Witch Hazel Family

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Witch Hazel Family
Flowers of Loropetalum chinense

Flowers of Loropetalum chinense

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales)
Family : Witch Hazel Family
Scientific name
Hamamelidaceae
R.Br.
Illustration of the Virginian witch hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana )

The hamamelidaceae (Hamamelidaceae), also Hamamelisgewächse called, are a plant family that the order of the saxifrage-like part (Saxifragales). The family occurs in all regions of the world from the temperate zones to the tropics , its main distribution is the subtropics. Some species are ornamental plants in parks and gardens or make good wood; a few species are known to have medicinal uses.

description

Habit and leaves

They are woody plants: shrubs and trees . Some species are evergreen, but most are deciduous. Star hairs ( trichomes ) are usually present on parts of plants . There are mostly bud scales.

Most alternate and double-spaced or rarely spiral, often against continuously arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple, pinnate leaf blade has a smooth or serrate edge. In some species the leaves are fragrant. The stomata are paracytic. Stipules are present; they are relatively large in some species.

Inflorescences and flowers

Many flowers are in dense, ährigen , rispigen , traubigen or capitate inflorescences together. There are cover sheets . The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual; the plants are always monoecious ( monoecious ). The mostly relatively small, radial symmetry flowers are usually four to five-fold (two to seven-fold). The four to five sepals are fused. If there are petals there are two, four or five, they are free, sometimes they are nailed. There are three, four to five, ten to 14 or 15 to 32 free stamens ; they are either all fertile or some are converted to staminodes . The two-celled pollen grains have three or four to 15 aperturates and are colpat, colporat or rugat. There are usually two, rarely three, upper or lower carpels ; they are free (apocarp) to fused together (synkarp). Each carpel usually has one to six, rarely up to 15 hanging ovules . Pollination takes place by insects ( entomophilia ) or wind ( anemophilia ).

Fruits and seeds

The sepals are often still preserved on the bilobed, loculicidal and septicidal capsule fruits . The very large seeds have a thick, hard, two-colored, shiny seed coat and a large hilum. The seeds can be winged. In some species, the seeds are thrown out. The semen contains an oily endosperm and a straight, well-developed embryo.

Ingredients and sets of chromosomes

There are polyphenols , such as tannins as Gallotannins accumulated . Early ski Exkretgänge containing balms . The chromosome sets are n = 8 and n = 12.

Systematics and distribution

Fossilized leaf of Fothergilla malloryi , approximately 49 million years old from the "Klondike Mountain Formation" in Ferry County, Washington, USA

Today's disjoint distribution of the family and individual genera is only a remnant of the earlier wide distribution. Today species thrive from temperate latitudes to the tropics, with a focus on the subtropics in the northern and southern hemispheres (only five genera). There are species from eastern North America , through Mexico to southern Central America , in Asia , Africa , Madagascar , on the Pacific islands and in Australia . Fossil finds allow the age of the Hamamelidaceae to be estimated at 84 to 86 million years (Zhou et al. 2001). While many fossils have been found in Europe, none of them are naturally found today.

Within the order of the Saxifragales, families with woody species form one clade : Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae , Cercidiphyllaceae , Daphniphyllaceae and Paeoniaceae .

The family name was first published in 1818 by Robert Brown in Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China , p. 374. The type genus is Hamamelis L. Synonyms for Hamamelidaceae R.Br. are: Disanthaceae Nakai, Exbucklandiaceae Reveal & Doweld, Fothergillaceae Nutt., Parrotiaceae Horan., Rhodoleiaceae Nakai.

Subfamily Disanthoideae: double flower ( Disanthus cercidifolius )
Subfamily Exbucklandoideae: Rhodoleia championii
Tribe Corylopsideae: Corylopsis spicata
Tribe Eustigmateae: Sinowilsonia henryi
Tribus Fothergilleae: large plume shrub ( Fothergilla major )
Tribus Fothergilleae: Sycopsis sinensis
Tribus Hamamelideae: Witch hazel ( Hamamelis japonica )

The witch hazel family (Hamamelidaceae) is divided into three subfamilies with about 27 to 28 genera with about 80 species:

