Altingia
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Altingia is a genus of plants inthe Altingiaceae family . It includes about ten species of evergreen trees that are common in southern China , the eastern Himalayas, and Southeast Asia . The best known species, Altingia excelsa , supplies a valuable timber under the trade name “Rasamala”.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Altingia species are evergreen trees. The individual types differ in the achievable dimensions. While Altingia excelsa can grow to heights of up to 50 m - in individual cases even 60 m - other species, such as Altingia cambodiana , hardly grow higher than 10 m. The shoot axes contain secretion canals. The scale-covered buds are narrowly ovate. The screw- like leaves are stalked up to 4 cm long. The mostly paired, very narrow stipules are up to 6 mm long. They are either obsolete and leave small scars or are fused with the petiole and last longer. The simple and undivided, leathery, two-tone leaf blades have a lanceolate to ovoid or obovate shape. They are 4–15 (–17) cm long and 1.5–7 cm wide. The feathery leaf nerve is kamptodromic, that is, the curved lateral nerves branch out before they reach the edge of the blade. The leaflets are glandular notched-serrated or with entire margins.
The wood of Altingia excelsa has no recognizable or only indistinct growth zone boundaries . The heartwood is brown to red in color and has no color stripes, the sapwood is clearly different in color. The bulk density is 0.6-0.85 kg / dm 3 .
Inflorescences
The sex distribution of the flowers is single sexed ( monoecious ). The male and female inflorescences are stalked heads that are initially covered by four bracts . The many-flowered male heads are spherical to short cylindrical. There are some tiny bracts between the densely packed flowers . These heads are arranged in racemose to paniculate overall inflorescences, which are at the ends of the branches or just a little below. The long-stalked female heads, consisting of 5–30 intergrown flowers, are arranged individually or in clusters near the branch ends or in the lower part of predominantly male heads containing total inflorescences.
blossoms
The small, unisexual flowers have no flower cover . The male flowers consist exclusively of four to ten free stamens with very short and thick or missing stamens. The basifix, that is, the anthers attached to the base of the filament, have an inverted to ovoid shape and are trimmed at their upper end. The two counters each consist of two pollen sacks and open lengthways with a slit. Stamens are absent in the female flowers, but needle-like staminodes are sometimes present. The rudimentary disc is represented by a varying number of small lobes. The half under constant up under constant ovary consists of two intergrown, free only at the tip carpels . The two awl styles are often strongly curved back outwards. On their upper side, they have a papillary scar that runs down the stylus . Each of the two ovary compartments contains (12–) 28–50 ovules , which are inserted in four rows on the central angular placenta on the septum.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits of a fruit cluster are fused together to form a spherical to hemispherical head, in which the well-developed fruits are mixed with aborted ones. The individual fruits are woody, inverted to inverted pyramidal capsule fruits , which are surrounded by a ring of enlarged, hardened discus lobes. The stylus or most of it and the staminodes are no longer present in the fruit state. The two-compartment capsules open in columns with two two-part flaps and contain numerous seeds in each compartment . The top seeds are sterile and wingless. A single or a few of the lower seeds are fertile. These are flattened and winged narrowly along the edge or only at the tip. The seed coat is thick and hard. There is little endosperm .
Chromosomes
Both species examined so far agree with one another in terms of the number of chromosomes . Both Altingia excelsa and Altingia yunnanensis have a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 32.
distribution and habitat
The main distribution area of the genus Altingia extends from the southern slope of the eastern Himalayas ( Bhutan , Northeast India , Southeast Tibet ) to southern Myanmar ( Mergui ) and from the southern Chinese provinces of Zhejiang , Hunan , Guizhou and Yunnan to northern and eastern Thailand , to Cambodia and southern Vietnam . Altingia excelsa also has smaller sub-areas in mountain regions in western Malaysia ( Pahang ) as well as on Sumatra and in the west of Java . There are eight species in China, four of which are endemic there .
