History of Bergedorf
The history of Bergedorf began in 1162 with the first written mention of the place. In 1275, after just over a century, the town became a city. For the longest period of its existence - from 1420 to 1867 - the city was under the administration of both Hamburg and Lübeck . As part of the Greater Hamburg Law , Bergedorf was incorporated and became one of many Hamburg districts.
middle Ages
Bergedorf was first mentioned in a document in 1162. The parish of Bergerdorp initially belonged to the Archdiocese of Hamburg under the Saxon Duke Heinrich the Lion , but then changed to the jurisdiction of the Ratzeburg diocese . Even then, the important military and long-distance trade route from Hamburg to Lauenburg, which still exists today, ran through the town. It favored the location of the place as a market settlement.
From 1202 to 1227 Bergedorf was under the rule of the Danish King Waldemar II. This was beneficial for the development of Bergedorf, the center of the village, which is still recognizable today, was created. First the Bille was dammed in 1208 and a grain water mill was built. As a forerunner of Bergedorfer Castle in 1212 was to 1224 a moated castle around which a second settlement established. In 1227 an army of north German princes as well as the cities of Hamburg and Lübeck were able to decisively defeat the troops of the Danish king Waldemar II at the Battle of Bornhöved near Segeberg . This brought the area under the sovereignty of Count Adolf IV von Schauenburg .
In 1275 Johann I granted the town municipal rights based on the Mölln-Lübeck model . The spots developed in the subsequent period to a Ackerbuerger städtchen with square, surrounded by the wall protected moat and two gates. At that time, the castle was the seat of the responsible Vogts Otto von Ritzerau .
Duke Erich III. von Sachsen-Lauenburg pledged Bergedorf in 1370 against payment of a deposit to the city of Lübeck. After his death in 1401, his cousin Erich IV was no longer bound by the pledge agreement because it was contrary to his interests. He occupied Bergedorf and drove out the people of Lübeck. In the following years, the descendants of Eric IV, his sons Erich V , Bernhard III. and Otto the smooth traffic on the trade route between Hamburg and the Elbe ferry at Zollenspieker and had Hanseatic merchants attacked.
Hamburg-Lübeck rule
In 1420 the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck jointly attacked the city of Bergedorf. The reasons were on the one hand the robber barons of the House of Saxony-Lauenburg , which affected the common economic interests of the Hanseatic cities, and on the other hand for Lübeck in the violated pledge agreement. Hamburg and Lübeck decided the war and openly announced the feud to the occupiers . To this end, they put together an army that consisted of 800 horsemen, 1,000 riflemen, 2,000 foot soldiers and several cannons. The city was taken after a day. The 40-strong castle crew, on the other hand, withstood the siege and bombardment for five days before surrendering and leaving. In the Treaty of Perleberg , Hamburg and Lübeck secured the two-city rule ( condominium ) over Bergedorf, the Vierlande , Geesthacht and half of the Sachsenwald .
The mayor Jordan Pleskow was entrusted with the contract negotiations for Lübeck and the mayor Hein Hoyer for Hamburg . The conquered areas were administered jointly, but alternately. To this end, the cities each appoint a bailiff with twelve warriors and servants. The official seat of the bailiff was the Bergedorf Castle. Initially, the cities alternated with the administration of the area every four years, from 1446 every six years. From 1620 the respective castle captains exercised their office for life - also alternately.
(See also the list of officials of the two-city office Bergedorf )
Modern times
The lock ditch to the Dove Elbe was created from 1443 as a shipping route to the land area, i.e. today's Vierlanden , and to Hamburg. At that time, the St. Petri Church was built near the castle, which was expanded to St. Petri and Pauli until 1502. The first documented mention of a guild office for tailors, shoemakers and blacksmiths dates back to May 18, 1447.