  • Subfamily Hamamelidoideae Burnett : The chromosome sets are n = 12. It is divided into four tribes with 23 genera and about 78 species:
    • Tribe Corylopsideae Harms : With the only genus:
      • Mock hazel ( Corylopsis ) sieve. & Zucc. : With 29 to 30 kinds in China (20 kinds), India, Japan and Korea.
  • Tribus Eustigmateae Harms : With three genera:
    • Eustigma Gardner & Champ. : With three kinds in China (all three kinds) and Vietnam.
    • Fortunearia Rehder & EHWilson : Is a monotypical genus with the only species:
      • Fortunearia sinensis Rehder & EHWilson : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 800 and 1000 meters in eastern China : Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang.
    • Sinowilsonia Hemsl. : Is a monotypic genus with the only species:
      • Sinowilsonia henryi Hemsl. : With two varieties in forests at altitudes between 800 and 1500 meters in western China: Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.
  • Tribe Fothergilleae A. DC. (Syn .: Fothergillaceae Nutt. ): With nine genera:
    • Distyliopsis P.K.Endress : With about six species in China (five types), Laos, Malaysia and New Guinea .
    • Distylium sieve. & Zucc. : With around 18 species in China (12 species), Assam , Indonesia (Java and Sumatra), Japan (Ryūkyū Islands only), Korea and Malaysia, including:
    • Feather Bushes ( Fothergilla L. ): With only two species in the southeastern USA .
    • Matudaea Lundell : With three recent species in the Neotropic .
    • Molinadendron P.K. Endress : With three species in western Mexico , Honduras and Guatemala .
    • Parrotia C.A.Mey. (Syn .: Shaniodendron M.B.Deng et al. ): With one or two species:
      • Parrotia persica (DC.) CAMey. : It is endemic to the Elbors Mountains in southwest Asia.
      • Parrotia subaequalis (HTChang) RMHao & HTWei (Syn .: Shaniodendron subaequale (HTChang) MBDeng, HTWei & XQWang ): The home is China. This endangered species thrives only in mountain forests at altitudes 600 and 700 meters in Anhui (Jinzhai Xian, Jixi Xian, Shucheng Xian), in southern Jiangsu (Yixing Xian) and northern Zhejiang (Anji Xian).
    • Parrotiopsis (Nied.) CKSchneid. : Is a monotypic genus with the only species:
      • Sham parrotia ( Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder ) (Syn .: Parrotia jacquemontiana Decne. ) In the Himalayas.
    • Sycopsis olive. : With two to seven species in Assam , China and Southeast Asia , including:
  • Tribus Hamamelideae: With ten genera:

The three genera Altingia Noronha , Liquidambar L. and Semiliquidambar Hung T. Chang , which were previously integrated into the Hamamelidaceae , now form the small Altingiaceae family .

use

Ornamental plants

Some species and hybrids are used as ornamental trees in parks and gardens. It is particularly attractive that some species bloom very early in the year (even in winter).

Medicinal plants

Some species are medicinal plants : Hamamelis virginiana ( drug : Hamamelidis folium - Hamamelis leaves; German names: Hamamelis, Hexenhasel, Virginische Waubernuss): Witch hazel leaves are used for light skin injuries, local inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes; Hemorrhoids and varicose veins . In folk medicine, it is also administered internally for diarrheal diseases. The effects are based on the content of tannins ( astringent , local hemostatic (hemostatic) and anti-inflammatory).

The medicinal effects of Loropetalum chinense have been studied.

Typical ingredients within the witch hazel family are polyphenols , including tannins (especially gallotannins), and balms.

Wood

The dark brown wood of Distylium racemosum is used, for example, to make musical instruments. Of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana baskets and ropes are manufactured for bridges made of the flexible branches; the hard, heavy wood is used, for example, for footbridges, tent poles and ax handles.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Shuguang Jian, Pamela S. Soltis, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Michael J. Moore, Ruiqi Li, Tory A. Hendry, Yin-Long Qiu, Amit Dhingra, Charles D. Bell & Douglas E. Soltis: Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales , in Systematic Biology , 2008, 57 (1), pp. 38-57. doi : 10.1080 / 10635150801888871 Online.
  2. ↑ a b c Hamamelidoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ Maingaya malayana in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species . Posted by: LSLChua, 1998. Retrieved September 2009.
  4. ↑ Loropetalum chinense at Plants for a Future .
  5. ^ Distylium racemosum at Plants for a Future .
  6. ^ Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana at Plants for a Future .

Web links

Commons : Witch Hazel Family (Hamamelidaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Laurence J. Dorr: Hamamelidaceae in the Flora of Nicaragua : Online at Tropicos.
  • Luz María González Villarreal, Noemí Jiménez-Reyes & Leticia Hernández López: La familia Hamamelidaceae en el estado de Jalisco, México , Colección Flora de Jalisco , 18, Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002, 29 pages, ISBN 970270569X : PDF-Online. ( Memento from September 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive )