Hamster fur

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hamster skins of the European hamster are mainly used for lining textile coats or jackets. The European hamster is one of the most colorful European fur animals . With the exception of the Hungarian hamster, wild populations have been strictly protected by the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive of the European Union since March 31, 1980; these skins may not be traded. An exemption from the prohibition of possession and marketing is required for imports from third countries.

Hamster fur

hide

The coat length is about 24 to 34 cm, the tail is slightly hairy and 4 to 6 cm long. The short and not very thick hair is medium-fine, the lower hair is fuller and longer on the back than on the sides of the fur. The coat is strikingly colorful: the head is reddish-yellow, the back is yellow-brown with black tips in the upper hair, and sometimes the back is completely black. The throat is white, the patches on the cheeks are yellow, white markings in the front coat. The wavy under hair is blue-gray to dark slate gray. The leather is very thin and the fur is very light. The laurel leaf-shaped so-called "rammelcken" on the back are cut out during processing; the processed hamster skins therefore have four characteristic seams together with the areas of the cut out ears. The approximately 40 × 8 mm patches are skin glands that form bald spots with short, stiff bristles.

Hamster food (quatrain)
Hamster food (rarer blackish variant, "bog" - or "mold hamster")

The length of the awns is 20–21 mm. They have a thickness of 0.0125 to 0.015 mm at the base, 0.075 mm in the shaft area and 0.039 to 0.0525 mm in the area of ​​the flattened awn. They are angled bluntly from the shaft.

The durability coefficient for hamster skins is given as 30–40%. If the fur animals are divided into the fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hamster hair is classified as medium-fine.

There are also white, black and yellowish ("sand hamsters") and piebald hamsters. In the first half of the 20th century such a noticeable increase in black animals was observed in the eastern provenances that it was speculated about a gradual and complete displacement of the colorful hamster. As early as 1770, the Russian researcher Peter Simon Pallas wrote : “Among the remarkable animals of the local area, the very black degeneration of the hamsters, which are so common in all the southern steppes of Russia and which are given the name Karbusch, must be mentioned. In the steppes around Simbirsk the black hamsters are noticed almost more frequently than the common brightly colored hamsters, with which they not infrequently mix, so that one also sometimes encounters brightly colored and black in a hedge. A little further south, such as B. around Samara , one does not find this variety, and the cause of it is difficult to determine, since the climate in such a small distance can not be blamed ”.

Schwarzlinge were always a rarity in Germany, evidence of their existence can be seen in the Museum der Natur in Gotha . In 1903/04, however, a hunting tenant in the area around Kölleda in Thuringia managed to get so many melanine skins together that he could have a fur made from them. What Hans Werner wrote in 1914 in Die Kürschnerkunst is probably questionable from a zoological perspective :

" From the pairing of colored and black animals, the very distinctive looking gray hamsters arise , which are often used in the production area for peculiar costume trimmings ."

May hamsters are particularly large skins that have no visible dark offspring in the leather. Autumn hamsters are significantly lower in hair quality. The catch takes place mainly in May and especially in September (after the fields have been harvested). Green-leather and blue-leather skins are also known as "blue hamsters".

Gerhard Heinrich Buse wrote about the quality of the fur and the catch in 1801 in The Whole of the Plot :

“The hamster fur is recommended not only because it is lightly and heavily covered with hair, not very heated, and nevertheless extremely protected from the cold, but also because it retains its shine, is durable and cheap.
They are caught partly in the spring, when they have hardly emerged from their winter sojourn, because that is where their furs are most beautiful, in traps or in pots that are dug into the ground, partly in autumn, by digging up which of the so-called Hamster burrows happen that have been fed from it for a while. But the authorities have to keep a watchful eye on these people, often only removing the grain from the hamsters' magazines and letting the hamsters run so that they can reap the following year where they have not sown. "

Hamster skin bag, recycled from an inner lining, 2011

The best hamster skins traditionally came from Germany, with furriers in the Harz region delivering top quality. Other regions in central Germany should also be mentioned, for example Thuringia, with centers in Gotha and Langensalza . Before 1967, around 95 percent of the hamster population in the GDR came from the districts of Halle and Magdeburg.

