Herbaceous plants

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Herbaceous plants
California spice bush (Calycanthus occidentalis)

California spice bush ( Calycanthus occidentalis )

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Magnoliids
Order : Laurels (Laurales)
Family : Herbaceous plants
Scientific name
Calycanthaceae
Lindl.

The spice shrub plants (Calycanthaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the laurel-like (Laurales). The ten or so species are common in China , North America and Queensland .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Calycanthus chinensis bud in detail

They are evergreen or deciduous, woody plants: small trees and shrubs . You have sieve tube plastids of the S type. Some species form rhizomes . They contain essential oils and therefore smell aromatic. The opposite leaves are stalked, simple and leathery. The leaf blade is pinnate and often glandular-dotted. The leaf margin is almost always smooth; rarely on fast-growing branches the leaf margins are somewhat serrated. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

Illustration of the Chinese winter blossom ( Chimonanthus praecox )
Screw-shaped flower with many red bracts of the real spice bush ( Calycanthus floridus )
Calycanthus chinensis
Idiospermum australiense

The flowers stand individually at the ends of leafy short shoots. The hermaphroditic flowers have a screw-like structure with a clearly hollow, i.e. constricted flower axis, also known as a flower cup (hypanthium) (hence the name!). The hypanthium is often surrounded by bracts . Each flower contains many (15 to 30), often beautifully colored, free bracts , they change continuously from calyx to corolla-like. There are many (15 to 55) stamens , of which ten to 25 are petal-like staminodes , which are distributed between the five to 30 fertile stamens. There are five to 45, with Idiospermum usually one to rarely three, free, upper carpels with two ovules each; in this they differ from the other families of the Laurales. The free, slim pen each end in a dry scar. The flowers thus have relatively original features. Pollination takes place by insects (mainly beetles) ( entomophilia ).

The dark reddish-brown, cylindrical, hairy fruits (sometimes called achenes) are surrounded by the enlarged, fleshy hypanthium (a so-called pseudocarp); both together make up the diaspores . The fruits are often grouped together to form collective fruits. The seeds are poisonous. There is no endosperm .

distribution

Your area is disjoint . Apart from the Australian Idiospermum australiense , the species only occur in the Holarctic : in North America and East Asia, but not in Europe. Fossil finds belonging to the Calycanthaceae go back to the early Cretaceous .

Systematics

The Calycanthaceae family was established by John Lindley . The type genus is Calycanthus L. The name Calycanthus is derived from the Greek words kályx for cover, calyx and anthos for flower.

The Calycanthaceae are the sister group to all other families of the order Laurales . Just a synonym for Calycanthaceae Lindl. is the formerly independent family Idiospermaceae STBlake with the only species Idiospermum australiense .

The family of the herbaceous plants (Calycanthaceae) is divided into two subfamilies with three genera and about ten species:

  • Subfamily Calycanthoideae: It contains two or three genera:
    • Calycanthus ( Calycanthus L. nom cons.. Syn. : Butneria Duhamel .. Nom rej, Basteria . Mill , Beureria Ehret . Nom rej. Pompadoura Buc'hoz ex DC. Nom inval, x.. Sinocalycalycanthus F.T.Lass & Fantz. , Sinocalycanthus (WCCheng & SYChang) WCCheng & SYChang ): Of the four species, one occurs in China and two species are common in temperate western and south-eastern North America . (They are used as ornamental plants):
      • Calycanthus brockianus Ferry & Ferry f. : It occurs in north-central Georgia.
      • Calycanthus chinensis (WCCheng & SYChang) PTLi (Syn .: Sinocalycanthus chinensis W.C.Cheng & SYChang ): Morphological and molecular data show that this species belongs to Calycanthus . It only thrives under trees in the Chinese province near rivers in mountainous areas at altitudes of 600 to 1000 meters only in the northern part of the Chinese province of Zhejiang (only in Lin'an, Tiantai).
      • Real spice shrub ( Calycanthus floridus L. , Syn .: Calycanthus glaucus Willd. , Calycanthus fertilis Walter , Calycanthus nanus (Loiseleur-Deslongchamps) Small , Calycanthus mohrii (Small) Small ex Pollard ): It is a deciduous shrub that is used as an ornamental plant , other common German names : Karolina-Nelkenpfeffer, flower-rich spice shrub, wine rose. The two varieties are common in temperate, mainly in southeastern North America.
      • Californian spice shrub ( Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. ): It thrives at altitudes of 200 to 1,600 meters in northern and central California and Washington .
    • Winter blossoms ( Chimonanthus Lindl. , Syn .: Meratia Loisel. ): It contains four to six species in China :
      • Chimonanthus campanulatus R.H. Chang & CSDing : It thrives on limestone mountains, on the banks of rivers and along paths at altitudes of 1000 to 2900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou (only in Xingyi) and Yunnan (only in Luquan).
      • Chimonanthus grammatus M.C.Liu : This endemic thrives in wooded areas at altitudes of 200 to 700 meters only in Anyuan in the Chinese province of Jiangxi .
      • Chimonanthus nitens Oliver (incl.): It thrives in light forest lands in the mountains and mountainous limestone areas at altitudes of 200 to 2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi, Shaanxi , Yunnan and Zhejiang.
      • Chinese winter bloom ( Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link , Syn .: Calycanthus praecox L. , Chimonanthus fragrans (Loisel.) Lindl. , Chimonanthus parviflorus Raf. , Chimonanthus grandiflorus (Lindl.) Steud. , Chimonanthus luteus (G.Don) Biel . , Chimonanthus verus Biel. , Chimonanthus yunnanensis W.W.Sm. ): It thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 500 to 1100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong , Sichuan , Yunnan and Zhejiang. It is also used as an ornamental plant.
      • Chimonanthus salicifolius S.Y.Hu (Syn .: Chimonanthus nitens var. Salicifolius (SYHu) HDZhang , Chimonanthus praecox var. Pilosus L.Q.Chen ): It grows in mountain forests at altitudes between 600 and 800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
      • Chimonanthus zhejiangensis M.C.Liu : It thrives in light mountain forests at altitudes of 200 to 900 meters in the Chinese province of Zhejiang (in Fengyang Shan , Longquan ).
  • Subfamily Idiospermoideae Thorne : It contains only one monotypic genus:
    • Idiospermum S.T.Blake : It contains only one species:

Usage and ingredients

Some species are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens, in Central Europe not all species are hardy .

Calycanthus species contain an alkaloid similar to strychnine , calycanthin is poisonous.

The bark of Calycanthus floridus is dried and used as a spice, it is a substitute for cinnamon . It should be noted that the Calycanthus species are poisonous. Since the leaves of Calycanthus floridus contain some camphor , they are used to repel insects, as a perfume and for disinfection. From Calycanthus occidentalis , a dye is extracted from the flowers and the branches are made of baskets. The flowers of Chimonanthus praecox are boiled, washed and then eaten, and perfume is made from them. Medicinal effects of different types have been studied.

More pictures

Chinese winter bloom ( Chimonanthus praecox ):

  • Habit with flowers

  • blossoms

  • Branches with flowers from below

  • Branch with flowers in their natural position on short shoots

  • Diaspore consisting of fruit and flower parts

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c George P. Johnson: Calycanthaceae. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 .
  2. ↑ Calycanthaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calycanthaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Bingtao Li, Bruce Bartholomew :: Calycanthaceae. P. 92 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 7: Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 .
  5. ↑ Entries on Calycanthaceae in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Calycanthaceae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files