Emanuel Moravec

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Emanuel Moravec as a graduate of the Prague Military College, 1923

Emanuel Moravec (born April 17, 1893 in Prague , Austria-Hungary , † May 5, 1945 there ) was a high-ranking Czech military, politician and author. He went down in history as a symbol of the collaboration with the German National Socialists during the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia .

During the First World War , Moravec fought in the Czechoslovak legions against the Austro-Hungarian monarchy . After the war, he served as an officer in the Czechoslovak army and, as a well-respected military expert, warned of Hitler's expansion plans . In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, however, he took the side of the occupation regime and turned into an active propagandist of National Socialism and the integration of Bohemia and Moravia into the Third Reich . The Germans appointed him Minister for Education and Public Enlightenment of the Protectorate Government and Chairman of the National Socialist Board of Trustees for Youth Education in Bohemia and Moravia . He committed suicide in the last days of the war.

Legionnaire in World War I

Soldiers of the Czechoslovak Legions in Siberia

Emanuel Moravec came from a Prague merchant family. His father was called Jan Peter Moravec, his mother was called Malvína, née Sapinová. He graduated from a technical college in Prague and graduated from high school in July 1912. In 1911 he demonstratively resigned from the Catholic Church . Like many of his contemporaries, he was also convinced that the Catholic Church was hostile to the Czech people and was helping the Habsburgs to suppress them.

When the First World War broke out on July 28, 1914 , he was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army on the very first day . He completed volunteer training in Salzburg and was sent to the Eastern Front in Galicia as an officer candidate and leader of a machine gun division . Together with many other Czechs, he surrendered to the Russians in March 1915. They took him to the prison camp in Samarkand . Moravec wanted to join the Czech volunteer unit Česká družina (Czech Guard) to fight the Austrians. When this failed, he joined the Serbian First Volunteer Division. It consisted of former Serbian prisoners of war and other members of the Slavic peoples who fought on the Russian side. He was wounded in heavy fighting on the Bulgarian front in Dobruja in September 1916 and spent six months in a military hospital in Odessa .

After that he joined the Czechoslovak legions . Czechs and Slovaks in exile in Russia founded it together with deserters from the k. u. k. Army in the summer of 1917 to fight against the monarchy and for an independent Czechoslovakia. He reported to the 6th Czechoslovak Regiment in Boryspil, Ukraine . When registering, he falsely stated that he had studied mechanical engineering and had an engineering degree in order to obtain the officer degree . In Boryspil he met the future President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk for the first time , who deeply impressed him and became an authority and a role model for him.

After the October Revolution of 1917 and the outbreak of the civil war in Russia, Masaryk agreed with the Bolsheviks to withdraw the Czechoslovak legions to Europe via Vladivostok . During the fighting for the village of Bogandinski on the Trans-Siberian Railway , Emanuel Moravec broke his collarbone when he fell from his horse and spent several weeks in the hospital in Omsk . On this occasion he began writing on military subjects. The Legionnaire's newspaper printed his first article, entitled Fortifications , in the summer of 1918. Hundreds more followed. General Milan Rastislav Štefánik became aware of his work and appointed him to the intelligence staff of the Czechoslovak Ministry of War in Siberia and to the command of the technical department in Vladivostok. In April 1920 Moravec boarded the American ship Mount Vernon in Vladivostok and reached Europe in August of the same year.

In the Czechoslovak Army

Military career

After his return to Czechoslovakia, Emanuel Moravec accepted the offer of the Ministry of Defense and joined the newly formed Czechoslovak Army . The army command sent him to Užhorod in September 1920 as an intelligence officer in the Carpathian Ukraine , where the army faced enemy Hungarians . His superiors gave him excellent reviews and sent him to the military college in Prague for further training. Before he graduated from school, he was promoted to major there in 1923 . Between 1923 and 1927 Moravec served in the military command in Prague. In 1926 an internal investigation uncovered financial irregularities in his department. He was transferred and sent as commander of the 1st Field Battalion of the 24th Infantry Regiment to Znojmo in South Moravia and later to Michalovce in Slovakia .

