Cat fur

Domestic cat skins. Marble cat on the left, Zyper cat on the right

A cat's fur is the hairy skin of the house cat . In its capacity as a commercial article, furs made from cat fur were relatively common until after the Second World War (1939–1945) . Until the First World War (1914–1918), besides being used for rheumatic diseases (as body warmers ), cat skins were used almost exclusively for inner lining in so-called “ furs ”; it was only later that they were used to a greater extent for women's outer furs. - In 1970 it was said:

"In contrast to the dogs, our cats , Pussis and Peters and whatever their names are, are very respected fur animals."

In 2002, the German fur trade associations declared for their members, in consideration of the discussion that had arisen in Western countries, to forego the trade in dog fur and house cat fur (together with the world fur association IFF - International Fur Federation ).
The Regulation (EC) no. 1523/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2007 prohibiting the placing on the market and the import and export of cat and dog fur and products containing such fur, into and out of Community; Exceptions can be allowed. The ordinance came into force on December 31, 2008; The implementation in Germany is regulated by the Animal Products Trade Prohibition Act with powers to intervene for police authorities and threats of fines.

Occurrence

The term cat fur encompasses all fur of domesticated cats of any breed, as well as fur from feral domestic cats (in contrast to this see → wild cat fur ). Their distribution extends over all continents with the exception of the Far North, especially in the temperate zones.

hide

The breeder differentiates between short-haired and long-haired breeds . The short-haired breeds, which are also far more common, were used almost exclusively for fur processing. The very attractive, long-haired fur of the Angora cat was also not used, the fine hair is not very stable and is not considered to be durable.

The short, strong hair of these species is evenly distributed, soft and dense, sometimes stuffy with summer coats. In the middle of the back, the grunt , the hair protrudes a little, a characteristic of most felines. The under hair is mostly soft and dense.

There are numerous tints and nuances. The basic colors are black, gray, reddish-yellow, white, partly interspersed with many different patterns. The tail is generally the same as the body color, but there are also deviations, for example snow-white cats with black tails.

In a division of the fur types into the hair fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the house cat is classified as medium-fine. The cat's fur wears down more, which can be particularly noticeable when used as fur food. The degree of hairiness also depends on the trimming process to which the individual fur was subjected. The durability coefficient . for cat fur it is given as 50 to 60 percent.

Various cat skins from London, Camden Town .
Marble cat skins
Rheumatoid skin (wheeled cat), hair and stamped leather side
Fire cats chalkboard
Sycamore Chalkboard

history

Zyperkatzen fur lining (above a piebald cat fur), 1931 in the fur room of a Berlin pawn shop

Electrophore , on the right a cat fur for charging (1891)

Domestication of cats began in the so-called Fertile Crescent , the winter rain area on the northern edge of the Syrian Desert, which connects to the Arabian Peninsula in the north. Already before 2500 BC Cats were probably kept in ancient Egypt, they were considered sacred and served religious purposes. They came to Greece, and thus to Europe, around 500 BC. The native form of the house cat is the falcon cat native to North Africa .

Apart from being kept as pets, cats were mostly kept as pest control against rats and mice, their fur, if it was used, was probably a by-product at all times. Since the skins were easy to obtain in large numbers, their value was very low. However, Spanish archaeologists around Lluís Lloveras near the Catalan metropolis El Bordellet have examined garbage pits , which were dated to the end of the tenth century AD. Among other things, there were bones from nine domestic cats, but no fur remnants. According to archaeologists, the arrangement and type of cuts on the bones indicate that the animals were skinned. At the time of their death, the cats were between nine and 25 months old, and it was concluded that “at this age they were ideally suited for fur production. Then they are big enough, but the fur was still free of parasites, diseases or other damage ”.

One of the first dress codes , obtained by the English House of Commons in 1363, stipulated that the common people were not allowed to wear noble furs, but only those made of lambskin , rabbit fur , fox fur and cat fur. Apparently this law was not very successful because it was repealed the following year.

However, the processing of house cat skins was considered dishonest for a long time in many German city guilds, the processing of dog fur even led to a professional ban by the guild at that time. Around 1500 in Schweidnitz, the processing of cat fur was considered dishonest for a furrier. In the same case in 1662, the frowned master was forbidden from promoting journeymen and apprentices for only one year, and as a punishment he was given the office of discipleship, the invitation to the guild meetings. An inquiry from the furrier guild in Frankfurt an der Oder showed that there, as is common in Silesia, the dressing of skins for "tame house cats" was viewed as inappropriateness and inadmissible, especially if it was also done in-house, which meant that the "Dishonest and inefficient" master should result. However, as early as 1500 in Breslau there was a different opinion of this, as can be seen from a response to a letter from the Schweidnitzer Guild, where in the above-mentioned case one recognized guild honesty.

In Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, many cat skins had been obtained for a long time, mostly that of domestic cats. A trade name for Russian cat skins was "Dimka" (= smoky, after the smoky gray color that often occurs there). In the better Russian classes, little use was made of cat skins; they were sold at a lucrative price to the Chinese. That suddenly changed in the 1820s. Some French ladies adorned themselves with palatines , large cloak collars, made of black cat fur, this was popular in the country and spread from France, eastwards, to Petersburg. After a few years, however, fashion had disappeared there too.

In 1852, in addition to the use of furs, the processing of "mostly also into dressing gowns" is mentioned. In 1884, during an epoch of lavish fur trimmings, even the heads and paws were often naturalistic, especially with accessories, the author of a journal asked "desperately" whether cats, dogs, mice and monkeys were really appropriate decorations. In the modern era of fur fashion and large-scale fur clothing , which began with the use of fur sewing machines (around 1900), cat skins were initially used almost exclusively for the inner lining of army furs and for work clothing, occasionally for children's scarves and muffs, as inner lining for car coats and the footmuffs that were still common at the time Motor vehicles were not yet heated and the apartments were often cold to the feet. After the First World War, the skins experienced a much wider application, in particular the advent of winter sports encouraged the use of the short-haired types of cat fur for sporty clothing. Towards the end of World War II, cat skins were so expensive in Denmark that farmers inundated the authorities with letters of protest demanding protection laws for cats. The mice reproduced to the same extent as the cats became less and less because of a hunt that had not been seen before. At an auction in 1944, 11,000 cat skins were up for sale there.

The pelts used against gout and rheumatic complaints were another important, albeit “not particularly high-quality trade item”, the importance of which increased even further after the Second World War. The market leader was the German company Steingraf, whose male plaster figure with cat fur on the relevant body parts was exhibited in many shop windows of drugstores, pharmacies and medical supply stores.

The skins were always differentiated according to color and pattern and not according to origin. In the beginning, piebald cats were often shorn and dyed, including the colors skunk, sable and seal. However, only the fullest (smokest) skins in the hair are suitable for dyeing. The well-drawn skins of the cyper, wheel, miller and piebald cats were processed in a natural color, especially to make fur. The shearing of cats ended sometime after the Second World War, when a similar but cheaper material was available with sheared rabbit fur . The black seal cats remained largely a German article, they were only sparingly bought abroad.

Cat skins were also used to generate static electricity for the electrophore , a historic influenza machine for separating electrical charges and generating high electrical voltages. Until the trade in cat fur was banned, they were also used to detect electrical charges , plastics and other things, for example in the technical inspection associations and in schools. Another historical use, besides rabbit fur , is the laying out of the shuttle path in the silk weaving mill.

Until around the 1990s, finally ending with the trade ban beginning on January 1, 2009, cat skins were used in all types of clothing, coats, jackets, vests, inner linings, blankets, hats, trimmings and other accessories in Central Europe . The last deliveries were made, prefabricated into panels, from China, where they are still processed today (mostly Zyperkatzen).

trade

Ceremonial women's jacket lined with cat fur (China, 19th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art )
Zyperkatzen Coat and Muff ( Budapest 1940)

According to the fur color, the furs in German retail were differentiated as follows (see also → Fur colors of the cat )

Black cats (Genotte cats ; formerly Jenotte or Janotte ) were the most sought after and were considered the best quality cats . They are solid black brown (not with the genet or Genotten of the family to almost black genet to be confused). The undercoat is soft, dense; whitish gray. The awns are dense, dark brown to black. The darker the fur, the fuller ( smoker ) it is. The best skins came from Holland, for example, during World War II , also from Styria, Bavaria, East Friesland and Denmark, black cats from other origins were not nearly as good. Black cat pelts are very durable; unlike others, they have little or no shedding. Genotten skins were initially processed almost exclusively into fur linings and land muffs , but later they were a sought-after material for fur coats and long jackets (“ paletots ”).

Blue cat ( Carthusian cat ) ; very rare. Solid dark blue.

Cyper cat (also cyper cat) ; frequently. Yellowish-gray to blue-gray with regular black-brown to black horizontal stripes and spots. Quite good qualities of reddish Zyperkatzen, also different colored cat skins, came from China. Australian furs were large but of very poor quality. The supply to the trade was considerable.

Wheeled cat (also Röder or flower cat); Wild gray to bluish gray with a characteristic large-spotted drawing that gives the name its name and a dark longitudinal stripe on the back. The skins, of which the wheel trolleys, placed side by side, create wheel-like images, were particularly popular as a cover material.

Fire cat ; red-yellow basic color with spots and stripes like the cyper and wheel cat.

Thunder and lightning cat (also devil cat ); on a blackish background, spotted red, yellow, also gray, red and yellow. The skins have a good durability and, like the piebald cats, were mostly colored in one color ("seal cats").