Heinrich Hanicke wrote in his handbook for furriers in 1895 :

“In Germany, the hamster is most common in Thuringia and Saxony and has developed an industry in the Harz in the cities of Quedlinburg , Halberstadt , Oschersleben , which does not face competition in terms of cheapness, preparation and range of hamster skins, but in relation to it leaves a lot to be desired for good sewing, but it has also gotten better in recent years.
Individual Weißenfelser Fehkürschner had dealt with it in their breaks and had achieved good results. Their fodder was preferred to be bought and in any case this has also had an effect on the previous manufacturers. "

For a time, the little Weißenfels was a big competitor to Russia in the processing of small skins such as feh, hamsters and others. Partly in home work, but also in large workshops, round linings, called rotundas, were created here to the highest perfection.

High-quality skins come from Hungary today, and there are similar qualities in Romania. The skins from Russia (European part and Siberia) are more reddish than the Central and West German.

history

Hamster food and fur-trimmed hat (1663 at the latest)

Already in the Middle Ages, the eye-catching hamster skin was often used for jewelry and plaster, writes the newly opened hunter's practice Heinrich Wilhelm Döbels, Vienna 1746, but it was very important to "lining under man's clothes and dressing gowns [sic] and also for women's rooms under contouches , furs and the like helpful and useful ”. The early use confirms a Silesian order from the year 1505 to combat the luxury of clothing: "From now on neither a woman nor a virgin should buy a Grotschene Kursche more expensive than twelve gulden". The grotschene kursche is a hamster fur skirt (Middle High German grutsch "hamster"); By the way, by the word Kursche one can easily recognize the linguistic relationship with the word Kürschner. The hamster furrier was called Grutschner (Unger-Khull 310a) at this time. The theologian and reformer Martin Chemnitz, who came from Treuenbrietzen and died in 1586, is depicted in a painting by an unknown artist with a hamster food (see illustration). His area of ​​life was with the Harz foreland in a typical hamster catching area, he died in Braunschweig .

Around 1820 a natural history book notes that the fur is used as a bad fur . In 1841 Brockhaus wrote that hamster skins were a little sought-after commodity and that black hamsters were most valued. They came from the Russian Simbirsk and Ufa , "also, albeit in small numbers, from Thuringia" . The black peritoneum was cut off at the time and did not come on the market. A furrier book from 1844 confirmed the low esteem at the time and cited the reason that the fur was neither warm nor soft. At the turn of the 19th century, Johann Matthäus Bechstein had a more positive view of the fur, as he said that the hamster's hide is not used as it deserves for a long time, perhaps just because it is too mean and not expensive enough for us . The fur cost only 3 to 6 pfennigs in “Gothaischen” at that time, but 111,187 hamsters were caught in the city hall of Gotha in 1817 alone . In 1939, 10,000 hamsters were caught in Wanzleben over the summer. According to one report, there was no decline in stocks despite the catch premiums.

The Harz furriers in particular, with their beautifully crafted hamster feed, made the article popular again. In addition, there was the "subsidization" of the price in some countries through catch premiums, since the hamster was violently persecuted by the farmers as a temporarily catastrophic grain pest. In the chronicle of Schornsheim Rheinhessen, 19th century stands in a later Note: Even from 1950 to 1960, the hamsters were caught and per piece, there were 1.80  DM .

Hamster skin plaid, 1909

Before they are wholesaled, the skins are put together into so-called "fodder". Before 1864, around 7,000 to 9,500 hamster foods were sold annually. A dozen of them cost 15 to 36 thalers; they were consumed in Germany, Italy, France and Turkey. The manufacture of these semi-finished products was still widespread in Central Germany until the GDR era. “Hamster furriers ”, who also prepared (tanned) the skins themselves , were among others. a. in Aschersleben , Quedlinburg and Weißenfels ; since then, the fur tablets have probably only come from the Balkan countries, and most recently only from Hungary. There the skins are still processed by the furrier from the fur finishing to the fur lining in one hand. After the Second World War , hamster skins came from the Ukraine and the European Soviet Union for some time. In general, the skins from outside Germany and thus from Eastern Europe only regained the importance mentioned by Brockhaus in 1841 after the war.

