History of the cloth industry in Cottbus
The history of the cloth industry in Cottbus took place over several centuries. The area in and around Cottbus offered good conditions for this. The production of wool and flax was already a natural part of rural life in the region in the Middle Ages.
The development of the cloth trade up to industrialization
Through the immigration of the Flemish weavers in the 12th century and the privileges of Hans von Cottbus in the 14th century, Cottbus experienced an upswing and decline in the cloth industry over the centuries. The textile industry has a long tradition in Cottbus. The transition from the small-scale, still handicraft-based, to industrial textile production did not take place in Cottbus until the last third of the 19th century. The production of wool and flax for personal use has been a natural part of rural life in many regions since the Middle Ages.
The first Flemish weavers immigrated to Niederlausitz in the 12th century. They made the spinning wheel known in Cottbus in the 13th century . With their knowledge and skills, they founded the cloth making industry, which was decisive for the city in the 14th and 15th centuries. The conditions for the cloth makers were extremely good in Cottbus. In order to produce material for their trade, large areas between Cottbus and Lübben were made arable for flax cultivation, the climate was good for flax cultivation. There were large pastures for sheep breeding, and sheep's wool was a sought-after product.
Around 1300 the division of labor between cloth makers and linen weavers was still widespread. The linen weavers produced coarse, undyed goods at low prices for everyday peasant life, whereas the refined fibers of the cloth makers were geared towards the demands of urban culture.
On May 11, 1405, Hans von Cottbus certified the guilds of cloth makers and linen weavers the "clothes maker privilege". It is the oldest surviving document from a guild in Cottbus.
The privileges of cloth makers and linen weavers were confirmed by Luther von Cottbus on June 1, 1443, and at that time the thread maker was first mentioned.
The privilege granted in 1501 to hold two wool markets indicates the importance of Cottbus at this time. The farmers who farmed sheep in Niederlausitz should sell their wool here and not in Saxony or Silesia. Cottbuser cloths were very popular in Bohemia, Saxony and Brandenburg. Like the city, cloth-making also experienced phases of growth and decline. The Thirty Years War almost completely destroyed the industry. The Huguenot religious refugees then brought an upswing, and after 1701 they started the cloth making business again. Cottbus experienced the economic boom at the beginning of the 18th century. Cottbuser cloths were now known in Denmark, Sweden, Alsace and America.
Before industrialization, several spinners were required to supply a weaver with sufficient yarn. This disproportion between spinners and weavers shifted when the so-called “ Schnellschützen ” (flying shuttle ) found its way into the weavers. More and more spinners were needed to have enough yarn available.
In 1726 it was decided to allow Saxon wool spinners to settle outside the city gates in the Ostrow area, Neustadt. Here “good workshops for the cloth makers as well as the tanner and white tanners” should be created. As construction was not going ahead, Friedrich II ordered the construction of six wool spinning houses in March 1752. First the tanner's houses were built on Mühlgraben, then another 20 houses were built.
In July 1755, five Cottbus cloth makers took over the further construction of wool spinning houses. They were finished in 1759, the project was complete. The settlement took place outside the city, in the village of Ostrow. The cloth trade brought a lot of money to the city of Cottbus. In 1734, Friedrich Wilhelm I granted a general privilege for cloth makers, "that only as many masters settle in the city as there is food". The Old Fritz but moved with privileges such as "free housing, tax exemption, travel money," more and more foreign wool spinners to Cottbus. In 1765, 107 master craftsmen and 36 journeymen were employed in the cloth manufacture, while by 1800 there were already 215 master craftsmen, 206 journeymen, 90 apprentices and 1,326 wool spinners. In 1759 the cloth merchant Lobedan had ten times the income of the lord mayor.
It was largely thanks to the Prussian king's funding policy that the city of Cottbus experienced a second economic boom in the 18th century. There have been a lot of changes, especially positive ones for the cloth making trade. These were import bans for foreign cloths and woolen goods and benefits for the establishment of manufactories and the settlement of cloth makers. According to the Cottbus address book, 118 cloth manufacturers were listed for 1874/75. From 1807 to 1813 the city of Cottbus belonged to Saxony. The Saxon administration switched off the Cottbus cloth production in order to avoid competition.
After the Wars of Freedom (1813–1815), the cloth industry made brisk progress again, also through the establishment of the German Customs Union (1834). Politically, the German Customs Union strengthened Prussia's supremacy. Customs duties were only required from people who traveled from foreign areas to the territory of the German Customs Union.
Extraction of raw materials for the cloth trade
Flax and sheep wool
The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Celts already knew the importance and benefits of this plant. The Egyptians are known to have grown flax as early as 5000 to 4000 BC. It was found out very early that, after appropriate treatment, this plant could be used to make a linen cloth for making clothes. In Lusatia, linen weaving has developed into an independent trade since the 13th century. But until then it was a long and arduous road, because first the seeds had to be sown, which was to take place on around the hundredth day of the year. The flax grew for another 100 days and was ready to be harvested. However, the arduous work only began after the harvest.
Before the capsules ripened, the flax was harvested - not mowed, but plucked, gathered into small bundles and placed in the field in sheaves to dry. After loosening the capsules - from which linseed oil was pressed - the flax came to the dew roast , that is, it was laid out on damp meadows (in some areas it was also given a water bath) and then dried to make it more fragile. The further processing then took place on a crushing bench, where the small remnants of stems fell to the ground and only the fiber was kept in hand. These fibers were then tickled, that is, pulled through a board with long nails. The more often you did this, the finer the core fiber that was then used for spinning became. The core fibers were knotted together in a bundle and were ready for spinning. In the winter months, when the field work stopped, the women met from one place to spin the flax bundles into a thread. This usually happened in turn on a different farm and you can imagine that there was not always only one thread spun. Most of the thread obtained was then boiled in ash solution, then it was prepared for the weaver's work. In the 19th century, flax increasingly lost its importance due to the strong penetration of cotton. At the end of the 19th century, the proportion of cotton in Europe had soared to 74%, while the proportion of sheep's wool fell to 20% and flax to 6%. In the post-war period, flax cultivation fell sharply; in 1957 it had disappeared in West Germany and 1979 in East Germany except for a small amount of remaining land. Today flax cultivation is hardly of any importance in Germany. If so, then only on a few organic farms for the production of linseed oil or in some herb gardens in the vicinity of Cottbus as a medicinal plant (flax was the medicinal plant of the year in 2005 ). Most people today only know flax seeds from the production of baked goods.
Pre-industrial spinning
Sheep shearing took place twice a year at the beginning of cloth production. The wool was sorted and washed. Since material losses occurred when rinsing in the running water, it was ordered that the sheep had to be washed before shearing . After shearing, the wool was dried, beaten, plucked and then rubbed with lard to keep the fibers supple. In order to be able to spin the material, the fiber was spread over a knee board and combed.