The bailiff Ditmar Koel - in Bergedorf since 1542 - introduced the Reformation here in 1544 . In 1545 he had a sawmill built on Blickgraben, which was converted into a copper mill in the 17th century at today's Kupferhof . During the Thirty Years' War from 1618 to 1648 Bergedorf was able to protect itself from the troops of the Catholic League under the general Johann t'Serclaes von Tilly and from the imperial armed forces under the Commander-in-Chief Wallenstein by paying large sums of money . In 1621 a major fire destroyed almost half of the city. A suburb was built on the Hude and the Specken around 1700, in which, in addition to a poor house, a wage mill was also built.
Margareth Uhler, wife of Sven Uhler, was imprisoned in Bergedorf in 1676 on charges of sorcery. She was in custody (temporarily in chains) for 21 months. The acquittal did not take place until 1678, it was the last witch trial in Hamburg .
During the French period from 1806 to 1814, Bergedorf and neighboring Hamburg were also incorporated into the French Empire until the cities were handed over to the Russian besiegers. In the years that followed, an economic recovery followed, which is characterized, among other things, by the expansion of the traffic routes, namely the Wentorfer Strasse towards Schwarzenbek and the Kampchaussee . In 1838 the Kampchaussee was the first duty-free connection to Hamburg via Billwerder to be laid out as an art route. After 160 years, it was renamed Kurt-A.-Körber-Chaussee in 1998 . Another expansion of the traffic routes was the construction of the Hamburg-Bergedorfer Railway in 1842 by William Lindley . The extension to Berlin took place in 1846. The Italian quarter with elegant restaurants such as the Frascati (see Frascatiplatz ), the Portici and the Colosseum arose around the station . Political and liberal efforts led to the establishment of the citizens' association in 1847. For a short time, from 1861 to 1867, the office even issued its own Bergedorf postage stamps .
With a contract dated August 8, 1867, the city of Hamburg bought the city of Lübeck's ownership rights for 200,000 Prussian thalers. On January 1, 1868, the two-city administration practiced since 1420 ended, Bergedorf now finally became part of the city of Hamburg. The previous office of Bergedorf was raised to land lordship. The incorporation of Bergedorf into the German Customs Union eliminated the export duties on manufactured goods. The freedom of trade from 1867 and the trade regulations from 1878 ensured industrialization of the place. A glassworks was the first large-scale operation in 1869, others followed. Two chair tube factories gained special importance (see Stuhlrohrstrasse ). During the term of office of Mayor Ernst Mantius from 1882 to 1897, Bergedorf developed into a modern suburb. In 1887 an organized garbage collection was set up. The place received the first power plant including electric street lighting in 1897. Around 1900 the Bergedorf villa quarter was built.
20th century
Structural and structural changes
A sewage treatment plant was built in 1910. 1912 was a special year for Bergedorf. At that time, the six-year settlement of the Hamburg observatory on the Gojenberg was completed. It was previously located at Millerntor and moved to the periphery because of the increasing sources of interference for the sensitive optics in everyday city life.
In the first three decades of the 20th century, Bergedorf changed its face considerably: In the 1900s, the growing companies attracted workers to the city in droves, and workers' settlements and quarters like Nettelnburg emerged in the south of Bergedorf . In the 1920s, further extensions and modifications followed. The Bergedorf town hall was built in 1927. Bergedorf received a river bathing establishment ( Bille-Bad ), a district court, a prison building, buildings for the police and fire brigade. The Hansa-Gymnasium was built and the moat was filled in. The construction of "Durchbruchstrasse I" (today's Vierlandenstrasse ) was a radical construction measure to improve the transport infrastructure.
With the implementation of the Greater Hamburg Law and the German Municipal Code on April 1, 1938, Bergedorf lost its status as an independent city under Hamburg administration and was initially added to the rural district and exactly one year later to a Hamburg district . As a rural district, Bergedorf was largely spared from the Allied bombings . Thousands of bombed-out Hamburgers found refuge in the reception camps.
After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, another administrative reform took place in 1951. Lohbrügge , which had belonged to the Stormarn district before it was incorporated into Hamburg, and the south-eastern former Hamburg rural areas were merged with Bergedorf to form the new Bergedorf district.