In times of shortage, one was forced to think again and again of the native fur animals. During the Second World War, thought was given to breeding the Thuringian hamster for fur purposes. The first successful breeding attempts had been carried out instead of breeding plain- colored hamsters for one of the most colorful animals in our wilderness. Were mentioned by Hans Petzsch of the zoo in Dresden, the naturally occurring special colors, such as pure white, red and yellow, sand yellow, ivory, and black weißgescheckte, the scientific director.

Around 1950 a fur journal reported that the golden hamster , rediscovered in Syria only twenty years ago and which was bred en masse as an experimental animal within a very short time, should also be used for fur purposes. In Germany, however, he was only known for two or three years. "We will shortly need 10,000 skins of these animals every day for the production of luxury furs for export" , it said in a brochure of a West German "fur breeding company ". Up to this point, however, nothing was known about the use of Syrian hamster skin for fur purposes, and experts considered it to be inferior to any rabbit as fur . Nothing is known about a later, actual use either. Only the London tailors Gieves & Hawkens offered a one-time men's jacket made from 100 farmed hamsters in April 2000. A company director noted that "the use of farmed hamster fur has offended some people".

Trade, processing

Coat with colored hamster food (2009)

The hamster food consists of rows of fur placed one on top of the other; the fewer rows of the same length, the more valuable and durable the food. At least three rows of fur are required for a commercially available food, the lowest qualities have up to seven fur on top of each other.

The traditional dimensions for a hamster food are: height 100 to 115 centimeters, the bottom width 140 to 150 centimeters, above about 120 centimeters. During the last World War in 1941, an order from the Reichsstelle für Rauchwaren (Reichsstelle für Rauchwaren) stipulated other, firmly prescribed dimensions for feed made from hamster skins belonging to a native , including the incorporated eastern regions : one half was 120 centimeters long, the other 130 centimeters , with a width of 15 to 16 heads each at the top and bottom. In the following year, the regulation was amended to the effect that the upper width must be 125 to 130 centimeters, the lower 165 to 170 centimeters, regardless of the number of skins processed .

In 1965, the fur consumption for a fur board with 80 to 100 fur (so-called coat “body”) was specified for a hamster coat (!). A board with a length of 112 centimeters and an average width of 150 centimeters and an additional sleeve section was used as the basis. This corresponds roughly to a fur material for a slightly exhibited coat of clothing size 46 from 2014. The maximum and minimum fur numbers can result from the different sizes of the sexes of the animals, the age groups and their origin. Depending on the type of fur, the three factors have different effects.

It is no longer customary, decreasing until about 1990, to sew the finished linings together on the long sides as "rotundas" to form a tube. Even earlier, in some areas, they were also sewn up at the bottom to form so-called hamsters "sacks".

Hamster food, detail of the leather side. A coat with dark offspring.

In 1801, Buse vividly describes the processing of the skins into panels:

“After the skins have been done (tanned, trimmed) , they are cut in the following way and pinned together. The lower part of the abdomen is cut off and thrown away, being bad of hair, except for a black stripe on each side. The ears and bristle patches, which the furriers call loins, are also cut out and sewn up. The skins prepared in this way have the shape of elongated squares and are either 90 pieces or 1½ shock sewn together, which is then called a board; or also in shock (60 pieces) sewn together and then 3 shock (according to Bechstein only 2 shock) sold under the name of a sack. "

Hamster coat made of semi-fur (with mink appliqués, 1982)

In Cubaeus we find this in 1911, one hundred and ten years later:

“The side stays entirely on it because of the pretty black and light drawing and it is only to be regretted that the hair swirls especially on the cheeks above and the lining shows uncomfortably thin spots. Furriers who work exceptionally carefully supplement this deficiency by inserting pieces of black mesh (lambskin type) . "

In 1959, the fur staffer Eva Laue regretted that hamster shirts were worn very little at the time, although they had many advantages. This was a fur lining without unnecessary width that was closed with hooks and eyes or similar, or if worked even narrower, could be worn unlocked under different coats.

Today hamster skins are mainly used for lining, natural or dyed, and occasionally for all kinds of clothing .