Weave
Weaving as a work process was preceded by a number of work steps: winding up the weft yarn, gluing to make the yarn supple and raising the warp threads on the loom. Until 1870 this work was done exclusively by hand, the loom itself was operated with hands and feet.
bleaching
Lawn bleaching: Until the beginning of the 20th century in Central Europe, textiles consisted mainly of linen and wool, before cotton increasingly gained the upper hand and after 1935 synthetic fibers began their triumphant advance. Linen was obtained from the stalks of the flax plant. These flax fibers contain natural colored residues as raw materials. During the manufacturing process, brown degradation products form, which can be seen in the cloth. In order to achieve the “pure” impression, the items of laundry were laid out on the river meadows near washing stations outside the cities. The "fading" was done by the sun. The fabrics were given a pale (i.e. lighter) color. In addition to the dyers and washers, there was also a separate profession, the bleachers , who formed their own guild in many cities. This post-processing of bleaching was important for linen; the colored “fiber glue” of the flax was removed from the linen fabrics, as this gave the linen its coarse “peasant” reputation. So-called “fine” linen was created, which was processed more elaborately and in any case more intensely bleached. This lawn bleach was also suitable for the emerging cotton fabric. Up until the 1970s, household linen was dried and bleached on the “lawn” under the laundry stakes, a method that is still used today in various countries. The chemical processes involved in bleaching lawns are also the basis for modern washing and bleaching agents. The pretreatment of the textiles was particularly important for the further processing of the textiles. There were mainly two raw materials used to manufacture textiles - wool and flax. The resulting fibers from both raw materials had the disadvantage that they contained colored residual substances that could not be left in the textiles. In order to achieve a clean, bright impression, the items of laundry were first washed and then laid out on the river meadows near washing stations, mostly in rural surroundings (“lawn bleaching”). It was a very simple process that was largely left to nature. It was important that the laundry was kept constantly wet and that the lawn was not kept too long or too short in order to have enough air under the laundry. In winter, the laundry was laid out on freshly fallen snow or left to freeze on the line. Under the influence of the sun, the water contained and the oxygen from the lawn or the air, small amounts of hydrogen peroxide were produced .
Lawn bleach was used well into the 1970s and was the preliminary stage to industrial bleaching in the washing machine, where the required chemical compounds are already contained in the detergent. In the textile industry, the yarns are already subjected to this process in some cases, so bleaching after processing is superfluous. For the Cottbus area, the “Bleiche” in Burg (Spreewald) - today's resort and spa hotel - was known for it. In Burg, a few place names such as the “Leineweber” or the Leineweberviertel (approx. 1748–1850), also known as the “weaver factory”, indicate that production was carried out here in earlier years with the participation of all family members. An 18-hour day was not uncommon and nobody could get rich from the earnings. In Germany the rapid development of the textile industry, especially the machine processing of cotton, prevailed. Traditional processing methods like traditional lawn bleaching have become too time-consuming and should be replaced by faster, more efficient methods. It is known, however, that in other countries, especially the developing countries, lawn bleaching is still used today and that this is not only beneficial for people. Apart from the environmental impact of chemical bleaching, people's skin is also very stressed by these processes. In today's industrial textile cleaning and textile processing, chlorine-based bleach is predominantly used, while oxygen-based bleach is used in households. You can easily see for yourself which bleach is the safer variant for the human organism. Hydrogen peroxide and caustic soda must be washed out very carefully after chemical bleaching in order to avoid skin irritation.
Development of the cloth trade during industrialization
On June 10, 1816, the brothers William Cockerill, Junior and John Cockerill from England built the first steam-powered wool yarn spinning mill in the vacant Cottbus palace . In doing so, they initiated the transition from the handicraft family business to mechanical factory production.
The castle spinning mill was headed by William Cockerill until his death in 1847. In addition, until 1843 only the Lutze brothers operated a steam spinning mill in Cottbus.
In 1843 there were only 17 spinning mills, in 1874 there were already ten complete factories. Most of the factories were built on the Spree . The tanner and white tanners needed the water of the Spree or the Mühlgraben for their craft.
As early as 1799, William Cockerill installed the first wool spinning machine in Verviers (Belgium). The name Cockerill was closely associated with the introduction of English machines into German industry. The Cockerills were thus also considered to be "the gravedigger of the cloth making trade". The Cockerill brothers played the role of pioneers; they made a significant contribution to historical progress. The Cockerills were experienced manufacturers in the textile and mechanical engineering industry and in 1830 were among the most famous machine manufacturers in Prussia.
In 1833, only 133 cloth makers were working independently in direct home work. A specialization in spinners, weavers, cloth shears and riders did not take place until the 18th century. The cloth trade separated more and more from the craft. In 1845 there were 253 mechanical and 2 steam-powered looms in Cottbus.
Modern large companies emerged in the 19th century with the expansion of traffic and the development of a mechanized machine park. Heinrich Kittel received the first factory license after the Cockerills in October 1835 from the Prussian government. He combined spinning, weaving, fulling and finishing under one line. The old machines were still powered by a horse peg. Heinrich Kittel operated the first two Cartwright mechanical looms in his factory in Madlow on the Spree from 1840 . It was the beginning of the large enterprises in the Cottbus textile industry.
At the beginning of the forties, steam engines and jacquard looms were predominant. The development of the steam engine to drive spinning machines was a symbol of the transition from handcraft and manufacture to industry. In the course of industrialization, home work was replaced by factory work. The cloth maker Friedrich August Kittel changed his profession at the age of 46.
On January 2, 1840, he opened a “children's custody institution” in his house (location not known). It was the first local “day care center”. It was necessary because the developing cloth industry needed new workers, and mothers were also needed in the factories. The days of working from home were over, there were 11 cloth factories and 32 guild masters who had set up 169 textile machines.
In the 18th century a further developed method of spinning ( self-actuators ) was also used in Cottbus. Around 1870, the first self-actuators, automatically working spinning machines, were also in Cottbus. The self-actuator was operated by a qualified worker who mastered all the necessary work steps in the manufacture of threads. During this time, around 11,000 tons of wool were processed in the cloth industry in Niederlausitz, of which the Cottbus cloth makers needed around 1,600 tons. The two entrepreneurs Grovermann & Hoppe founded a worsted yarn factory in what would later become Ewald-Haase-Straße.