Political situation in the Weimar Republic and the time of National Socialism
In the Weimar Republic , the SPD provided the mayor from 1919 to 1933. During the hyperinflation of 1923 at the time of the communist Hamburg uprising , industrial companies were also occupied in Bergedorf. Police arrested about fifty people, 11 people were shot and two died from their injuries.
With the beginning of the global economic crisis , the National Socialists began to gain a foothold in Bergedorf. In 1930 the NSDAP received more than 20% of the vote. A beacon was that of SA househusbands committed murder of living in mountain village KPD - citizenship deputies Ernst Henning in March 1931st
From mid-1932, the National Socialists were primarily responsible for the violent riots in Bergedorf. Nevertheless, the approval of the population increased. In the election for Hamburg citizenship in September 1931, over 31% voted for the NSDAP, in the Reichstag election in July 1932 it was more than 37%. In the last free Reichstag election on March 5, 1933 , 40.18% of the Bergedorf people voted for the NSDAP and 9.75% for the black-white-red battle front , while the SPD received the majority of the votes in Lohbrügge , Billwärder and Nettelnburg .
After the National Socialists finally came to power, the incumbent SPD mayor Friedrich Frank was forced to resign on March 28, 1933 and replaced on the same day by NSDAP member Albrecht Dreves. The Bergedorfer Zeitung, taken over by the National Socialists, called for the planned boycott of Jewish shops, medical practices, lawyers and notaries' offices on April 1, 1933 with a full-page advertisement. On June 24, 1933, in imitation of the “Action Against the Un-German Spirit”, books were burned by Nazi students and the Bergedorfer Turnerschaft from 1860 during a solstice celebration in Bergedorf .
Many opponents of the regime were arrested. The resistance fighter Ferdinand Buhk was found hanged on September 14, 1934 in the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp after previous abuse .
The Neuengamme concentration camp , in which around 100,000 people have been imprisoned since its establishment, is closely linked to the history of Bergedorf during the Nazi era . Many of the prisoners had to do forced labor in Bergedorf. Apart from the inmates of the Neuengamme concentration camp, at least 2,000 civil slave laborers and prisoners of war worked for Bergedorf companies, including in the armaments industry , during the Second World War . Especially among the Soviet prisoners of war from the camp on the Kampchaussee and north of Lohbrügge who were used for forced labor contrary to the Hague Regulations , the mortality rate due to "exhaustion" due to insufficient nutrition was high.
The list of stumbling blocks in Hamburg-Bergedorf provides information about the fate of some of Bergedorf's Nazi victims, including Jews, resistance fighters and euthanasia victims .
post war period
From 1945 to 1949 and during the years of the young Federal Republic, Bergedorf experienced further considerable changes. In 1945/46 , Kurt A. Körber built the Hauni machine factory in Bergedorf, which exports worldwide . The "Durchbruchstraße II" (Bergedorfer Straße / B5) brought about an urban change; because for the new street old half-timbered houses had to give way to protest of many citizens. In 1962 the west of Bergedorf was badly damaged by the storm surge . In particular, the districts of Moorfleet , where the dyke was broken, Billwerder and Allermöhe . The large housing estate Bergedorf-West was built from 1968 to 1973 in a style and form typical for the time. The Sachsentor / Alte Holstenstrasse pedestrian zone established in 1971 , on the other hand, made the inner city of Bergedorf even more attractive. The first smaller shopping center CCB ( City-Center Bergedorf ) was built in 1973.
Despite being part of Hamburg for more than 140 years, Bergedorf has retained its own identity, benefiting from the geographical distance and geographical island formation of the place. Although Hamburg residents themselves, Bergedorf residents - like Harburgers - still go “to Hamburg” when they visit downtown Hamburg.
