Habenaria

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Habenaria
Habenaria tridactylites

Habenaria tridactylites

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Orchidoideae
Tribe : Orchideae
Genre : Habenaria
Scientific name
Habenaria
Willd.

Habenaria is a genus within the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). The 600 to almost 900 species are distributed almost worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics .

description

Illustration by habenaria dregeana from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa. Volume I, 1896, plate 015
Illustration of habenaria falcicornis from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa. Volume I, 1896, plate 016
Illustration: Flower detail of habenaria tosariensis from orchids from Java , 1908, Figure 23: 1st unpaired sepalum, 2nd paired sepalum, 3rd petalum, 4th lip and column, 5th column
Illustration by habenaria galpinii from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume I, 1896, plate 017
Illustration of habenaria ciliosa from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume I, 1896, plate 064
Illustration by habenaria tridens from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume I, 1896, plate 065
Illustration of habenaria anguiceps from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume I, 1896, plate 067
Illustration of habenaria arenaria from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume II, 1911, plate 042
Illustration of habenaria clavata from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume II, 1911, plate 043
Illustration of habenaria epipactidea from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume II, 1911, plate 046
Illustration of habenaria dives from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume III, 1913, plate 022
Illustration by habenaria kraenzliniana from Harry Bolus: Orchids of South Africa , Volume III, 1913, plate 024
Illustration of habenaria leptoceras from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 54, 1827, Plate 2726
Illustration of habenaria longicauda from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 57, 1830, Plate 2957
Illustration of habenaria salaccensis from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 86 (Series 3, No. 16), 1860, plate 5196
Illustration of habenaria longicorniculata from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 118 (Series 3, No. 48), 1892, plate 7228
Illustration by habenaria elwesii from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 123 (Series 3, No. 52), 1896, plate 7478
Illustration of habenaria rhodocheila from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 123 (Series 3, No. 53), 1897, plate 7571
Illustration of habenaria procera from Edwards's Botanical Register , Volume 22, 1836, plate 1858
Illustration by habenaria gourlieana from Martius, Eichler, Urban: Flora Brasiliensis , Volume 3, 4, Plate 4
Illustration of habenaria hamata from Martius, Eichler, Urban: Flora Brasiliensis , Volume 3, 4, Plate 17
Illustration of habenaria parviflora and habenaria secundiflora from Martius, Eichler, Urban: Flora Brasiliensis , Volume 3, 4, Plate 8
Illustration of habenaria quinqueseta from Oakes Ames: Illustrations and studies of the family Orchidaceae , Fascicle IV, 1905, plate 071
Illustration of habenaria foliosa from Hooker's Icones Plantarum , Volume 24, 1896, plate 2319
Illustration of habenaria polytricha from Hooker's Icones Plantarum , Volume 25, 1896, Plate 2496
Illustration by habenaria repens from Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States , 1972
Illustration by habenaria praealta from Histoire particulière des plantes Orchidées recueillies sur les trois îles australes d'Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar , plate 011
Illustration of habenaria sigillum from Histoire particulière des plantes Orchidées recueillies sur les trois îles australes d'Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar , plate 020

Vegetative characteristics

The habenaria species are perennial herbaceous plants . They grow predominantly terrestrial, rarely also semi-submerged or epiphytic . Many species are succulent . In most species, the above-ground parts of the plant dry up in the dry season and are re-formed in the rainy season. As persistence organs, they usually form almost round, more rarely ellipsoidal or elongated, undivided, fleshy tubers with root and shoot tissue. The thin to thick and fleshy roots start above the tuber on the sprouting axis . The stem is erect and unbranched.

There are both basal leaves and leaves that are alternately distributed on the stem . The upward to spreading leaves encircle the stems. The relatively thin, simple leaf blades are folded along the midrib. The stem leaves are well developed or sometimes small and reduced like a bract .

Generative characteristics

In the terminal and unbranched inflorescence there are usually many flowers, loosely or densely arranged, rarely with just one flower. The bracts are usually well developed, sometimes foliage -like and of the same length as the ovary and pedicel together. The ovary is stalked or sessile. The flowers are resupinated .

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The sepals are free, the dorsal sepal often forms a hood over the flower, the lateral sepals are spread out or thrown back. The lateral petals are usually bilobed, more rarely simple, they lie against the dorsal sepal. The lip is usually three-lobed, sometimes undivided, with a nectar-bearing spur at the base. The column is short, fleshy, cylindrical in cross section, firmly fused with the stamen . The stamen shows a clear filament , it is two-chambered, the chambers are provided with a clear longitudinal groove and are not parallel to each other. The two pollinia are mealy-grainy and each have a long stalk (caudiculae) attached to a small adhesive disc (viscidium). The scar consists of two scar surfaces that are curved outward or even stalked. The separating tissue between stigma and stamen (rostellum) forms two lateral appendages.