Christoph Hasselbach and Adolf Westerkamp merged their previously separate companies in 1868. They now combined full laundry, dyeing, spinning, twisting , weaving, fulling and finishing under the company name " Hasselbach & Westerkamp ". In 1880 they also bought A. Ziesche's textile factory in Ostrower Strasse, which had been in existence since 1862. Ludwig Polscher founded a cloth factory with two locations in the premises of the Maschinenfabrik AG in Parzellenstrasse 93 and at Ostrower Damm 11.
In addition to the cloth industry, a strong carpet and linen industry developed in Cottbus. Technical textiles have also been produced in Cottbus since the middle of the 19th century. In 1848, GL Schmogrow founded a canvas weaving mill, so there was also a large linen weaving mill. Today the company is a strong partner in the tent industry and still exists as a private company in Hubertstrasse in Cottbus under the name “Tega Planen und Zelte GmbH”.
The first Cottbus carpet weaving company was founded in 1861 under the name of Smyrna Carpet Factory. Around 1920 the factory was one of the dominant carpet manufacturers in Germany; carpets with Persian or oriental patterns were made here. The Smyrna carpet factory was relocated to Hanover in 1947. The carpet manufacturing companies were only nationalized in 1972 and closed in 1991. At the end of the 18th century, the Lutze, Liersch , Schmidt and Koppe families were among the cloth makers who produced most of the cloth in Cottbus.
Until the 1960s, weaving machines were worked on in Cottbus, where the shuttle was in free flight, so the work process was always associated with a certain degree of uncertainty. Until 1842, Cottbus only produced single-colored cloths with different color gradations.
Dyeing of the cloth: Depending on the desired shade, the cloth was given to a “black dyer” or a “fairer”. The black dyers dominated Cottbus. In 1785 eight black dyers were recorded, but only one fair dyer. The mauve mauvein made from coal tar was used as the first dye in 1856 . This quickly replaced the natural dyes. The manufacture and use of the new tar dyes caused considerable damage to rivers and groundwater. The establishment of the H. Jaeger cloth factory on August 1, 1860 was also important for the economic development of the city of Cottbus. However, the real upswing came afterwards, with numerous large companies emerging. The Kahle cloth factory, which the manufacturer Lutze continued to run, was founded around 1840. The Valtesche Fabrik began its work in 1852 and was later taken over by S. and E. Neumann.
Further cloth factories were established in the following period: in 1860 the factory in Eschenhagen, in 1861 in Sommerfeld, in 1862 in Vogel, in 1863 in Tietze junior. and Hübner, 1865 by Handreke, 1868 by Hasselbach & Westerkamp, 1869 by Samson, 1870 by the Krüger brothers, 1875 by H. Löw, 1876 by Grünebaum and Kaufmann, 1879 by Duch & Hamann and Eschenhagen, 1880 by Polscher, 1882 by the Brothers Fritsch, 1880 by Grovermann & Hoppe, 1884 by Textor and Prochatschek, 1888 by Jürss & Elger, 1889 by Hellwig, 1890 by Mayer & Co. and 1891 by W. Westerkamp. The large number of cloth factories changed the entire cityscape of Cottbus. In the cloth making industry, however, there were also violent social disputes. In 1848 demonstrators marched through the city, demanding a fair distribution of work and higher wages. The workers also protested against the poor work of the city administration, against high taxes and too high prices. As a result of the unrest, Mayor Roemelt was retired. He had tried to involve the city in eliminating the greatest injustices with a "poor statute". For decades, cloth factories determined the image of the city, and numerous supplier companies and garment factories emerged , as well as cloth wholesalers and specialty companies for dyeing and finishing.
In 1860 there were only 1900 workers in the cloth industry, thirty years later there were more than 5,900. The provincial existence of Cottbus as a cloth-making town came to an end with the connection to the German railway network from 1866 ( Berlin – Cottbus – Görlitz line ) at the latest .
Cottbus developed into an industrial medium-sized town and later into a leading textile industry town. The incorporated Ostrow became a preferred textile industry location due to its favorable location on the Spree. In addition to the Neustadt, in which conditions similar to the manufactory predominated, large cloth factories, spinning mills and woolen cloth factories established themselves in Ostrow. Industrial cloth production in Cottbus enjoyed an enormous boom until 1900.
In 1873 the Union of Cottbus and Peitzer Wool Manufacturers received a progress medal at the World Exhibition in Vienna . In 1870, in addition to 269 handlooms, 525 mechanical chairs were used in Cottbus.
In the 19th century, the Lusatian textile industry, with a focus on Forst and Cottbus, experienced a stormy upswing and pushed England from the top of the world. The quality of the cloth made here was so good that you could believe it was made in England.
On June 3, 1898, Cottbus got its textile science center, the “Prussian Higher Technical School” for the textile industry. It became the place for the training of specialists in the textile, commercial and manufacturing sector. The factory owners' association took its own interests firmly in hand, including the development of skilled workers. As early as 1883 he set up a private weaving school at Bautzener Straße 154, later on Rechtsplatz, which in 1896 achieved the status of a higher technical school for the textile industry.
A school building with a practical teaching and experiment area was required. In 1896 a new building began on Saspower Strasse. The school quickly developed into one of the most important technical schools in Germany. In 1910 it was enlarged by a finish and in 1912/13 by building for training in spinning, shredding and carbonation . Since the curriculum focused exclusively on fabric and buckskin manufacture, the school became the headquarters of the local textile industry and at the same time the experimental field for the Saxon textile machine construction.
Buckskin is a "twilled wool fabric", it is more elastic and, because of the strong twist of the yarn, less shiny than cloth, it was made into clothing for men, especially into very durable trousers. A fully equipped, state-of-the-art factory was attached to the school as early as the 1920s, employing over 80 workers. There was also a public goods inspection office and an investigation commission for the textile industry. In the weaving school, the last Cottbus handloom woven in 1908 was a museum piece.
The numerous factories had a growing need for electrical energy. Therefore it was decided to build a power station. The hydropower of the Mühlgraben determined the location. In 1903 the plant was built with two water turbines and two composite steam engines. In 1910 the looms of the L. Polscher cloth factory were the first in Cottbus to be equipped with individual electric drives. The focus of industrial development in Cottbus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries took place in the Ostrower Damm and Parzellenstraße area, along the Spree and Mühlgraben. It was mainly industrial facilities connected with textile production, such as spinning mills, weaving mills, finishing and dyeing works.
But technical innovations such as the increasing mechanization of manufacturing processes and the more efficient use of energy also promoted this process. The early buildings around 1860/1870 were built south of the old town in the area of Mühleninsel and Ostrower Damm, while factory buildings built after 1900 shaped the area of Parcel Street.