In 1931, the army command appointed him lecturer in military history at the Prague Military College. In October 1936 he was promoted to commander of the 28th Prague Infantry Regiment with the rank of colonel on the General Staff.

In the 1930s he actively supported the policies of President Masaryk and Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš . As an expression of his admiration, he collected and edited the speeches that the President gave to the soldiers on various occasions ( Projevy presidenta TG Masaryka k vojsku ). At Masaryk's funeral in 1937, he led the military escort through Prague and stood guard of honor at his grave.

publicist

In addition to his military career and teaching, Emanuel Moravec developed a lively journalistic activity. He started writing as a legionnaire in Russia. During the return trip to Czechoslovakia, he wrote articles for the ship's newspaper Návrat ( Return ).

Since 1928 he wrote regularly for the renowned magazine Přítomnost , and since 1932 also for the daily newspaper Lidové noviny . He devoted himself to military and political issues, commented on military conflicts around the world and carefully observed the rearmament, especially in Germany and the Soviet Union . For his contribution to the twentieth anniversary of the Battle of Zborów , he won the coveted Baťa Prize for the best journalistic article. He also dealt with the Czechoslovak defense strategy. In his article Jak se povede příští válka ( How the future war will be waged ) he examined e.g. B. What possibilities of defense would Czechoslovakia have if it were attacked by Germany, Austria and Hungary. Most of the time he published under the pseudonym Stanislav Yester .

But writing wasn't just his hobby. Although Moravec was making good money, he felt underpaid by the army and often complained about his financial situation. With the fees he tried to finance his lavish lifestyle.

President Masaryk became aware of the young, capable, and extremely active officer. At his suggestion, Moravec wrote his two most important works, Vojáci a doba ( Soldiers in Our Time ) and Obrana státu ( Defense of the State ). In it he was supposed to set out the defense strategy of the young Czechoslovak Republic. The books sparked controversial discussions and resistance in the army leadership. Moravec showed his closeness to the authoritarian “ democracy of the strong hand ” and to Italian fascism . Moravec saw the greatest danger for Czechoslovakia in National Socialist Germany. He doubted the traditional alliance with France and recommended orienting oneself more towards Poland and Italy . After the Italian war of aggression in Ethiopia , his book Válečné možnosti ve střední Evropě a tažení v Habeši ( War opportunities in Central Europe and campaign in Abyssinia ) was published. In it he expressed his admiration for fascist Italy.

Despite the criticism Moravec received in military circles for some of his articles and books, he enjoyed a high reputation as an author and military expert in the republic.

Munich Agreement

Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, from left to right: Mussolini, Hitler, interpreter Paul Otto G. Schmidt, Chamberlain

When the so-called Sudeten crisis escalated in 1938 , Moravec called for resistance and turned against the appeasement policies of France and Great Britain . On September 21, 1938 he warned in the Lidové noviny : “The mutilation of Czechoslovakia cannot prevent the collision of the Third Reich with the West. Rather, it accelerates it ... This is not about the Czechoslovak Republic today. It's about who will one day rule Europe. "

After the resignation of the Czechoslovak government, President Edvard Beneš appointed General Jan Syrový as Prime Minister. General Syrový counted on the help of France and Great Britain and on September 23, in response to Hitler's threats, called a general mobilization . But on September 30, 1938, the representatives of France, Great Britain and Italy concluded the Munich Agreement with Hitler and asked Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudeten areas to Hitler. President Beneš felt betrayed by his allies and saw no choice but to agree.

President Edvard Beneš

As part of the mobilization, Emanuel Moravec was ordered to the General Staff in Znojmo. Here, on a poorly secured border with Austria, the army had expected an attack by the Wehrmacht . But Moravec couldn't stand the uncertainty about the government's future course. On September 28th he went to Prague, forced an audience with the President and wanted to convince him not to surrender to the German demands. Moravec later said of this encounter: “I yelled at him: Declare war! What else do you advise? Declare war, otherwise we are lost! ”. But President Beneš refused.