The capsule fruits are ellipsoidal.

Systematics and distribution

The genus habenaria is mainly found in the tropics and subtropics worldwide, but a few species also reach temperate areas in East Asia , and in individual cases such as habenaria dentata they are even found in the Himalayas. In Europe none of the species is native, on the Canaries you can find the Canary's stendel ( habenaria tridactylites ). The centers of biodiversity are in Brazil, in southern and central Africa and in East Asia.

Inflorescence of habenaria brevidens
Inflorescence of habenaria corydophora
Inflorescence of habenaria crinifera
Inflorescence of habenaria dentata
Section of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of habenaria floribunda
Zygomorphic flower in detail from habenaria floribunda
Inflorescence of habenaria hamata
Habit of habenaria heyneana in the habitat
Zygomorphic flower in detail from habenaria josephensis
Inflorescence of habenaria longicauda
Inflorescence of habenaria longicorniculata
Zygomorphic flowers in detail from habenaria longipedicellata
Inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers in detail from habenaria marginata
Habit of habenaria medusa
Inflorescence of habenaria medusa
Habitus and inflorescences of habenaria monorrhiza in the habitat
Section of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of habenaria obtusa
Zygomorphic flower in detail from habenaria panigrahiana
Detail of an inflorescence with zygomorphic flowers of habenaria petalodes
Habitus and inflorescence of habenaria praestans in the habitat
Habitus and inflorescence of habenaria pratensis in the habitat
Zygomorphic flowers of habenaria pumila
Habenaria rariflora
Habitus, leaves and flowers of habenaria rhodocheila in the habitat
Inflorescence of habenaria rodeiensis in the habitat
Zygomorphic flowers in detail from habenaria rodeiensis
Immature capsule fruits of habenaria rodeiensis
Basal leaves of habenaria roxburghii in the habitat
Inflorescence of habenaria roxburghii
Excerpts from inflorescences with zygomorphic flowers and flower buds of habenaria sagittifera
Habitus and inflorescence of habenaria suaveolens in the habitat
Habenaria tridactylites from Tenerife
Zygomorphic flower in detail from habenaria trifida

The genus habenaria was established in 1805 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Species Plantarum , Editio quarta 4th edition, 1, 5, p. 44. The botanical genus name Habenaria derives from the Latin word HABENA for belts, reins, and refers to the long spur. As Lectotypusart 1892 Habenaria macroceratistes Willd. by Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin in Botanical Yearbooks for Systematics, Plant History and Plant Geography. Leipzig , Volume 16, page 58.

Synonyms for habenaria Willd. are: habenorkis Thouars , Mesicera Raf. , Aopla Lindl. , Bilabrella Lindl. , Ate Lindl. , Diplectraden Raf. , Nemuranthes Raf. , Synmeria Nimmo , Centrochilus Schauer , Dissorhynchium Schauer , Macrocentrum Phil. , Montolivaea Rchb. f. , Podandria Rolfe nom. illeg., habenella Small , Itaculumia Hoehne , Kryptostoma (Summerh.) Geerinck , Dithrix (Hook. f.) Schltr. ex Brummitt , Ala Szlach., Fragm. Florist. Geobot. , Podandriella Szlach. , Pseudoperistyle (PFHunt) Szlach. & Olszewski , Renzorchis Szlach. & Olszewski , Alinorchis Szlach. , Senghasiella Szlach. , Arachnaria Szlach. , Ceratopetalorchis Szlach. , Macrura (Kraenzl.) Szlach. & Sawicka , Mirandorchis Szlach. & Kras-Lap. , Pseudocoeloglossum (Szlach. & Olszewski) Szlach. , Pseudohemipilia Szlach. , Schlechterorchis Szlach. , Trachypetalum Szlach. & Sawicka , Bertauxia Szlach. , Fimbrorchis Szlach. , Kraenzlinorchis Szlach. , Kusibabella Szlach. , Medusorchis Szlach. , Ochyrorchis Szlach. , Plantaginorchis Szlach. , Platantheroides Szlach. , Smithanthe Szlach. & Marg. , Platycorynoides Szlach. , Nujiangia X.H.Jin & DZLi nom. superflat., Rhinorchis Szlach. 1200 names are considered synonyms .

Habenaria is the eponymous genus for the subtribus habenariinae. In 1993, Dressler 23 genera in this subtribe, which he in turn divided into two clades: Habenaria he groups due to the significantly prominent scar surfaces with genres such as Arnottia , Bonatea , Cynorkis and Stenoglottis . The relationships to related genera are still largely unclear, it is expected that further investigations will result in the delimitation of habenaria being able to change significantly. The demarcation of the subtribe habenariinae to the orchidinae is also unclear, so that this division has been abandoned by some authors. It belongs to the tribe Orchidinae in the subfamily Orchidoideae within the family Orchidaceae .