The development of the cloth industry up to the end of the Second World War
and cloth factories
From 1871 the cloth industry developed into a large capitalist industry. Between February 24th and April 21st, 1896 Niederlausitz experienced the first big strike of the textile workers. Almost 6,000 workers stopped working. The reason was the introduction of the eleven-hour working day with associated wage cuts.
With the introduction of the worsted yarn industry, Cottbus took third place in Niederlausitz cloth production in 1880. During the First World War , the cloth manufacturers earned their money from the production of uniform cloth, but inflation and the global economic crisis affected the industry. The global economic crisis of 1929 also brought a lull in the Cottbus textile industry. A total of 30,000 textile workers in Niederlausitz were locked out, in Cottbus around 7,000 textile workers. Small factories did not survive the 1920s and 1930s. In 1933 there were only 41 cloth factories in Cottbus and the surrounding area.
The expansion of the Cottbus textile industry was not limited to the area south of the old town. North of the Pushkin promenade, not far from the Spree, a chimney with a square base testifies to the beginning of industrialization in Cottbus. The Lutze brothers ran their cloth factory on the Pushkin promenade / corner of Zimmerstrasse. After 1972 the fulling and finishing company Domke & Wilke was based there.
In Sandow, now close to the Kathe Kollwitz Bridge, the buildings of the existing since 1866 textile mill Heinrich Jaeger were settled after the Second World War , first in the VEB Cottbus wool factory (Cottbus wool) and after the dissolution of the parent company of the textile combine Cottbus incorporated has been.
To the north on the left of the Spree was the Grovermann & Hoppe cloth factory. During the GDR times it was the training workshop of Cottbus cloth makers in Ewald-Haase-Straße. The textile school was within sight. In 1951/52 the school was closed and the training relocated to Forst.
During the National Socialist era, the Jewish cloth manufacturers were expropriated and their property was transferred to other companies. In many cases, production in the cloth factories was discontinued at the beginning of 1940, and from then on many manufactured armaments. Many cloth factories were destroyed or severely damaged by the bombing in February 1945 and the previous acts of war. Of the still 30 cloth factories, 17 were confiscated and expropriated by the Russian victorious powers.
Thirteen factories remained in private hands. Eleven cloth factories existed until 1966. Two of them were quite important, VEB Cottbuser Wollwarenfabrik and VEB Tuchfabrik Cottbus. Both companies emerged from the merger of several private companies.
Cloth manufacturers and factories in Cottbus
| No. | Factory | Cloth mills | Street |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1880 | Grovermann & Hoppe | Ewald-Haase-Str. 12/13 |
| 2 | 1791 | Christian Samuel Lutze | Sandower Str. 54 |
| 2 | 1830 | Samuel Friedrich Lutze | Zimmerstrasse 1/2 |
| 3 | 1876 | Max Grünebaum & Julius Kaufmann | Parzellstrasse 1/2 (Inselstr. 26) |
| 4th | 1868 | Christoph Hasselbach & Adolf Westerkamp | Ostrower Str. 15 |
| 4th | 1862 | first A. Ziesche | Ostrower Str. 16 |
| 5 | 1926 | Wilhelm Westerkamp Jr. | Parzellenstrasse 27/28 |
| 6th | 1852 | Moritz Kittel | Madlow and Klosterplatz |
| 7th | 1760 | Wilhelm Ruff | Ostrower Damm 19 / 19a |
| 7th | 1808 | Wilhelm Muller | Ostrower Damm 19 / 19a |
| 8th | 1860 | Adolf Eschenhagen | Ostrower Dam 11 |
| 9 | 1866 | Heinrich Hunter | Jägerbrücke 1 |
| 10 | 1861 | Gustav and Richard Kehrl | Parzellstrasse 10 |
| 11 | 1831 | Hermann Elias , further information | Ostrower Damm 1–3 |
| 12 | 1882 | Gebr. Robert and Albert Fritsch | Kreuzgasse |
| 13 | 1879 | Duch & Hamann | Wax bleach 1 |
| 14th | 1888 | Juerss & Elger | Ostrower Damm 17/18 |
| 14th | 1925 | Max von Kessel | Pücklerstrasse / Franz-Mehring-Str. |
| 15th | 1880 | Polscher | Parzellstrasse 94 u. Ostrower Dam 11 |
| 16 | 1869 | Gustav Samson | Parzellstrasse 15 u. Power bath 13 |
| 16 | not specified | Dr. Boom | not specified |
| 17th | 1919 | Berthold Herfarth | Pücklerstrasse 20 / Briesmann Str. 1 |
| 18th | 1875 | Hermann Loew | Prior ditch 1 |
| 19th | 1900 | Ernst Michaelis | Ostrower Damm 12 / Eichenpark |
| 20th | 1861 | M. u. O. Sommerfeld | Plots / island / Lobedanstr. |
| 21st | 1848 | GL Schmogrow | Hubertstrasse 24 |
| 22nd | 1922 | Carl Loll GmbH | Parzellstrasse 21/22 |
| 23 | 1852 | Gustav Valte | Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz / Briesmann Str. |
| 24 | 1892 | Richard Rottka | On the wax bleach |
| Carpet factories | |||
| 25th | 1924 | Richard Otto | Pücklerstrasse 13/14 |
| 26th | 1894 | Kruger & Hahn | Ostrower Damm 1–3 / Inselstraße |
| 27 | 1894 | United SMYRNA Carpet Factories AG | Berlinerstr. 15th |
| 28 | not specified | Albert Stern | Ostrower Dam 9 |
| Cloth trade | |||
| 29 | 1843 | FW Michovius | Lieberoser Str. |
New beginning and transition to modern production in the GDR
Post-war development
In 1946, 17 cloth factories began production in Cottbus, there were weaving mills for woolen fabrics and two full cloth factories (all work steps combined in one company). At the beginning of the 1950s, the foundation stone was laid for the emergence of large companies. The factories were reorganized through expropriations and the amalgamation of companies. VEB Textilbetrieb Cottbus was founded in 1954.
Cloth factories that have been reorganized:
- Hand stretch
- Juerss & Elger
- Kronberg dye works (expropriated 1946) → Cottbus cloth factory
- R. Kehrl (expropriated 1946) → Cloth factory on the Spree
- L. Polscher (expropriated 1946) → Cloth factory Forward
- H. Loew
- Müffling & Co. (expropriated in 1946) → Prior cloth factory Cottbus
- H. Jaeger (expropriated 1946)
- Brothers Fritsch
- Schröter
- Govermann & Hoppe (expropriated 1946)
- Duch & Hamann
- M. & O. Sommerfeld → Cottbus wool goods
These four cloth factories and the Cottbus wool goods factory that was established in 1953 became the VEB Tuchfabrik Cottbus in 1953 with Plant 1 (Jürss & Elger site), Plant 2 (Kehrl site) and Plant 3 (Polscher site).