On October 2nd, there was another meeting with President Beneš. This time Moravec came as a representative of the recently established Committee for the Defense of the Republic ( Výbor na obranu republiky ), a group of politicians and high-ranking military officials who rejected the “Munich dictate” and called for the defense of the republic. The conversation lasted two hours and ended in an argument. Moravec later commented with contempt: “I found him terrified, helpless and insecure, like a boy who was beaten up. That wasn't a man. I was ashamed that we trusted this bundle of misery. "

For Moravec, as well as for the majority of his compatriots, the signing of the Munich Agreement was a bitter disappointment, which in their eyes discredited the Western democracies and the Czechoslovak alliance policy. Since then, Moravec openly hated Edvard Beneš. Because of this openly hostile attitude towards the government and the president, he had to leave the military college and the army command forbade him to publish. However, Moravec did not adhere to it and continued to write under the pseudonym E. Herold .

In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Title page of the book The End of the Benes Republic - The Czechoslovak Crisis 1938 , Prague 1942
Emil Hácha, Emanuel Moravec and other members of the Protectorate Government, June 1942

On March 15, 1939, the German Wehrmacht occupied what is known as the rest of Czech Republic in National Socialist jargon . The next day the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. Moravec feared he would be arrested and executed for his earlier offensive behavior against Germany. He was therefore surprised when the National Socialists offered him a collaboration and even made it possible for him to publish his latest book V úloze mouřenína - Československá tragedie 1938 ( In the Role of the Moor - The Czechoslovak Tragedy 1938 ). In German it appeared under the title: The end of the Benesch Republic . The book is a radical reckoning with Edvard Beneš and his foreign policy. According to Moravec, the Czechoslovak Republic fulfilled the role of the servant Moor . The West bought peace for a short time on their account and then dropped them. Now that the rest of the country has been incorporated into the Third Reich, the only option is to work closely with Germany. Moravec wrote: "Whether we want it or not, our policy must ultimately find a good relationship with Germany."

The National Socialists invited him on a tour of Germany to show how much good they had done for their country. Moravec returned enthusiastically. “Here is order, discipline, power and strength!” He described his impressions. He was given the opportunity to work as a commentator for the Czech radio . He published his regular broadcasts (initially monthly, weekly from May 1940) in the book Ve službách nové Evropy ( In the service of the new Europe ).

Emanuel Moravec opted for full and unconditional collaboration with the occupiers and became an active and enthusiastic propagandist of National Socialism. He worked with the National Socialist secret service SD and also maintained contacts with State Secretary Karl Hermann Frank . For the Czechs in the Protectorate, he became one of the most despised and hated people. When Reinhard Heydrich came to Prague in October 1941 , Moravec visited him personally and swore allegiance to the newly appointed Deputy Reich Protector and the Third Reich.

Minister for Education and Public Enlightenment

Title page of the book Ve službách nové Evropy - rok před mikrofonem . Prague 1940.

Heydrich succeeded in getting President Emil Hácha to appoint Moravec to the Protectorate Government as Minister of Education and Public Enlightenment in 1942 . Moravec was the most influential member of the government, consistently enforced the policies of the Third Reich in the Protectorate and was feared by the other ministers.

In 1942 Heydrich appointed him chairman of the Board of Trustees for Youth Education in Bohemia and Moravia ( Board of Trustees pro výchovu mládeže v Čechách a na Moravě , KVMČM). This mass organization for young people between 10 and 18 years of age was supposed to educate young people in the spirit of National Socialism and to be loyal to the Third Reich. Their role model was the Hitler Youth . Moravec demanded: “Spiritually lead Czech youth into the Reich!” In his role as Minister of Education, Moravec introduced the German language as a compulsory subject in all schools and declared that German would become the lingua franca of Europe. He announced the permanent closure of Czech universities. In 1939 the Germans closed it for three years as part of the “ Special Prague Campaign ”.

Moravec was a co-founder of the Czech League Against Bolshevism ( Česká liga proti bolševismu ). The organization founded in January 1944 was subordinate to the Ministry of Education of Moravec and was supposed to spread anti-Soviet propaganda and represent Germany as the savior of European civilization.

Moravec reached a high point in his political career after the assassination attempt on Reinhard Heydrich in May 1942. As a speaker at innumerable popular assemblies, he swore allegiance to the Third Reich on behalf of the Czech people and demanded relentless punishment of the assassins. On his initiative, the protectorate government promised a reward of 10 million kronor for catching the assassins.