There are 600 (as of 2009) to 876 (as of 2011) habenaria species:

Some species were placed in other genera in this century, for example in Bonatea Willd. , Platanthera Rich. , Pecteilis Raf. or peristyle flower .

use

Exaggerated by Habenaria dentata be in the traditional Chinese medicine a number of health-promoting effects, u. a. it is said to have a beneficial effect on the kidneys and lungs. A number of other habenaria species are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

protection

The habenaria species are under trade control worldwide according to CITES Appendix II in order to ensure the survival of the species.

swell

literature

  • Xinqi Chen, Phillip J. Cribb: habenaria . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Orchidaceae. Volume 25. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2009, pp. 144 ( efloras.org - online with the same text as the printed work).
  • Charles J. Sheviak: habenaria . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Volume 26. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 581–582 ( efloras.org - online with the same text as the printed work).
  • Leslie A. Garay: 225 (1). Orchidaceae (Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae and Neottioideae) . In: Gunnar Harling, Benkt Sparre (ed.): Flora of Ecuador . tape 9 , 1978, ISSN  0347-8742 , p. 25 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Xinqi Chen, Phillip J. Cribb: habenaria . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Orchidaceae. Volume 25. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2009, pp. 144 ( efloras.org - online with the same text as the printed work).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Charles J. Sheviak: habenaria . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Volume 26. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 581–582 ( efloras.org - online with the same text as the printed work).
  3. ↑ a b c João AN Batista, Karina S. Borges, Marina WF de Faria, Karina Proite, Aline J. Ramalho, Gerardo A. Salazar, Cássio van den Berg: Molecular phylogenetics of the species-rich genus habenaria (Orchidaceae) in the New World based on nuclear and plastid DNA. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 67, Issue 1, April 2013, pp. 95-109, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.01.008 .
  4. ↑ habenaria dentata
  5. ↑ a b habenaria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 8, 2016.
  6. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc sd se sf sg sh si sj sk sl sm sn so sp sq sr ss st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc td te tf tg th ti tj tk tl tm tn to tp tq tr ts tt tu tv tw tx ty tz ua ub uc ud ue uf ug uh ui uj uk ul um un uo up uq ur us ut uu uv uw ux uy uz va vb vc vd ve vf vg vh vi vj vk vl vm vn vo vp vq vr vs vt vu vv vw vx vy vz wa wb wc wd we wf wg wh wi wj wk wl wm wn wo wp wq wr ws wt wu wv ww wx wy wz xa xb xc xd xe xf xg xh xi xj xk xl xm xn xo xp xq xr xs xt xu xv xw xx xy xz ya yb yc yd ye yf yg yh yi yj yk yl ym yn yo yp yq yr ys yt yu yv yw yx yy yz za eg zc zd ze zf zg zh zi zj zk zl zm zn Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Habenaria - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on December 8, 2016.
  8. ^ Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family . University Press, Cambridge 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6 , pp. 143 .
  9. ^ Richard M. Bateman, Peter M. Hollingsworth, Jillian Preston, Luo Yi-Bo, Alec M. Pridgeon, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected habenariinae (Orchidaceae) . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 142 , no. 1 , 2003, ISSN  0024-4074 , doi : 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): habenaria - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on July 9, 2020.
  11. ↑ habenaria dentata in Eng Soon Teoh: Medicinal Orchids of Asia, Genus: habenaria to Ischnogyne. Springer Verlag, 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-24272-9 , on pp. 446-447.
  12. ↑ UNEP WCMC. 2003. Checkl. CITES Sp. 1-339. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center, Cambridge.

further reading

  • JAN Batista, L. de Bem Bianchetti, Z. De JGMiranda: A revision of habenaria section Macroceratitae (Orchidaceae) in Brazil. In: Brittonia. Volume 58, 2006, pp. 10-41.
  • João AN Batista, João Batista F. da Silva, Luciano de Bem Bianchetti: The genus habenaria (Orchidaceae) in the Brazilian Amazon = O gênero habenaria (Orchidaceae) na Amazônia Brasileira. In: Brazilian Journal of Botany ( Rev. bras.Bot .: Print version ISSN  0100-8404 , online version ISSN  1806-9959 ), Volume 31, Issue 1, 2008, doi: 10.1590 / S0100-84042008000100011 .
  • Marcelo Pedron, Cristiano R. Buzatto, Aline J. Ramalho, Bruno M. Carvalho, José A. Radins, Rodrigo B. Singer, João AN Batista: Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomic revision of habenaria section Pentadactylae (Orchidaceae, Orchidinae). In: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 175, Issue 1, May 2014, pp. 47-73. doi: 10.1111 / boj.12161 .

Web links

Commons : habenaria  - album with pictures, videos and audio files