The species of the genus Altingia grow especially in moist evergreen forests and in mountain forests. The occurrences are usually above 400 m above sea level . Altingia excelsa, for example, occurs in the lower elevations of the eastern Himalayas up to 1,830 m. Some species are specified for above-average moist locations, such as Altingia cambodiana for moist soils in the vicinity of waterfalls. Altingia siamensis (= A. takhtajanensis ) is characteristic of rocky river banks and can form pure stands in narrow trenches on granitic subsoil. This species occurs in the south of Vietnam also in relatively low altitudes down to about 200 m above sea level.
Flower biology
The construction of the flowers without a display device , with large stigmas and anthers, as well as dust-like pollen makes it very likely that the Altingia species are mainly pollinated by the wind ( anemophilia ). The genus is regularly represented in pollen precipitation in the corresponding regions in tropical Asia.
Taxonomy and systematics
The first description of Altingia was made in 1790 by the Spanish botanist Francisco Noroña in a posthumous publication. He had met the type species Altingia excelsa during his stay on the island of Java (1786–1787). Sedgwickia handle. is a synonym .
The genus Altingia is traditionally usually placed in the witch hazel family (Hamamelidaceae), for example together with semiliquidambar and the sweetgum trees ( Liquidambar ) in a separate subfamily Altingioideae. Molecular biological studies have shown that the witch hazel family, which is so broadly defined, is not monophyletic . Since then, the three genera mentioned have been separated into their own Altingiaceae family. Recent studies have shown the Altingiaceae as part of a clade consisting of tree and shrub species ("woody clade") within the Saxifragales. They are here the sister taxon of a clade with the three remaining families Witch Hazel, Cake Tree (Cercidiphyllaceae) and Daphniphyllaceae .
There are contradicting results regarding the relationships within the Altingiaceae. While a cladistic analysis based on morphological features confirmed both Altingia and Liquidambar as monophyletic with good statistical assurance, phylogenetic studies based on molecular biological data have shown all three genera of the family to be para- or polyphyletic . The following cladogram presents an example of kinship relationships as they are represented using molecular biological methods:
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etymology
The genus is named in honor of Willem Arnold Alting (1724–1800), the governor general of the Dutch East Indies at the time when the first descriptor Francisco Noroña visited Java.
species
The genus Altingia includes about ten - depending on the author five to twelve - species. The genus needs a taxonomic revision .
| Scientific name | distribution |
|---|---|
| Altingia cambodiana Lecomte | Cambodia (Elephant Mountains) |
| Altingia chinensis ( Champ. Ex Benth. ) Olive. ex Hance | Widespread in South China , Vietnam |
| Altingia excelsa Noronha | Bhutan , Assam , China (Southeast Tibet , Yunnan ), Myanmar , Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , West Java |
| Altingia gracilipes Hemsl. | Southeast China ( Zhejiang to Guangdong , Hainan ) |
| Altingia multinervis W.C.Cheng | South China ( Guizhou ) |
| Altingia obovata Merr. & Chun | South China (Hainan) |
| Altingia poilanei Tardieu | North Vietnam ( Lào Cai ) |
| Altingia siamensis Craib | South China (Yunnan, Guangdong), Vietnam, Laos , Cambodia, Thailand |
| Altingia tenuifolia Chun ex Hung T.Chang | South China (Guizhou, Jiangxi ) |
| Altingia yunnanensis Rehder & EHWilson | South China (Yunnan), Vietnam (unsafe) |
swell
- Endress PK 1993: Hamamelidaceae. In: Kubitzki K., Rohwer JG, Bittrich V. (Ed.): The families and genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. II: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York, ISBN 3-540-55509-9 , pp. 322-331.
- Tardieu blot M.-L. 1965: Hamamelidaceae. In: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Fasc. 4. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 75-116.
- Vink W. 1957: Hamamelidaceae. In: Flora Malesiana. Ser. I, Vol. 5 (3). Botanic Gardens of Indonesia, Bogor, Rijksherbarium, Leyden, pp. 363-379. - Altingia - Online
- Zhang Zhiyun, Zhang Hongda & Endress PK 2003: Hamamelidaceae. In: Flora of China. Vol. 9. Science Press, Beijing, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 , pp. 18-42. - Altingia - Online
Individual evidence
- ↑ Richter HG, Dallwitz MJ: Altingia excelsa. In: Commercial Timbers. Retrieved January 16, 2013 .