In 1943, Moravec achieved the dissolution of the small Czech fascist parties Vlajka ( The Flag ) and Národní obec fašistická ( National Fascist Community ) at the German protectorate authorities . In doing so, he got rid of political competitors and was able to realize his ideas of collaboration unhindered.

anti-Semitism

During his tenure as Minister of Education, Moravec took over the anti-Semitism of the National Socialists. In his eyes, Germany was fighting to save the world from Judaism : "The New Europe is united in the struggle against Judaism, which is the driving force of capitalism and the corrosive element of socialism ." Moravec also made the Jews for the tensions responsible between the Czechs and the Germans after 1933: "The British-French strategic interests combined with the interests of Jewish capital and led to an artificial escalation of the Czech hatred of the German people." But according to Moravec, the Czechs would still learn the To enjoy advantages that Germany offers them, because "because the Jews were excluded from the German people, the agents of capitalism in Germany have become powerless."

In his books he adopted the anti-Semitic National Socialist vocabulary. In the book Děje a bludy ( facts and errors ) he wrote: “The Jews subjugated and decomposed the Aryan race .” And: “The Jewish culture has only weakened and mutilated other cultures.” The Jewish world is “without nobility and chivalry, without Heart and love ”, a world in which“ courage is replaced by cunning, wisdom by cunning and character by calculation and cruelty ”.

Target of an assassination

The Czechoslovak government- in- exile in London feared that Moravec's performances would permanently damage Czechoslovakia's reputation abroad. So she decided to liquidate him. This task should the paratroopers command with the codename meet TIN. But the Gestapo tracked down the two paratroopers, Ludvík Cupal and Jaroslav Švarc . They died before they could do their job.

death

Moravec remained loyal to the National Socialists until the end of the war. When the Prague uprising broke out on May 5, 1945 , at the request of State Secretary Karl Herrmann Frank, he was supposed to speak on the radio and calm the situation down. The Prague radio building was already in the hands of insurgents, so the speech should be broadcast from a studio in Mělník . Moravec was picked up by the police and drove first to the Palais Czernin , the seat of the Deputy Reich Protector at Prague Castle , to receive further instructions. But the car he was in ran out of gas on the way. Moravec knew what fate awaited him should he fall into the hands of the insurgents. So he pulled a revolver out of his jacket pocket and shot himself through the head.

Marriages and children

Emanuel Moravec was married three times. In January 1920 in Vladivostok he married Helena Georgijevna Beka, then 17 years old, whom he met as a prisoner of war in Samarkand. She was a close relative of the Bolshevik politician Alexei Rykov , who was later executed in the course of the Stalinist purges . With her he had two sons, Igor and Juri. He divorced in 1932 and married 18-year-old Ilona Pavla Szondy, who gave birth to Moravec's third son, Pavel Emanuel. This marriage also ended in a separation, Moravec and Szondy divorced in October 1938. In 1942 Moravec married Jolana Emmerová. She was the housekeeper of his second wife and was only 16 years old when their relationship broke her marriage with Szondy.

Moravec also influenced his sons. The eldest son Igor fought on the Eastern Front as a volunteer with the SS Totenkopf Division . His younger brother Juri served in the 137th Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht. After the establishment of the Protectorate, Pavel was sent to school in Salzburg and died there in an air raid in 1944. Igor was arrested after the war, charged with treason and murder, and executed in 1947. After the war, Juri was sentenced to imprisonment and emigrated to West Germany after his release.

Judgments on Moravec

Emanuel Moravec was the most influential Czech collaborator in World War II. After the most famous Norwegian collaborator Vidkun Quisling , he is also referred to as the "Czech Quisling".

The German authorities knew that Moravec was hated by the Czechs as a traitor and that his propaganda appearances were ultimately ineffective. When Moravec was appointed Minister of Education, Heydrich wrote that the public opinion prevailed that Moravec was a traitor, bought by the Germans in order to disintegrate the Protectorate government from within. In a report by the National Socialist secret service SD from August 1944 it says: "The policy of Moravec is completely rejected by the Czech public."