The Cottbus wool goods factory had an important position until mid-1960. The plant was closed centrally in 1969. This decision led to a production kink, as did the demolition of the Herfarth cloth factory in the 1980s. After 1968 the factories that were still in existence came under the umbrella of the Cottbus textile combine. The textile industry in the GDR in the 1950s and until the early 1960s was characterized by securing the supply of clothing for the population. The average age of the machines still in existence was 50 years.
The Cottbus district became the GDR's most important coal and energy supplier from 1957, but the textile industry also determined the city's economic structure. In 1968 the Cottbus Textile Combine was established. There, the polyester yarn was processed into textile surfaces on knitting machines .
On April 4, 1972, almost all businesses in Cottbus, as in the whole of the GDR, were nationalized and became public property.
Textile Combine Cottbus from 1969
The comprehensive technology and the unification of all stages in the manufacture of textiles at one location and on this scale was unique in Europe in the 1970s.
As the main company, TKC had specialized in the production of women's outerwear made of large circular knitted material. Here the chemical fiber from Guben was processed on the machines. The large company ran in a 3-shift system. There was a model of clothing with few parts to keep costs down. In the 1970s, however, man-made fibers were no longer in great demand for clothing. “ Present 20 ” was the trademark of VEB Textil Kombinat Cottbus. It was and could be mass-produced in order to have plenty of goods for the necessary foreign exchange. Outerwear was produced with a natural fiber character.
In August 1979, a dormitory with 175 places in the education center was handed over for the main company of the Cottbus textile combine, so that more workers could move to Cottbus to secure production. In October 1979 the Cottbus textile combine received the 3rd gold medal for the "Cord-Côtelé program" developed for the manufacture of a firm fabric with ribs.
In 1985 the production of textiles in the large circular knitting process in the TKC was discontinued. In order to remain competitive in the market, the man-made fibers were refined, polyester silk in various finenesses was produced, and carpet yarn was made. The modern computer-aided machines were therefore not continuously being used. Due to its orientation, the factory was unable to keep up with the developing fashion trend towards natural and mixed fibers.
Mass production was only possible under the conditions of the socialist planned economy . After 1990, the sales markets for textile products in large-scale production from the Cottbus region collapsed. Textile production continued to be successful in small and medium-sized companies because it was possible to adapt to the market faster and better. It was not possible to keep the production in the Cottbus TKC. The production facility was oversized, the machinery was already outdated and the synthetic fiber no longer offered any development opportunities.
In 1990, part of the workforce attempted a new start in the TKC premises under the “Textil und Konfektionsbetrieb GmbH” logo. On October 13, 1993 the company was liquidated. Other small companies that settled on the TKC premises did not survive either. Most of these companies were no longer active at this location in 1996. In fact, there has been no cloth industry in Cottbus since 2008.
The last agreement to restrict international textile trade was concluded in 2005. The emerging countries mainly used the textile sector to industrialize their own economies. The low price enabled exports to the markets of the industrialized countries, which were forced to dismantle and restructure their own textile industries.
From Europe, entire chemical fiber plants have been set up in India and other Asian countries. China quickly became the center of the textile industry in the 21st century. Not only the low wages favored the development. It was also possible to combine all stages of production from cultivation to manufacture and sale. It became increasingly clear to textile traders in Europe that it was better to buy textiles cheaply in Asia than to produce them expensively with limited resources in your own country.
The decline of the cloth industry
New beginning at TKC and the end of the textile age in Cottbus
general overview
...
1992 - Relocation to the TKC gives hope
...
1999 - Rhotex leaves Germany
At the end of the 1990s, textile companies still based in Cottbus suffered more and more from the growth in production in the low-wage countries, especially in Asia. But even in Europe there were already manufacturing companies that paid no more than 1.50 DM an hour. After the turn of the millennium, hourly wages below DM 10 were also the order of the day in a Cottbus company. In order to withstand the pressure of the low-wage countries more and more, such allowances as vacation pay, Christmas bonus and even the shift allowances were either reduced or canceled. Monthly wages of less than € 900 in a 4-shift system were the result in Cottbus. In 1993, with the help of the EC Commission and the State of Brandenburg, Rhone-Paulenc Rhotex GmbH was able to use a whopping aid of 7.15 million DM for the construction of a new plant to be built for texturing polyamide yarn . Excellent working conditions were created in Cottbus for the very well qualified workers. Even the company Rhotex Texturgarne, which astonishingly paid 80% of the West's wages, could not prevent its production in Cottbus and relocation to Poland (as of December 31, 1999). The ultra-modern, sensitive texture machines could hardly be put into operation at the new location in Poland and production was then completely stopped.
Rhotex Texturgarne Cottbus closes on December 31, 1999.
2004 Steilmann closes the sewing shop in Cottbus
...
2005 - The Archimedes company only survived a few months
...
2008 - The final one from textile production
...
future
...
Dealing with the industrial heritage
The condition of the cloth mills, villas and houses varied greatly. Lack of money in GDR times led to ailing buildings, they fell into disrepair, representative buildings found old and new owners (manufacturers' villas) after the fall of the Wall in 1990, the rest was gutted, rebuilt or demolished.
Locations and owners of the cloth mills with houses and villas
(Street names from the present day)
Münzstrasse 10
Built in 1880 by the Fritsch brothers and run as a cloth factory from 1882. In 1945 the company was expropriated, but continued to be used as a textile company. In 1990 the company was shut down. The renovation began in 2009/10, the factory building was gutted and apartments and a residential complex for assisted living were built. The Fritsch brothers OHG had a branch in Grossenhain from 1937.
Wax bleach 1
.jpg)
In 1879 a cloth factory was founded here by Duch & Hamann. In 1954 the semi-state cloth factory was assigned to Cottbuser wool and was closed at the end of 1955. Later still run as a small business. In mid-1990 parts were demolished for residential development and the factory part expanded as a medical center.
Franz-Mehring-Strasse, two buildings with a mill island and a factory owner's villa
Builder H. Elias, as a cloth factory in 1878. From 1892 the carded yarn producer Richard Rottka AG became the owner. Duch & Hamann later bought the four-storey building; the exact date of the manufacturer's founding is not known (1879 or 1886).
The site was separated by road construction in 1927/28. The factory owners Duch & Hamann are said to have used the building as a cloth factory until 1945, after 1945 cloth production was stopped and there were other uses (warehouse, northern part until the fall of the Wall). In 1927, cloth maker Gustav Kehrl bought the southern area.
