Friedrich V (Baden-Durlach)

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Margrave Friedrich V of Baden-Durlach (born July 6, 1594 in Sulzburg , Markgräflerland ; † September 8, 1659 in Durlach ) ruled from 1622 to 1659.

Margrave Friedrich V of Baden-Durlach around 1634; Engraving by Philipp Kilian after a painting by Johan Caspar Widman

Life

Friedrich V was the son of Margrave Georg Friedrich von Baden-Durlach and his wife Juliana Ursula von Salm-Neufville (1572–1614), daughter of Friedrich von Salm-Neufville (1547–1608).

In Sulzburg he received his lessons, among other things by the superintendent Johann Weininger and altogether a strictly Lutheran education. From 1613 to 1614 Frederick V traveled to France , Great Britain and the Netherlands on his cavalier tour .

Taking office

Friedrich's father, Margrave Georg Friedrich, was the only prince of the Protestant Union, which was dissolved in 1621, to remain Elector Friedrich V of the Palatinate and operated military armaments in 1621/1622. It is believed that Georg Friedrich feared that a victory of the Catholic party would also lead to an end to the Upper Baden occupation and thus cost him control of the margraviate of Baden-Baden . In order to endanger his dynasty less in the event of defeat, Georg Friedrich signed a deed of abdication on April 22, 1622, in which he resigned his office in favor of his son Friedrich. On April 25, the subjects were released from their oath, but the homage to Friedrich was not paid until May 23, 1622 and the emperor was not officially informed of the abdication until August 22, 1622 - i.e. after the lost battle of Wimpfen .

However, not only the legal beginning of his reign remains unclear, but also the actual one, as he and his family first sought refuge at the court of his brother-in-law Johann Friedrich von Württemberg after the battle of Wimpfen that his father had lost . The margraviate of Baden-Durlach was devastated by imperial and league troops and occupied with interruptions from 1622 to 1627. Friedrich assured the emperor that he had never supported his father's military actions and asked for an enfeoffment with the margraviate, which he did not receive until 1627.

Friedrich loses the margraviate of Baden-Baden

Emperor Ferdinand II. Decided on 25 August 1622 that the 1594 was carried out occupation of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden by Baden-Durlach was to end and the Margraviate of Baden-Baden to the heir of Margrave Edward Fortunatus (Baden-Baden) , Wilhelm to and compensation for the usufruct since 1594 is to be paid. The implementation of this resolution was entrusted to the brother of Emperor Leopold V. The disputes between Friedrich and Wilhelm shaped the next few years. Several rounds of negotiations (1624 in Rouffach ; 1625 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) on the replacement of the income from 28 years were unsuccessful. On May 27, 1627, at a meeting between the two parties in Vienna under imperial pressure, an agreement was reached. The compensation was set at 380,000 guilders and since Friedrich could of course not pay this immediately, he was supposed to cede areas of the margraviate Baden-Durlach as a pledge. On July 5, 1629, a further agreement was made in Ettlingen to specify the former.

The agreements were later challenged by Frederick as they were enforced under military pressure from the imperial troops. The Baden succession dispute kept the diplomats who negotiated the Peace of Westphalia busy in 1648 .

The edict of restitution of 1629 and its consequences

After Friedrich had already lost the margraviate of Baden-Baden and had to pledge two offices in his home country, the restitution edict demanded the return of all monastery property that had been secularized after 1552, another serious loss. Since the Reformation was only introduced in the margraviate of Baden-Durlach in 1556, this regulation affected practically all former monastery properties.

As a result, Friedrich participated in the Leipzig Bund . On July 6, 1630, the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf landed with his army in Germany and the Protestant princes only wanted to support the emperor if he would revoke the edict of restitution.

Only after the Battle of Breitenfeld did the Protestant princes join the Swedish king in greater numbers and again demanded that the edict of restitution be withdrawn. Friedrich met Gustav Adolf in his winter quarters in Mainz in 1631 and formed an alliance with him. On this occasion, the King of Sweden also sponsored Friedrich's son from his second marriage, Bernhard Gustav . While the Swedish army had the upper hand in southwest Germany, Friedrich was able to rule over the two margravates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden. However, in 1632 there were several advances by imperial troops into the margraviate.