Czech historians have rarely dealt with Moravec. The historian Jiří Pernes believes that shame also played a role. “It was a shame for Czech society that someone like Moravec even existed.” Another reason was that later, during the communist dictatorship, there was little interest in coming to terms with this dark chapter of history. Jiří Pernes explains: “If Moravec had been shot during the mobilization in 1938, or if he had died of a heart attack or a car accident before March 15, 1939, he would have gone down in Czech history as an eminent figure in the world The freedom and independence of Czechoslovakia had deserved. ”In the opinion of Pernes, Moravec was not guided by selfish motives during the collaboration. He felt called to save the nation and to secure its existence in the “bosom” of the Third Reich and in Hitler's “New Europe”.

According to the historian Jan Tesař, Moravec was not one of those who “howl with the wolves”. He was filled with a strong desire to "shake up the nation so that it does not leave its fate to the game of blind forces and so that it does not cease to actively influence it even in times of crisis".

The historian Tomáš Pasák described Emanuel Moravec as the representative of a "programmatic collaboration". From “Munich” he would have drawn the radical “logical” conclusion: “If not against them, then with them!”

In 2013 Daniel portrayed Landa Moravec in a part of the television series České století ( The Czech Century ) titled Den po Mnichovu (1938) ( The day after Munich ). The focus of the film is Moravec's passionate argument with President Beneš about his surrender to the demands of the Munich Agreement.

bibliography

  • Projevy presidenta TG Masaryka k vojsku . Praha 1929. ( Speeches by President TG Masaryk on the Army ) available online.
  • Válečné možnosti ve střední Evropě a tažení v Habeši . Prague 1935. ( War opportunities in Central Europe and campaign in Abyssinia ). available online.
  • Obrana státu . Praha 1936. ( Defense of the State ). available online.
  • Obrana státu - Díl II. Vojáci a doba . Praha 1936. ( Defense of the State - Part II. Soldiers in Our Time ). available online.
  • V úloze mouřenína - Československá tragédie 1938 . Praha 1939 available online.
  • German edition: The end of the Benesch Republic - the Czechoslovak crisis in 1938 . Praha 1941. available online
  • Ve službách nové Evropy - Rok před mikrofonem . Praha 1940. ( In the service of the new Europe - A year before the microphone ) available online
  • Děje a bludy . Prague 1941. ( Facts and Errors ). available online.
  • O smyslu dnešní války . Praha 1941. ( On the meaning of today's war ). available online.
  • Tři roky před mikrofonem . Praha 1942. ( Three years before the microphone ). available online.
  • O český zítřek . Prague 1943. ( About the future of the Czech Republic ). available online.