He is called "Rudolph Kehrl". The brothers Gustav and Richard run the business until 1945. In 1945 production was stopped and the company was expropriated. Upholstered furniture was used until 1992. After the fall of the Wall in 1990, parts were torn down, gutted and given a new use, trade, office, senior citizens' residence (southern part), factory owner's villa was used in GDR times as an allocation point for crèche places and as a kindergarten, after 1991 it was converted and used as a restaurant and guesthouse.
Neustadt, Rosenstrasse / Breite Strasse / Freiheitsstrasse
The wool spinning houses from 1753 stood on the area. They fell into disrepair and were demolished in 1992. Today there is still part of the open space, part of which is commercial and shopping.
Ostrower Damm 19 / 19a
Tuchfabrik Wilhelm Ruff, founded around 1760. In 1781, the house was rebuilt because the previous building had burned down. From 1909 Wilhelm Müller became the new owner. After the fire in the factory, it was rebuilt in 1915. After 1990 the factory was gutted, renovated and now used by the service industry and call centers. Factory owner's villa was demolished in 2008.
Sandower Straße 54 built in
1791. At this point, Sandower Straße 54, a new building (previous building) is said to have been built in 1698. The city of Cottbus offered the property to the cloth manufacturer Christian Samuel Lutze because his factory burned down in 1790. The cloth factory only existed here for a short time. This house, built around 1800, originally belonged to the postmaster and judge of the French colony in Cottbus. The city sold the house to the postmaster in 1701. Then changed owners and in the middle of the 18th century. redesign of the facade. Later it was the Kunella House (Butter-Kunert), after which three shops were operated here (hairdresser, HO groceries and a fish shop). At the beginning of 1990 the house was stylishly restored for a bank. There is currently a catering facility here.
Altmarkt 26
The cloth merchant Samuel Friedrich Lobedan acquired the town house in 1743 and used it not only commercially, but also as a family seat until 1808. The existing shop was expanded in 1954 and was rebuilt as the Tufa industrial shop. Today there is a branch of the Kind company. Friedrich Lobedan had the merchant's house built for himself on today's Breitscheidplatz in 1785. Today it is a listed building and has been heavily modified. Friedrich Lobedan ran a Royal Prussian post office in his home at Spremberger Strasse 30 from 1855.
Ostrower Damm 17/18, with residential house, (corner of Franz-Mehring-Straße)
Built: year not known, for the cloth manufacturer Hilpert, then August Nicolai dye works, later owner Samuel Ferdinand Koppe, then Adolf Koppe and Franz Koppe. They rented rooms to the cloth manufacturers Jüriss & Elger, who bought the factory in 1921. In the cloth factory Jürss & Elger (founded in 1885) the entire production took place under one roof. From 1925 onwards, Max von Kessel was the sole owner; he was expropriated in 1946. In 1946 the company was converted into TUFA, where worsted and woolen woolen fabrics were produced. Closure at the beginning of 1990, factory building partially demolished, the rest gutted and renovation by the landlord " eG Wohnen "
Ostrower Damm 1–3 and two villas built
by CS Elias in 1870. From 1874 it was a full operation with dyeing, fulling, spinning and finishing. Production ceased in the early 1930s and from 1942 to 1945 the Bremer Werke Focke-Wulf manufactured aircraft parts here. After the Second World War until the mid-1950s, it was the wool goods factory. Afterwards use by Teltow equipment and rules, today partial use by the workshop for the disabled, training rooms, rooms for the homeless and small businesses. Villa Ostrower Damm 1: Built in 1874, it was the residence of the widow Klingmüller and Elias' residence. Used as a day nursery from 1965. In 1992/93 it was rebuilt and used as a medical practice. Villa Ostrower Damm 3: built in 1885 for Elias for the use of his senior employees. Villa had an ornamental garden, the building was then privately owned as it is now. Due to the separation (path) there is hardly an ornamental garden left.
Ostrower Damm
Färberei Franz Geißler, house number not known. The owner of the factory was Gommlich. Building was demolished (date unknown).
Ostrower Damm 9
Albert Stern, carpets were also made here. Until 1945 it was the Albert Stern factory. After the Second World War it became part of the PGH Forst, and from 1972 it became a VEB company. Repivatised and closed in 1990, today various users in the house.
Ostrower Damm 10 / Wasserstraße
Built around 1870: a front building, production halls and a four-storey building. Owner Adolf Eschenhagen founded his first carpet factory in Cottbus in 1860, after 1946 a training center for various companies; after 1990 training center, training workshop and offices continued. The head building was used as a storage room, vacant, renovated in 2007/2008 and rebuilt as a cosmetic salon.
Ostrower Damm 11
L. Polscher, founded in 1880. After the Second World War, production continued under state administration and then incorporated into the Cottbus cloth factory. 1953 shutdown, the property had different users. The demolition is scheduled for 2012. City villas are to be built here from 2013.
Ostrower Damm 13 built
around 1862 with a factory owner's house. The owner was the cloth manufacturer Wilhelm Karnauke. Continued by the descendants until it was closed in August 1928. After 1945 the premises were leased and demolished in 1996.
Käthe-Kollwitz-Brücke (formerly Jaegerbrücke)
Heinrich Jaeger, settled in 1866, The location was near the Käthe-Kollwitz-Brücke. The factory was then Cottbuser Wollwarenfabrik and was incorporated into the TKC. The demolition took place, the area is undeveloped.
Parzellenstraße 10
Tuchfabrik Gustav Kerhl and Richard (founded in 1861) They have been based in Cottbus since 1914 and acquired the property from Textor & Prochatscheck (founded in 1884). In 1992 it was liquidated, after which the building was rebuilt, renovated and given a new use.
Parzellenstraße 15 / Stromstraße 13
Gustav Samson company, founded in 1869, was owned by the Jewish Bum family until 1940. The factory was forced to Arize and was the property of Spinnstoff GmbH Schwarza zu Schwarza. German chemists were in charge and a synthetic wool fiber "Thiolan" was produced here. The fabric did not burn like rayon, but shrank in the flame like real wool. The way of production caused a strong odor nuisance (chemical fiber based on protein with sulfur). In 1938 the villa of the Bum family was burned down, the factory completely destroyed in 1945.
Parzellstrasse 47
.png)
Cloth manufacturer Wilhelm Stoffel, founded in 1899. He ran a contract weaving mill on Ostrower Damm 17/18. (Buildings are demolished today.) From 1925 to 1927 he built a weaving mill at Parzellenstrasse 47, but the weaving mill never went into operation for financial reasons. The building fell to the building contractor Nickel; his widow sold it to EDEKA wholesale in 1936. After 1945 the weaving mill is used as a warehouse for the Russians. The building has been on the Cottbus monument list since 2007. Used as an event location from 2010, Kontor 47
Ewald-Haase-Strasse 12/13
Grovermann & Hoppe, founded in 1880, today the area is used by the RAG (educational institution for further education). Number 12 factory owner's villa, it was used as a kindergarten in GDR times. Time empty and for sale.