Numbers and facts

World production of hamster skins (estimated)
year number source
1864 200,000 Heinrich Lomer
1900 150,000 Paul Larisch / Joseph Schmidt
1923/24 2,500,000 Emil Brass
1930 1,000,000 IPA - International Fur Exhibition Leipzig
1950 4,000,000 Friedrich Lübstorff
1987 The attack on the world market (practically exclusively in the form of food):
  • Hungary: 20,000-30,000
  • Romania: 3000-4000
  • GDR 1000–1500
 Jury Fränkel's Rauchwaren-Handbuch
  • In 1925 hamster skins were offered in German tobacco wholesalers for 4 to 6 Reichsmarks.
  • In 1927 hamster skins were traded for the first time by the Russian state trade and 10,000 skins were purchased.
Portrait of Adele Zwintscher in hamster fur ( Oskar Zwintscher , 1914)

|

GDR postage stamp for the Leipzig autumn fair 1958: "Fur export - hamster food"
  • Before 1944 , the maximum price for hamster skins was:
Maifang 1.50 RM; Autumn catch 1, - RM, colored 2, - RM.
  • 1958 to 1964
Hamster catch results in the GDR from 1958 to 1964 (approx. (Rounding error) )
year piece year piece
1961 272,800
1958 2,220,000 1962 822,000
1959 1,100,000 1963 640,000
1960 450,000 1964 1,480,000
  • 1961 and 1962
Hamster catch results in 1961 and 1962 in the GDR (ratio of May hamsters / autumn hamsters)
year May hamster Autumn hamster
1961 87,600 185,200
1962 684.200 138,000
  • In 1966 hamsters were, in terms of quantity, the largest (fur) export item from domestic production in the GDR, alongside Kanin .
  • 1975
Qualitative percentage assortment evaluation 1975 of hamster skins of the GDR
May assortment
extra Yes Ib II III IV
3.6 15.0 26.2 41.2 13 1.0
Fall assortment
I. II. III. IV. without value
17.6 42.3 34.5 5.5 0.1
  • 1,976 were from Brühl fur around 400,000 hamster skins processed. With the increasing population density, the harvest damage caused by hamsters was so great in some parts of the GDR that the hamsters were not only caught but also poisoned in competition with the hamster catchers. At the time there were 780 hamster catchers in the GDR, 106 of them in the Wansleben district. In the district of Staßfurt there were 49,000 skins, in the district of Erfurt 42,000. In the Magdeburg district, 11 percent more skins were delivered, and a premium of 10 pfennigs was paid for each “multi-skin”. The master locksmith Friedrich Schäfer from Egeln had constructed a hamster trap on behalf of the district, of which 14,500 had already been made. In 1975 53,000 furs were bought in the Aschersleben district; 1400 of these autumn hamsters came from the catcher Schrader. After 122 hamsters were counted per hectare of root parsley, the hamster catcher commissioned there captured over 1000 animals on 20 hectares. It took him an hour to pull off, stretch and hang up 28 to 32 skins. On average, he set up 50 traps in the evening, and he was successful with about two-thirds each. “The deserving, longtime old catcher, Mr. Karl Bloch from Hamersleben (district of Oschersleben), despite his old age (78), was able to show a catch result of almost 1,100 hamster skins in May 1975 through hard work and passion for catching. The director of the University of Film and Television, colleague Sommerschuh, made a film about Mr Bloch with the title: >> The Hamster Catcher from Hamersleben <<. "
In 1976 , an attempt was made to prove the economic benefit of recycling hamster skins compared to the damage caused by hamsters, the "major pest of valuable crops", for agriculture, which also incurs costs from the poisoning campaigns:
In the value-based production of the Wildware Schkeuditz plant , around 1,500 hamster food worth 220,000 marks and around 250 hamster coats worth 215,000 marks, a total of 435,000 marks, were worked.
The women mostly dealt with stripping the skins, a catcher woman was known who achieved 60 skins an hour. In the past, the Fiolka family from Wolmirsleben had particularly distinguished themselves (the senior of the family had since died), catching 45,000 animals in one year.
In 1979 , instead of the steady increase in hamster populations in the GDR, which had only been declared three years earlier and which was noticeably damaging to agriculture, a dramatic decline was observed. The highest incidence of hamster pelts in the Halle district was in 1957 , at 1,305,657 pelts. The minimum catch was in 1977 with 27,079 skins, a 48-fold decrease compared to the maximum catch. Faster harvesting, the use of herbicides and the laying of poison baits against mice were suspected to be the cause, without any further studies being available.