See also

literature

  • Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 (Czech, 239 pages).
  • Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939–1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 15-77 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  • Jan Tesař: Mnichovský complex: jeho příčiny a důsledky . Prostor, Praha 2014, ISBN 978-80-7260-304-6 , p. 249-266 (Czech, 277 pp.).
  • Tomáš Pasák: Český fašismus 1922–1945 a kolaborace 1939–1945 . Práh, Praha 1999, ISBN 80-7252-017-2 , p. 327-370 (Czech, 486 pp.).
  • Jan Boris Uhlíř: Emanuel Moravec. Český nacionální socialista. In: Historie a vojenství, Volume 55 (2006) Issue 2, pp. 25–39, Issue 3, pp. 49–63 . Praha 2006 (Czech).
  • Peter Demetz: Prague in Danger. The Years of German Occupation, 1939-45 . Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-374-28126-7 , pp. 145-150 (English, 274 pp., Online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939-1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 15 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  2. ↑ Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 10-11 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  3. ↑ a b c d Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939–1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 18-26 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  4. ↑ Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939-1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 26-27, 32-33 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  5. ↑ Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 90-91, 110 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  6. ^ A b Peter Demetz: Prague in Danger. The Years of German Occupation, 1939-45 . Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-374-28126-7 , pp. 145-150 (English, 274 pages).
  7. ↑ a b c Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939–1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 39 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  8. ↑ a b Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 96-98, 106-107 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  9. ↑ Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 84 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  10. ↑ Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 133 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  11. ↑ a b Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 136, 142 (Czech, 239 p.).
  12. ^ Emanuel Moravec: Děje a bludy . Orbis, Praha 1942, p. 88–89 (Czech, available online. ).
  13. ^ A b Emanuel Moravec - The face of Czech collaboration with the Nazis , Chris Johnstone, July 12, 2011 in Radio Prague International. Accessed March 13, 2020
  14. ↑ Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939-1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 45 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  15. ↑ Emanuel Moravec: V úloze mouřenína - Československá tragedie 1938 . Orbis, Prague 1940, p. 353 (Czech, available online. ).
  16. ^ A b c Jan Boris Uhlíř: Emanuel Moravec. Český nacionální socialista. In: Historie a vojenství, Volume 55 (2006) Issue 2, pp. 31-33 . Praha 2006 (Czech).
  17. ↑ a b Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939–1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 53, 58 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  18. ↑ a b c Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 178-183 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  19. ^ A b Jan Boris Uhlíř: Emanuel Moravec. Český nacionální socialista. In: Historie a vojenství, Volume 55 (2006) Issue 3, p. 49 . Praha 2006 (Czech).
  20. ↑ Tomáš Pasák: Český fašismus 1922–1945 a kolaborace 1939–1945 . Práh, Praha 1999, ISBN 80-7252-017-2 , p. 359-365 (Czech, 486 pp.).
  21. ↑ Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 185-188 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  22. ↑ Tomáš Pasák: Český fašismus 1922–1945 a kolaborace 1939–1945 . Práh, Praha 1999, ISBN 80-7252-017-2 , p. 341-351 (Czech, 486 pp.).
  23. ^ Emanuel Moravec: Děje a bludy . Orbis, Praha 1942, p. 59 (Czech, available online. ).
  24. ^ Emanuel Moravec: O český zítřek . Orbis, Prague 1943, p. 23 (Czech, available online. ).
  25. ↑ a b c Emanuel Moravec: Děje a bludy . Orbis, Praha 1942, p. 20–21 (Czech, available online. ).
  26. ↑ a b Robert B. Pynsent: Conclusory Essay: Activists, Jews, The Little Czech Man, and Germans . In: Central Europe, Vol. 5 (2007), No. 2 . S. 255-256 , doi : 10.1179 / 174582107x190906 (English, 333 pages, (PDF) ).
  27. ↑ Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 205-206 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  28. ↑ Tomáš Pasák: Český fašismus 1922–1945 a kolaborace 1939–1945 . Práh, Praha 1999, ISBN 80-7252-017-2 , p. 369-370 (Czech, 486 pp.).
  29. ↑ a b Michael Borovička: Kolaboranti 1939–1945 . Paseka, Praha 2007, ISBN 978-80-7185-846-1 , p. 30,33,34 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  30. ^ Jiří Plachy: Synové Emanuela Moravce . In: Historie a vojenství . 2009, ISSN  0018-2583 , p. 79-80 (Czech, 399 pp.).
  31. ↑ a b c Tomáš Pasák: Český fašismus 1922–1945 a kolaborace 1939–1945 . Práh, Praha 1999, ISBN 80-7252-017-2 , p. 335, 340-341 (Czech, 486 pages).
  32. ↑ a b Jiří Pernes: Až na dno zrady: Emanuel Moravec . Themis, Praha 1997, ISBN 80-85821-51-6 , p. 6-8 (Czech, 239 pp.).
  33. ^ Jan Tesař: Mnichovský complex: jeho příčiny a důsledky . Prostor, Praha 2014, ISBN 978-80-7260-304-6 , p. 254 (Czech, 277 pp.).
  34. ↑ Tomáš Pasák: Český fašismus 1922–1945 a kolaborace 1939–1945 . Práh, Praha 1999, ISBN 80-7252-017-2 , p. 334 (Czech, 486 pp.).
  35. ↑ Den po Mnichově (1938) , Česká televize October 1, 2018. Accessed on March 13, 2020 (Czech)

Web links

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personal data
SURNAME Moravec, Emanuel
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Stanislav Yester (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Czech military, author and collaborator
DATE OF BIRTH April 17, 1893
PLACE OF BIRTH Prague
DATE OF DEATH May 5, 1945
Place of death Prague