Built
in 1829 by the cloth manufacturer F. Weber at the Priormühle as a cloth factory with finishing and dyeing. The factory burned down in 1892. Was rebuilt by H. Löw, (existed since 1875) on the site of the Priorfabrik. Today built with a health center.
At Mühlengrabenufer (old) from
Kronberg (dyeing) and from Kerl, it was shut down in 1965. In 1980 the factory was demolished. Today the area is green.
Parcel road / Inselstrasse / Lobedanstrasse
Cloth factory L. Ephraim (formerly M. & O. Sommerfeld), has existed at Weberstrasse 12 since 1861, was destroyed in the Second World War, today the complex has been torn down and built over by housing.
Parzellstrasse 27-28
.png)
Wilhelm Westerkamp jr., Founded in 1891, built an electrically operated cloth factory around 1926, it was the last cloth factory to be built along the Spree. Expropriated in 1945 and dismantled as reparation. From 1950 on, the Cottbus public clothing factory (BeWeCo) was located here, and from 1968 it was affiliated to the TKC. In 1988 it became VEB TUFA again. In 1990 carded yarn production in Cottbus ended. After the redesign, there is now a business park here.
Parzellenstraße 93
Fa. Gebr. Krüger, founded in 1870, taken over by the cloth manufacturer Polscher in 1920, factory destroyed in 1945 (Parzellenstr. 93 / Bautzener Str. 19) The Cottbus cloth factory then used the rooms for the carded yarn spinning mill until the early 1960s.
Inselstraße 26
Grünebaum & Kaufmann, founded in 1876, Max Grünebaum acquired the factory building and the ancillary buildings in 1882 from the cloth manufacturer CG Korschel. The Grünebaum family was expelled from Germany in the Third Reich, and the factory buildings are now used by the Wuppertal Academy and the State Office for Mining and Geology
Ostrower Straße 15 / with villa (Ostrower Wohnpark 7)
The Adolf Ziesche factory, which had existed since 1862, was bought by Hasselbach & Westerkamp in 1880. Later owners Max and Otto Hasselbach. (Sons) The spinning mill was built in 1925/26 and until 1970 the cloth factory was one of the leading textile companies in Cottbus. In 1972 it was the last to be a state-owned company. (VEB Volltuchfabrik) The spinning mill is still preserved, the other part was demolished in 1996/97 for the new Ostrow residential complex. Part of the spinning mill was used as a shopping market. Villa built around 1800, first owner Adolf Westerkamp, he lives in the villa with Christoph Hasselbach, owner from 1926 E. Hasselbach, 1987/88 complete renovation, today the seat of law firms
Am Amtsteich 18
Client W. Cockerill, built between 1830–1835 for machine cloth production, Ernst Rodig started spinning in 1835, and from 1840 onwards there were changing owners of the various cloth and mechanical engineering companies from Cottbus. In 1917 the building was sold to the city of Cottbus, then a newspaper publisher, from 1991 a museum for nature and the environment
Ostrower Straße 14
Carl Loll, founded in 1897 at Ostrower Straße 14, the company has been demolished,
Klosterplatz 3
Built around 1720 as a malt kiln for citizens with the right to brew. From 1751 the house served the merchant J. Schmidt as a warehouse. From 1842-1852 Heinrich Kittel ran a cloth factory here. Then it was used again for storage and from 1876–1901 for drying fur. In 1934–1936 it was converted into a hostel, used as a youth hostel, and in 1990–1992 it was renovated and redesigned, still a youth hostel.
Klosterplatz 5
residential house and cloth factory, since 1823 the house was owned by a manufacturer, he had a two-story house built. From 1842 J. Samuel Kittel had a cloth factory and J. Friedrich Schranke had a spinning mill here, from 1851. From 1876 the cloth manufacturer Hermann Zedler was the owner, then it was a house again. In 1990 the property was rebuilt and a restaurant was set up.
Brandenburger Platz 55 (formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz) built in
1855, owner of the cloth manufacturer Valte, development of the residential building, administration wing and production building. In 1876 there was a steam boiler explosion here with fatalities. Emil Neumann became a new user in 1910. Everything was torn down in 2000, still open space.
Franz-Mehring-Strasse (formerly Pückler Strasse 59) In
1919, Berthold Herfarth took over the cloth factory from Robert Förster. From 1945 Heinz Herfarth ran the cloth factory, then nationalized and from 1972 operating as VEB TUFA Cottbus. The factory was demolished in 1980 and the area was undeveloped.
Lieberoser Strasse 35/36
built for the cloth mail order company W. Michovius in 1911. Office, warehouse and factory building. The company was continued by the heirs. After 1990 it was vacant, since 2012 renovation work has been carried out and well-equipped apartments are to be built.
Berliner Strasse 15/16
Carpet factory Otto Pietsch, in 1861 Karl-Theodor Kühn founded a carpet factory on Dresdener Strasse. The factory burned down in 1872 and was rebuilt at Chausseestrasse 34 in Berlin. (Berliner Straße 15) In 1873 Otto Pietsch took over the factory (Vereinigte Smyrnaer Teppichfabrik AG). In 1879 the businessman Max Michaelis took over the carpet factory founded by Kühn. The presumed residential and production building is still preserved today. The parts have been renovated and apartments have been created. Factory buildings are demolished.
Webschulallee, weaving school
On June 3, 1898, the higher technical college for the textile industry was inaugurated. The factory owners' association had the school built. Teaching continued here until 1945, between 1950 and 1951 the school was closed and the building was used by the BDVP. Due to the lack of repair work in GDR times, a gable was torn down, after the fire a large part of the property fell victim to the flames and was torn down. After protests, the building is to be rebuilt.
Textile Combine Cottbus, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Straße,
completed in 1969 and produced until 1989. Partial use after 1990, then demolition of workshops. Today used as a consumer market, office space and use for small businesses, restaurants.