See also

Commons : Hamsterskin  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Hamster Skin Clothing  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Hamster Skin Processing  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

annotation

  1. ↑ The specified comparative values ​​( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The numbers are ambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur trimming and finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis.

    The division was made in steps of 10 percent each. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

literature

  • In Brühl , VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, July / August 1980: 1) Jödecke: Call for more intensive hamster trapping . 2) A round table discussion with experts: Joint actions to intensify hamster trapping. 3) H. Osterloh, Magdeburg: Trapping hamsters brings great benefits . 4) Editor: How do you catch hamsters? Pp. 31-37
  • R. Piechocki: About the decrease in the occurrence of hamster skins in the GDR. In: Brühl , 20, Heft 4, 1979, pp. 11-13

Web links

Wiktionary: hamster fur  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Scientific information system for international species protection (Wisia) of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation
  2. ^ Fritz Hempe: Handbook for furriers . Verlag Kürschner-Zeitung Alexander Duncker, Leipzig 1932, pp. 102-103
  3. ↑ a b Heinrich Dathe, Paul Schöps et al .: Pelztieratlas , VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1986, pp. 107-109
  4. ↑ Paul Schöps, H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König , W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficients of fur skins in Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58
  5. ↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. VI / New Series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40
  6. ^ Friedrich Lorenz: Rauchwareenkunde . Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1958, 4th revised edition, pp. 48–49
  7. ↑ Peter Simon Pallas: Journey through the various provinces of the Russian Empire . Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 1771–1776, first volume, pages 128–129. Reprinted by the Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1967.
  8. ↑ a b Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and pelts . FC Mayer Verlag, Munich 1970, pp. 103-107
  9. ↑ Hans Petzsch : Chats about the hamster and its fur. In: Magazine Hermelin, Leipzig - Berlin 1948, No. 4–6, p. 309
  10. ↑ Hans Werner: Die Kürschnerkunst , Verlag Bernh. Friedr. Voigt, Leipzig 1914, pp. 82-83
  11. ^ Gerhard Heinrich Buse: The whole of the plot or complete manual of the most excellent plot knowledge. Volume 4, 1st part, Erfurt 1801, p. 97. - Quoted here. after Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse, Fritz Schmitz: The hamster. In: The fur trade. Writings for fur customers and the fur industry. 7, 1956, No. 1., pp. 11-16.
  12. ↑ Horst Keil: The trade in raw fur skins in the GDR. Central control center for information and documentation of the Institute for the Collection and Purchase of Agricultural Products, Berlin 1967, p. 31.
  13. ↑ Heinrich Hanicke: Handbook for furrier . Verlag Alexander Duncker, Leipzig 1895, pp. 43–44.
  14. ^ Francis Weiss : From Adam to Madam . From the original manuscript part 2 (of 2), (approx. 1980 / 1990s), in the manuscript p. 283. (English).
  15. ↑ Bruno Schwier: The names of the furrier , Technological specialist dictionary. Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin, pp. 21-22. Quoted there from Scriptores rerum Silesiacarum, Breslau 1835 ff., III 201.
  16. ^ German dictionary by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm , 16 vols. [In 32 sub-volumes]. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854-1960. - List of sources 1971.
  17. ↑ Strack: Natural history in pictures with explanatory text . Publishing house of the lithographic institute bey Arnz & Comp., Düsseldorf. Plate 17. Approx. 1820-1826
  18. ^ FA Brockhaus: General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. Published by JS Ed and IG Gruber, Leipzig 1841. Third Section OZ, keyword "Fur"
  19. ^ Christian Heinrich Schmidt: The furrier art . Verlag BF Voigt, Weimar 1844, p. 18.
  20. ^ Heinrich Lomer : Der Rauchwaaren-Handel , self-published, Leipzig 1864.