Friedrich V von Baden - engraving by Jacob van der Heyden 1636

Further developments

After the death of the Swedish king in the battle of Lützen , his chancellor Axel Oxenstierna took over the leadership and brought about the Heilbronner Bund as a new alliance of German Protestant princes with the Kingdom of Sweden, which Friedrich also joined. On April 13, 1633, the margraviate of Baden-Baden was reassigned to him, as well as the Breisgau in Upper Austria . In 1633 Friedrich negotiated with the representative of the French King Louis XIII. , Manassès de Pas, Marquis de Feuquières , on financing his military spending. Also in 1633 there was an incursion of imperial troops into the margraviate, whereby the Markgräflerland was particularly affected. On June 19, 1633 he took Kirchhofen and had 300 farmers from Kirchhofen and the surrounding area slaughtered in the courtyard of the Kirchhof Palace, who had participated in the previous looting of the Markgräflerland by the imperial troops. In June he and the Rhine Count Otto Ludwig besieged the Breisach fortress , which was appalled by the Duke of Feria . In 1634 Friedrich and his son took part in the Frankfurt convent convened by Oxenstierna, where he was surprised by the news of the Swedish defeat in the battle of Nördlingen . As a result, the margraviates were reoccupied by Catholic troops and the margrave fled to Strasbourg , where he lived until 1642. He then resided in Basel until 1650 .

At a conference convened by Oxenstierna on November 12, 1634, Frederick was one of the few Protestant princes who came and took part in the alliance with France. Friedrich was not included in the Peace of Prague and amnesty of 1635. The margraviate of Baden-Baden and the Durlach lowlands went back to Wilhelm. The Markgräflerland was subordinate to Emperor Ferdinand II, Claudia von Medici , the widow of Archduke Leopold. Baden-Durlach became Catholic again.

In 1636 the stronghold , which had been besieged by the imperial for three years , was captured. In 1638, Duke Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar moved into the upper rulers of the margraviate of Baden-Durlach and defeated the imperial army in the battle of Rheinfelden . After Bernhard had also captured Freiburg and Breisach, Friedrich was able to regain control of his upper rulers. Friedrich was not invited by the Emperor to the Reichstag in 1640/1641 and did not come at the request of the Electors. Since he was still in alliance with Sweden and France, he did not benefit from the amnesty granted in 1641.

The peace negotiations 1643–1648

Even when the peace negotiations began in Münster and Osnabrück in April 1643, the emperors and Catholic imperial estates of the margraviate initially disputed the right to participate in these negotiations. However, following the intervention of the Protestant imperial princes, Baden-Durlach was admitted.

Margrave Friedrich was able to convince his Swedish allies to include his maximum demands in their proposal of April 1647 for a peace treaty. In May 1647 the imperial ambassadors agreed to the reinstatement of Frederick as Margrave of Baden-Durlach and the annulment of the Vienna and Ettlingen agreements regarding compensation for the occupation of Upper Baden. A French intervention improved the situation for Frederick somewhat, but neither Sweden, France nor the Protestant imperial princes wanted the entire work to fail because of Frederick's claim to the margraviate of Baden-Baden and expected Frederick to agree to the compromise. The restitution of the Margrave was finally regulated in Article IV, § 26 of the Peace Treaty of Osnabrück. During the peace negotiations, he was represented by his councilor, the Badenweiler bailiff Johann Georg von Merckelbach , and received his land (excluding Upper Baden) and government back.

Although not really satisfied with the outcome of the peace treaty, Friedrich renamed his castle Ötlikon near Basel to Friedlingen Castle in memory of the peace treaty .