Cloth manufacturers who have been forgotten
There were also numerous other cloth manufacturers in Cottbus. The information is not complete, most of the company's headquarters no longer exist or cannot be precisely assigned. Some of them are in the line-up.
| Surname | address | Data |
|---|---|---|
| Ernst Michaelis | Ostrower Dam 12 | founded in 1800, demolished |
| Otto Huckenbeck | Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 51 | demolition |
| Wilhelm Eschenhagen | Ostrower Dam 23 | |
| Curt Bay | At the Sandower Bridge 1 | founded in 1905, demolished |
| Witaschek & Winkler | Pücklerstrasse 55 | founded in 1911, demolished |
| Adolf Stump | Bautzener Str. 52 | founded in 1814, demolished |
| Max Prescher | Parcel Street 26 | other use |
| Fritz Lung | Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 3 | founded in 1908, today residential area |
| Kruger & Hahn | Jaeger Bridge 2 | founded 1894, demolished |
| Engelmann & Stephan | Bautzener Strasse 5 | founded in 1883, today residential area |
| Theodor Weinberger | Ostrower Dam 19 | |
| Emil Warnitz | Briesmannstrasse 1 | Demolition, free space today |
| Paul Uncle | Thiemstrasse 140 | Terrain Carl-Thiem-Klinikum |
| Max Meyer & Co. | Pücklerstrasse 57 | founded in 1865, demolished |
| C. Max Lehmann | Westaue 4 | founded in 1910, today residential area |
| Otto Kleinert | Anger 2 | founded in 1922, today residential area |
| Karl Jeschke | Pücklerstrasse 57 | demolition |
| Heinrich Huebner | Sickingenstrasse 23 | |
| Max Graper | Thiemstrasse 140 | Carl Thiem Clinic site |
| Oscar Liersch | cottbus | |
| Theodor Fröhner | Bautzener Strasse 157/59 | founded in 1929 |
| Enno Reuschel | Cottbus Madlow | founded in 1920 |
| Kind & Koppe | Bautzener Str. 47 | Founded in 1895, demolished |
| Rudolf Fendius | Burgstrasse 25 | Residential development |
| Albert Jung | At the Jaegerbrücke 2 | founded in 1900, demolished |
| Wilhelm Handrecke | Parcel Street 5 | founded in 1865, today residential area |
| Max Lehmann | Wilhelm-Külz-Straße 15 (formerly: Lausitzer Straße 15) | partly different use |
Cloth manufacturers who made a fresh start in West Germany after 1945
- Polscher in Heide
- Grovermann in Augsburg
- Ephraim in Aachen
- Westerkamp in Düren
- Smyrna carpets in Hanover
literature
- Fritz Schmidt: The development of the Cottbus cloth industry. Cottbus 1928 (reprint: Regia Verlag, Cottbus 2012, ISBN 978-3-937899-73-2 ), available in digital form from BTU Cottbus. Retrieved June 30, 2020 .
- Siegfried Kohlschmidt: Cottbus - as it used to be. Wartburg-Verlag, Guldensberg-Gleichen 1992, ISBN 3-925277-74-9 .
- Irmgard Ackermann: Monuments in Brandenburg. City of Cottbus. Volume 2.1. Werner-Verlag, Worms am Rhein 2001, ISBN 3-88462-176-9 .
- Günter Bayerl (Ed.): Technical-historical walks in Cottbus and the country between Elster, Spree and Neisse. Niederlausitz-Edition, Cottbus 1995, ISBN 3-89325-402-1 .
- Ingrid Halbach and Joachim Schulz (eds.): Architectural guide Cottbus. Hike through town and surroundings. Publishing house for construction, Berlin 1993.
- Lausitzer Rundschau from August 21, 1996, December 30, 1996, January 5, 1999, October 10, 2006 and October 13, 2008.
- Urban development Cottbus by Boldt 1923, Märkischer Bote from April 20, 2013.
- Anke Meckelburg: The Cottbus cloth factories along the Spree. BTU Cottbus , master thesis 2003.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Burkard Weiß: The history of the textile industry: From the hand spindle to the textile factory - textile work through the millennia. ( Memento of October 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) 15 p. (PDF file)
- ↑ a b From the history of the city of Cottbus. (No longer available online.) In: rainer0808.de. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Gerhard Küchler, Werner Vogel (ed.): Yearbook for Brandenburg State History. Volume 14, 1963, 151 pp. (PDF file)
- ↑ 1755. (No longer available online.) In: cottbus.de. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 1833/1834 the German Customs Union is established under Prussian leadership. (No longer available online.) In: paedagogik.net. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ The textile industry in Germany - the largest branch of industry. (No longer available online.) In: blog.de. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Draper. (No longer available online.) In: golausitz.de. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ (represent a thread system running lengthways or from top to bottom) We explain warp threads to you. In: kabs.de. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ a b SWR Why? Soap 5/5. In: planet-schule.de. Archived from the original on August 24, 2010 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
- ^ ERIH - European Route of Industrial Heritage - Industrial History - Belgium. In: erih.net. December 2, 2014, accessed January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ a b 1880. In: cottbus.de. Retrieved January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ a b Chronicle 1850–1915. (No longer available online.) In: heimatverein-cottbus.de. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Inventory 11739 Fritsch Brothers, Grossenhain plant. In: archiv.sachsen.de. Main State Archive Dresden, accessed on June 7, 2016 .
- ↑ String and worsted factory Jürss & Elger. In: hfinster.de. September 20, 2004, accessed January 16, 2015 .
- ^ Prussian Chronicle - Cottbus scene. In: preussen-chronik.de. Retrieved January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ A factory for learners - The Lausitzer. In: der-lausitzer.de. January 16, 2015, accessed January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ Peter Hug: Buckskin - eLexikon - Technology, trade and industry - tissue. In: peter-hug.ch. February 25, 2012, accessed January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ Chair of Monument Preservation: Monument Topography. In: b-tu.de. Retrieved April 2, 2019 .
- ↑ 1874/75 alone 118 cloth manufacturers in Cottbus. In: ahnen-navi.de. Retrieved January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ a b c 6. Appendix ( Memento from June 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Mechthild Hempe: warp and weft. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2006, ISBN 978-3-412-21905-5 , p. 82 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ Günter Bayerl: Periphery as fate and chance. Waxmann Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8309-7365-2 , p. 349 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ↑ a b c Documentation 50 years of the Cottbus textile industry ( Memento from October 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ State-of-the-art technology and new centers. In: jokers.de. Retrieved June 7, 2016 .
- ^ Cloth factory Wilhelm Müller # History
- ↑ Breitscheidplatz on Cottbus.de ( Memento from April 29, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ Heinz Petzold: When the post in the Sprem "Royal Prussian" was. In: Lausitzer Rundschau . July 5, 2005, accessed June 7, 2016 .
- ↑ Heinz Petzold: Founder of industrial cloth production: memory of Heinrich Jaeger's historic Cottbus factory. In: Lausitzer Rundschau. August 14, 2010, accessed June 7, 2016 .
- ↑ Mechthild Hempe: warp and weft: the cloth making in Guben . Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2006, ISBN 978-3-412-21905-5 , p. 82 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Eastern companies rebuilt. In: Die Zeit , No. 50 , December 15, 1949, accessed on June 7, 2016 .