  21. ^ According to information from the company Csányi Szörme Kft., Sződ and Budapest; Hamsterkürschner March 8, 2008.
  22. ↑ Russian fur industry . In: Alexander Tuma: Pelzlexikon. XXI. Band of fur and tobacco products . Alexander Tuma publishing house, 1951.
  23. ↑ Hans Petzsch , quoted: The breeding of hamster skins . In “Der Rauchwarenmarkt”, Leipzig August 8, 1941, pp. 1–2. Primary source: "Freude am Leben", a picture magazine of the Reichsbund für Biologie, issue 4, July 1941.
  24. ↑ signed German: women's fur coats and luxury sports furs made from golden hamster skins . In: Die Pelzwirtschaft , Berlin approx. 1950, p. 168.
  25. ↑ London: Gieves and Hawkes drops Hamster jacket . In: Winckelmann International - Fur Bulletin 2506 - Sales Report 635 , Winckelmann Communication Frankfurt, April 20, 2000, p. 4 (English). Primary source: The Daily Telegraph , April 17, 2000.
  26. ↑ Dr. Schettler, the Reich Commissioner for Tobacco Products: 1. Implementation provision for the 7th order of the Reich Office for Tobacco Products v. Oct 5, 1942 . In: Kürschner-Zeitung 59th vol. 29/30, Verlag Alexander Duncker, Leipzig October 15, 1942, p. 225.
  27. ↑ Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. XVI / New Series 1965 No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al., Pp. 7-12. Note: The information for a body was only made to make the types of fur easier to compare. The following dimensions for a coat body were taken as a basis: body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.
  28. ↑ a b Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse, Fritz Schmitz: The hamster . In: The fur trade. Writings for Pelzkunde und Pelzindustrie , 7, 1956, Issue 1, pp. 11-16
  29. ↑ Paul Cubaeus: The whole of Skinning . 2nd revised edition. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna / Leipzig, approx. 1911, pp. 332–333
  30. ↑ Eva Laue: The inner lining . In: Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume X / New Series, No. 1, 1959, p. 35, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin / Ffm. / Leipzig / Vienna. - Note: In the Kürschnerzeitung , Verlag Alexander Duncker Leipzig, there was an advertisement in issue 11 of April 11, 1939 (56th year), p. 358 with the following content: Hamster shirt DRGM tot. gesch., hamster doublet (with sleeves). Additional garment for women. Natural or sable hamsters. No change to the coat necessary! Presentation and sale by Oscar Kirsten, Leipzig C 1, Reichsstraße 10. New products exhibition stand 36 . It shows a drawing of a lady with a loose fur lining tied at the front under a fabric coat.
  31. ^ Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel's [sic] Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10. revised u. added new edition Rifra-Verlag, Murrhardt 1988/89, pp. 192-193.
  32. ↑ Jonni Wende company brochure, Rauchwaren en wholesale, Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, New York, August 1925, p. 5.
  33. ↑ Without the author's details: Purchases of hamster skins in Russia . In: Pelzhandel , 3rd year, March 1927, Sächsische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, p. 156.
  34. ^ Friedrich Malm, August Dietzsch: The art of the furrier. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1951, p. 34.
  35. ↑ a b Horst Keil: The trade in raw fur hides in the GDR . Ed. Central control center for information and documentation of the institute for the collection and purchase of agricultural products, Berlin. 1967, pp. 24-25. → Table of contents
  36. ↑ Kistner, director from Brühlpelz : The rabbit fur in the tobacco industry in the GDR. In: Brühl , No. 6, December 1966, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, p. 5
  37. ↑ a b c M. Bünning: Year-round hamster fishing - economic necessity . In Brühl March / April 1976, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, pp. 36–37
  38. ↑ Gisela Unrein: Hamster skins - valuable local raw materials and Karl Bloch - portrait of a hamster catcher . In: Brühl January / February 1976, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, pp. 10-14
  39. ↑ Hermann Flohr, quoted in: Around the hamster . In Brühl May / June 1976, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, p. 12
  40. ↑ R. Pichocki: About the decline in the occurrence of hamster skins in the GDR . In Brühl July / August 1979, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, pp. 11-13, 39