Unenforceable claims to the Hohengeroldseck rule

Friedrich's fourth wife (⚭ 1644), Anna Maria von Hohen-Geroldseck († 1649) was the only heiress of the von Geroldseck family after the death of her father, Jakob von Hohen-Geroldseck († 1634) . The Habsburgs viewed the entire Hohengeroldseck rule as a fief that had reverted to them and ignored the heiress' claims to the allodial property contained therein . In Article IV, § 27 of the Peace Treaty of Osnabrück it was stipulated that the goods claimed by her should be returned to Anna Maria upon submission of genuine documents. Anna Maria appointed Friedrich as her heir, but he, too, could not come into possession of the inherited allodial property until the end of his life, as the Habsburgs and the Count von Kronberg , who were enfeoffed by them, repeatedly postponed the execution of the contractual provisions and lodged new legal remedies.

The last decade

The margravate was badly devastated after the war and had lost about three quarters of its inhabitants through acts of war and epidemics; most of the houses were destroyed or damaged and the fields and vineyards were no longer cultivated.

In 1649 Friedrich made his will that stipulated the indivisibility of the margraviate and also stipulated that if one line of the Baden house was to leave the other, the other should inherit - despite the dispute with the cousins ​​from the Baden-Baden house, the idea of ​​an entire house in Baden was still being imagined pursued further. In 1650 Friedrich returned to Durlach.

In 1650 he founded the rural school in Rötteln from which the Lörrach pedagogy was later created. He also revived the Illustre grammar school in Durlach . In 1654 he put the Baden land law, created by his father Georg Friedrich in 1622, into force. Friedrich V died at the age of 65 on September 8, 1659 in Karlsburg and was buried in the collegiate church in Pforzheim . The Lutheran prince no longer had to witness the conversion of his son Gustav Adolf (1660) to Catholicism.

Member of the Fruitful Society

In 1632, Margrave Friedrich was accepted into the Fruit Bringing Society by Prince Ludwig I of Anhalt-Köthen . This gave him the company name of the relative and the motto the Biesem . This hiazinth <Muscari botryoides L. Mill. Var. Album> was given to him as an emblem . Friedrich's entry can be found in the Koethen society book under the number 207. There you can also read his rhyme law, with which he thanks for the admission:

The piping hiazinth from afar is coming from,
and from the smell it has taken from the piping that
took.
That’s why I’m called related to the tinker, as well as the flower nuhn known.
Often in distant lands that good
ones can only be found if one does not go Too well aware that the fatherland binds itself, and
accepts the custom, which is vilified
and the fruit of all virtue, is appropriately recognized.

Marriages and offspring

Friedrich V of Baden

In his first marriage, Margrave Friedrich V von Baden married Barbara von Württemberg on December 21, 1616 (* December 4, 1593 - May 8, 1627), the daughter of Duke Friedrich I of Württemberg . The following children were born from this marriage:

  • Friedrich VI. (* November 16, 1617; † January 31, 1677), margrave, imperial general
  • Sibylle (November 4, 1618 - July 7, 1623)
  • Karl Magnus (March 27, 1621 - November 29, 1658)
  • Barbara (June 6, 1622 - September 13, 1639)
  • Johanna (* December 5, 1623 - † January 2, 1661), married the Swedish Field Marshal Johan Banér (* July 3, 1596 - May 20, 1641) on September 26, 1640 and in second marriage in 1648 to Count Heinrich von Thurn ( * 1628; † August 19, 1656), Swedish general, imperial council, governor in Riga and Reval
  • Friederike (April 6, 1625 - June 16, 1645)
  • Christine (December 25, 1626 - July 11, 1627)

In his second marriage, Margrave Friedrich V von Baden married on October 8, 1627 Eleonore von Solms-Laubach (* September 9, 1605, † July 6, 1633), the daughter of Count Albrecht Otto I. von Solms-Laubach . The following children were born from this marriage:

Margrave Friedrich V von Baden married Maria Elisabeth von Waldeck-Eisenberg (September 2, 1608, † February 19, 1643), the daughter of Count Wolrad IV. Von Waldeck-Eisenberg, on January 21, 1634 . The marriage remained childless.