- ^ Goldblatt P., & Johnson DE (Ed.): Altingia. In: Tropicos.org: Index to Plant Chromosome Numbers (IPCN). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 16, 2013 .
- ^ Long DG 1987: Family 65. Hamamelidaceae. In: Flora of Bhutan. Vol. 1 (3). Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, ISBN 0-9504270-6-3 , pp. 468-471.
- ↑ Tardieu blot M.-L. 1965 , p. 95.
- ↑ Tardieu blot M.-L. 1965 , p. 99.
- ↑ Endress PK 1993 , p. 324. - Preview in the Google book search
- ^ Corlett RT 2004: Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region. Biological Reviews 79: 497-532. - doi : 10.1017 / S1464793103006341
- ↑ Noroña F. 1790: Relatio plantarum Javanensium iter factione usque in Bandong recognitarum a Dne. F. Noron (h) a. Negotiations van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 5: 1. - see also: Altingia. In: Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 16, 2013 .
- ↑ Endress PK 1989: A supAGENeric taxonomic classification of the Hamamelidaceae. Taxon 38: 371-376. - JSTOR 1222267
- ↑ Chase MW, Soltis DE, Olmstead RG, Morgan D., Les DH, Mishler BD, Duvall MR, Price RA, Hills HG, Qui Yin-Long, Kron KA, Rettig JH, Conti E., Palmer JD, Manhart JR, Sytsma KJ, Michaels HJ, Kress WJ, Karol KG, Clark WD, Hedrén M., Gaut BS, Jansen RK, Kim Ki-Joong, Wimpee CF, Smith JF, Furnier GR, Strauss SH, Xiang Qiu-Yun, Plunkett GM, Soltis PS, Swensen SM, Williams SE, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ, Eguiarte LE, Golenberg E., 21 Learn GH, Graham SW, Barrett, SCH, Dayanandan S., Albert VA 1993: Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 528-580. - online
- ↑ Jian Shuguang, Soltis PS, Gitzendanner MA, Moore MJ, Li Ruiqi, Hendry TA, Qiu Yin-Long, Dhingra A., Bell CD, Soltis DE 2001: Resolving an ancient, rapid radiation in Saxifragales. Systematic Biology 57: 38-57. - doi : 10.1080 / 10635150801888871
- ↑ Soltis DE, Smith SA, Cellinese N., Wurdack KJ, Tank TC, Brockington SF, Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Walker JB, Moore MJ, Carlsward BS, Bell CD, Latvis M., Crawley S., Black C., Diouf D., Xi Zhenxiang, Rushworth CA, Gitzendanner MA, Sytsma KJ, Qiu Yin-Long, Hilu KW, Davis CC, Sanderson MJ, Beaman RS, Olmstead RG, Judd WS, Donoghue MJ, Soltis PS 2011: Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes , 640 taxa. American Journal of Botany 98: 704-730. - doi : 10.3732 / ajb.1000404
- ↑ Ickert-Bond SM, Pigg KB, Wen J. 2007: Comparative infructescence morphology in Altingia (Altingiaceae) and discordance between morphological and molecular phylogenies. American Journal of Botany 94: 1094-1115. - doi : 10.3732 / ajb.94.7.1094
- ↑ a b Shi S., Huang Y., Zhong Y., Du Y., Zhang Q., Chang H., Boufford DE 2001: Phylogeny of the Altingiaceae based on cpDNA matK, PY-IGS and nrDNA ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 230: 13-24. - doi : 10.1007 / s006060170002
- ↑ Ickert-Bond SM, Wen J. 2006: Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: Evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 512-528. - doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2005.12.003
- ↑ Hayne FG 1830: Faithful representation and description of the plants used in medicine. Vol. 11. Berlin. - Preview in Google Book Search
- ↑ Endress PK 1993 , p. 330. - Preview in the Google book search
Web links
- Altingia. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, accessed January 16, 2013 .