First mentioned in the document from 1162
Johann I granted Bergedorf town rights in 1275
Sigillum Opidi Barghardor, oldest "seal of the city of Bergedorf" around 1400
Perleberg Treaty 1420, start of the two-city administration
Seal of Bergedorf from 1420 to 1867
Coat of arms of the Bergedorf office from 1620
Bergedorf postage stamp 1861 to 1867
Seal of Bergedorf 1885
Bergedorf's coat of arms from 1927 until joining in 1938
literature
- Ernst Christian Schütt: Chronicle Hamburg. 2nd Edition. Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh / Munich 1997, ISBN 3-577-14443-2 .
- Wolf Gütschow, Michael Zapf: Bergedorf, Lohbrügge, Vierlande, Marschlande. Medien-Verlag Schubert, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-929229-70-6 .
- Franklin Kopitzsch , Daniel Tilgner (Ed.): Hamburg Lexikon. 2nd, revised edition. Zeiseverlag, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-9805687-9-2 .
- Daniel Tilgner (Ed.): Hamburg from Altona to Zollenspieker. The Haspa manual for all districts of the Hanseatic city. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-455-11333-8 .
- Gerd Hoffmann: Hamburg-Bergedorf from the air. Sutton Verlag GmbH, Erfurt 2005, ISBN 3-89702-891-3 .
- Christian Hanke: Hamburg's street names tell history. 4th edition. Medien-Verlag Schubert, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-929229-41-2 .
- Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-942998-02-4 .
Web links
Bergedorf Blog Historical considerations based on sources from the Hamburg State Library
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hamburg-Lexikon , p. 61
- ↑ Hamburg from Altona to Zollenspieker , p. 160
- ↑ Chronik Hamburg , p. 61
- ↑ Peter Gabrielsson: … so dat wy myt endracht hebben ghemaket tusken us en werk and en ghylde… In: Lichtwark-Heft No. 55. Ed. Lichtwark-Committee, Hamburg-Bergedorf 1991, ISSN 1862-3549 .
- ↑ Eckart Kleßmann : History of the City of Hamburg , Hamburg 2002, p. 136.
- ↑ Oliver Barghorn-Schmidt: Bergedorf - conquered and sold: The Hamburg-Lübeck State Treaty of 1867 . In: Lichtwark booklet no. 62. Ed. Lichtwark committee, Hamburg-Bergedorf 1997. See now: Verlag HB-Werbung, Hamburg-Bergedorf, ISSN 1862-3549
- ^ Ralf Lange : Architectural treasure trove - the Bergedorfer villa area . In: Lichtwark booklet No. 75, November 2010. HB-Werbung publishing house, Hamburg-Bergedorf, ISSN 1862-3549 .
- ↑ Kai Gerullis: The traces of the air war in Bergedorf . In: Lichtwark booklet No. 75, November 2010. HB-Werbung publishing house, Hamburg-Bergedorf, ISSN 1862-3549 .
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city history. Hamburg 2012, p. 131.
- ↑ a b Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, p. 113.
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story . Hamburg 2012, p. 115.
- ↑ Alfred Dreckmann: Everything was the same in Bergedorf! The struggle for the Weimar Republic and workers' resistance to fascism . Schloßheft 9, Bergedorf 2004, pp. 67-73.
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, p. 117.
- ↑ Overview in: Kultur und Geschichtkontor (Ed.): 850 years Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, p. 122.
- ↑ Overview in: Kultur und Geschichtkontor (Ed.): 850 years Bergedorf. A city story . Hamburg 2012, pp. 120–121.
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, p. 125.
- ↑ Yesterday 77 years ago, Bergedorf's book burning was an article in the Bergedorfer Zeitung on June 25, 2010
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, p. 123.
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, pp. 132-133.
- ↑ Culture and History Office (ed.): 850 years of Bergedorf. A city story. Hamburg 2012, pp. 133–135.
- ↑ Michael Zapf, Wolf-Dietrich Gütschow: Bergedorf, Lohbrügge, Vierlande, Marschlande. P. 8.