In their fourth marriage, Margrave Friedrich V von Baden married Anna Maria von Hohen-Geroldseck (* October 28, 1593 - May 25, 1649), the widow of Count Friedrich von Solms-Laubach and daughter of Jakob von Hohen, on February 13, 1644 -Geroldseck . The marriage remained childless.

Margrave Friedrich V von Baden married Elisabeth Eusebia von Fürstenberg († June 8, 1676), the daughter of Count Christoph II von Fürstenberg, on May 20, 1650, in his fifth marriage . The marriage remained childless.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Friedrich V., Margrave of Baden-Durlach  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Eike Wolgast: Reformation and Counter Reformation (1500–1648) . In: Meinrad Schaab , Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (ed.) U. a .: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History . Volume 1: General History. Part 2: From the late Middle Ages to the end of the old empire. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-608-91948-1 , p. 261.
  2. ^ Michael Roth, The abdication of Margrave Georg Friedrich von Baden-Durlach. A prince in retirement. In: Susan Richter / Dirk Dirbach (ed.): Renunciation of the throne. The abdication in monarchies from the Middle Ages to modern times , Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2010, pp. 191–212 (excerpts online in the Google book search )
  3. ^ Johann Christian Sachs : Introduction to the history of the Marggravschaft and the Marggravlichen old princely house of Baden . Third part. Lotter, Carlsruhe 1769, p. 321–329 ( Text Archive - Internet Archive ).
  4. ↑ on the implementation in the margravate s. pike
  5. ^ Johann Christian Sachs : Introduction to the history of the Marggravschaft and the Marggravlichen old princely house of Baden . Fourth part. Lotter, Carlsruhe 1770, p. 536 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  6. ↑ Johann Gottfried von Miere (ed.): Acta Pacis Westphalicae Publica or Westphälische Friedens -ätze und Geschichte , Hanover, 1735, Volume 5, p. 460 (Latin) online ; German translation by Sachs pp. 562/563
  7. ↑ Johann Gottfried von Miere (ed.): Acta Pacis Westphalicae Publica or Westphälische Friedens -ätze und Geschichte , Hanover, 1735, Volume 5, p. 460 (Latin) online ; German translation by Sachs pp. 564/565
  8. ^ Sachs p. 565
  9. ↑ a b online in the Internet portal "Westphalian History"
  10. ↑ likewise in: Ferdinand III., Ludwig XIV .: Westphalian Peace Treaty of Münster . Philipp Jacob Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1649, p. 19. Scan from Wikisource
  11. ↑ likewise in: Ferdinand III., Ludwig XIV .: Westphalian Peace Treaty of Münster . Philipp Jacob Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1649, p. 20. Scan from Wikisource .
  12. ^ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: Baden . In: Meinrad Schaab, Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (ed.) U. a .: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History. Volume 2: The Territories in the Old Kingdom. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91466-8 , p. 227.
  13. ↑ Prince Ludwig Anhalt-Köthen: The fruitful society names / projects / paintings and words. After each intake neatly engraved in copper / and written in eight-line rhyme laws… . Franckfurt am Mayn: Merian, 1646
  14. ↑ For Barbara and the marriage with her see Gerhard Raff : Hie gut Wirtemberg alleweg. Volume 2: The House of Württemberg from Duke Friedrich I to Duke Eberhard III. With the Stuttgart, Mömpelgard, Weiltingen, Neuenstadt am Kocher, Neuenbürg and Oels lines in Silesia. 4th edition. Landhege, Schwaigern 2014, ISBN 978-3-943066-12-8 , pp. 282–292.
predecessor Office successor
Georg Friedrich Margrave of Baden-Durlach
1622–1659 		Friedrich VI.
personal data
SURNAME Friedrich V.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Friedrich V of Baden-Durlach
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659)
DATE OF BIRTH July 6, 1594
PLACE OF BIRTH Sulzburg , Upper Black Forest
DATE OF DEATH September 8, 1659
Place of death Karlsburg , Durlach