korea , China , Taiwan , Japan and Malaysia . There are about eleven species in China, five of them only there. Three species are unique to Taiwan. Five species occur in Japan, two of them only there.
The genus Disporum was established in 1825 by David Don in Prodromus Florae Nepalensis , p. 50. Disporum Salisb is a homonym . published in Richard Anthony Salisbury : Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London , 1, 1812, p. 331. The generic name Disporum is derived from the Greek language and means double seed. A synonym for Disporum Salisb. ex D.Don is Drapiezia flower .
The genus Disporum is classified in the family Colchicaceae ; earlier it belonged to the families Convallariaceae, Liliaceae or Uvulariaceae.
A revision of the Asiatic species of the genus Disporum was carried out in 1988 by H. Hara in A revision of the Asiatic species of the genus Disporum (Liliaceae). In: H. Ohba & SB Malla (Eds.): The Himalayan Plants , Volume 1 The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 163-209. Until 1994, North American species were sect as the Disporum section . Prosartes (D.Don) Jones placed in the otherwise Asian genus Disporum . It was spun off, has the rank of a genus Prosartes D. Don and belongs to the subfamily Calochortoideae within the family Liliaceae . This was shown by micromorphological, karyological, phytochemical and molecular phylogenetic studies by Shinwari et al. 1994.
There are around 20 types of Disporum :
- Disporum acuminatissimum W.L.Sha : This endemic occurs only in Du'an Yao Zu Zizhixian in the central area of the autonomous region of Guangxi .
- Disporum acuminatum C.H.Wright : It occurs only in northern Myanmar .
- Disporum bodinieri (H.Lév. & Vaniot) FTWang & Tang : It thrives in forests, thickets and rocky locations at altitudes between 1200 and 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou , Hunan , Sichuan , Xizang and Yunnan .
- Disporum calcaratum D.Don : It occurs in India , Bhutan , Nepal , Sikkim , Myanmar, Thailand , Vietnam and in southern Yunnan.
- Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. : It occurs in four varieties in the Himalayas, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, China and Vietnam.
- Disporum hainanense Merr. : It only thrives in forests along canyons at altitudes between 500 and 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hainan and Guangdong. It blooms there between December and May.
- Disporum × hishiyamanum K.Suzuki : The nature hybrid between Disporum sessile and Disporum smilacinum only occurs in Japan .
- Disporum jinfoshanense X.Z.Li, DMZhang & DYHong : This endemic occurs only in Nanchuan in the Chinese province of Chongqing at an altitude of around 1200 meters.
- Disporum kawakamii Hayata : It thrives in evergreen forests at altitudes between 300 and 1700 meters in Taiwan.
- Disporum leucanthum H.Hara : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas .
- Disporum longistylum (H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Hara : It thrives in forests and in rocky locations at altitudes between 400 and 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan. It blooms there between March and June.
- Disporum lutescens (Maxim.) Koidz. : It occurs on the Japanese islands of Honshū , Shikoku and Kyushu.
- Disporum megalanthum F.T.Wang & Tang : It thrives in forests, on the edges of forests and on grassy slopes at altitudes between 1600 and 2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan. It blooms there between May and July.
- Disporum nantouense S.S.Ying : It thrives in coniferous and mixed forests at altitudes between 1200 and 2700 meters in central Taiwan.
- Disporum sessile (Thunb.) D. Don ex Schult. & School f. : It occurs in three varieties in Korea and from southern Sakhalin to the Nansei Islands .
- Disporum shimadae Hayata : It thrives on grasslands at altitudes between 500 and 1100 meters in northern Taiwan.
- Disporum sinovietnamicum R.C.Hu & Y.Feng Huang : The species first described in 2016 occurs in the Chinese province of Guangxi.
- Disporum smilacinum A.Gray : It occurs in Yantai Shi in northeastern Shandong , in Korea, Japan, on the southern Kuril Islands and southern Sakhalin.
- Disporum tonkinense Koyama : It occurs only in northern Vietnam.
- Disporum trabeculatum Gagnep. : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 900 and 2000 meters in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan.
- Disporum uniflorum Baker : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 100 and 2500 meters in Korea and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong and Sichuan.
- Disporum viridescens (Maxim.) Nakai : It occurs in Japan, Korea, Russia's Far East and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning .
- Disporum xilingense X.X.Zhu & Lin Zhang : The species first described in 2016 occurs from Sichuan to Hunan.
use
The leaves of Disporum cantoniense , Disporum sessile , Disporum smilacinum and Disporum viridescens are eaten cooked.
Disporum cantoniense and Disporum smilacinum are used as ornamental plants .
swell
- Liang Songyun (梁松筠) & Minoru N. Tamura: Disporum , p. 154 - the same text online as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (section description, distribution and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Disporum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Liang Songyun (梁松筠) & Minoru N. Tamura: Disporum , p. 154 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Disporum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 12, 2013.
- ^ Dale W. McNeal: Entry in Jepson eFlora . (But the North American species no longer belong to the genus Disporum .) Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ^ Disporum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ↑ ZK Shinwari, R. Terauchi, FH Utech & S. Kawano: Recognition of the New World Disporum Section Prosartes as Prosartes (Liliaceae) Based on the Sequence Data of the rbcL Gene , In: Taxon , Volume 43, Issue 3, 1994, Pp. 353-366. doi: 10.2307 / 1222713
- ↑ Disporum cantoniense , Disporum sessile , Disporum smilacinum and Disporum viridescens at Plants for a Future, accessed on March 12, 2013
- ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 310).