Piebald cats
White with piebald and dark tail (Germany)
Different piebald patterns (sketch)

Check cat jacket, printed with dot pattern (2013)

"Katzenwadel", fool's utensil from the Hardt cat guild (Black Forest)

Katzenzunft Meßkirch , fool figures "cat" with cat fur (2014)

Piebald cat (variegated cat ); the basic color is white with irregular, larger black, red or gray spots, sometimes with three-colored piebalds.
Miller cat ; light blue ground interspersed with black polka dots. A type developed from the Zyperkatze through breeding selection; the name is said to be due to the frequent occurrence in mills.
Siamese cat ; Color ivory to light chocolate, face, ears, legs and tail black-brown.

Other cat species:

Tiger cat ; not to be confused with the wild tiger cat = bengal cat . The color is gray-yellow, brownish-gray to pure gray with faint stripes.
Red and yellow tiger cats ; brown-gray, gray-blue or yellowish with blurred lines.
Chinchilla cat ; white, long-haired fur with silver tips. Very rare.

the other pedigree cats played no significant role in fur processing, and long-haired breeds were considered unsuitable for fur purposes.

Most useful for fur processing are European (1935: “partly of southern European and western European origin”) and East Asian cat skins. The most important production areas were, among others, Holland and Great Britain (the skins from there were small, but especially valued for their beautiful sheen). The good, shiny quality of English and Dutch cat skins was attributed to the proximity of these countries to the sea and the associated feeding with fish. From the Isle of Wight came skins of a tailless race; Emil Brass , on the other hand, named the Man cat from the Isle of Man as a tailless fur supplier 59 years earlier (1911 and 1925) . Skins of the same quality came from Germany, Switzerland, Italy, the Soviet Union, China, Japan, Australia, North America and Korea (Korean skins are offered as Goyangi ). In 1913, white cat skins coming from Poland were mentioned, which came from breeding for fur use.

I. A distinction was made between the European varieties:

Winter fur (late December to late March)

Evenly fully developed, smoke, dense; Leather white. Winter hides are the best quality.

Transitional skins (March, April)

Weaker and thinning hair, greenish leather; the quality is lower.

Summer skins (April to October / November)

The guard hairs are predominantly bourgeois, the undercoat is very weak; the leather is even greener; the quality very low.

II. The Russian standard classifies:

Origin :

1. Full-haired skins with shiny, thick upper and lower hair.

2. Skins with not fully developed upper and lower hair, with short hair growth on the neck.

Half-grown skins, smoke with short upper and lower hair.

Sizes : I, II, III, IV.

Colors : black, blue, gray (smoke), tiger, semi-smoke, yellow, white, piebald, colored (piebald).

Around 1900, prefabricated skin panels came from Russia for so-called sacks (for an inner lining, to form a rotunda and closed at the bottom, forming a sack, sewn together).

From Siberia came the skins of some species of cats, descendants of the steppe cat. However, these were of lower quality than the non-Russian ones. Brown Siberian cat skins had fine, silky hair.

III. China

The delivery takes place mostly in panels (boards) each with 6 to mostly 9 skins (60 × 120 centimeters), whereby a distinction is made between

Zyperkatzen plates

natural colored and colored (mink colored) as well as plucked

Wheel trolley plates

very little delivery

Tiger cat plates. Gray cat plates, among other things

Blue cat platters and piebald cat platters (mainly used in China itself)

The skins from China used to be prefabricated into crosses instead of sheets of 6 to 12 skins and also exported, from which the typical Chinese fur jackets in the T-shaped kimono style could easily be made. The gray boards were the most popular. Larger table assortments, so-called batches, consisted of about 8 tablets. The Chinese trading houses had to collect large quantities of raw cat skins in order to get a good assortment. They were forced to buy all colors, and there are many colors and patterns for domestic or feral cats. Even with the best sorting, it was therefore unavoidable that the sheets did not have to be separated again and the skins re-sorted during the final processing. Since the trade almost always went through the hands of Chinese shippers, however, they tried, if only in the interests of their foreign customers, to convey uniform goods as well as possible.

IV. America

The pelts from there are larger than those of European cats. The quantities delivered were small, the quality inferior to that of European varieties.

V. Australia

Australian skins are very large. The winter quality and the colors are equivalent to the European qualities. Yellow cyper cat skins (red tabby) are rather flat in the hair and therefore of inferior quality.

The quantities brought into the trade are generally traded as cats , no matter where they come from. There were no significant differences between the deliveries in the individual countries. Predominantly flat, hard, expressionless pelts, mostly derived from wild animals, were also referred to as wood cats.

processing

Coat, jacket and caps made of burgundy colored pieces of Chinese cat paws
(Düsseldorf, 1987)

The skins were usually delivered in a rounded shape, with the leather on the outside; the rawhides were often badly treated. The leather is relatively strong, but has trimmed a very good tack (a good "train"). In the past it was drummed in the tanning department, but thanks to modern lubricants this is no longer necessary. In 1970 it said: “To make it supple, it is often milled in connection with the trimming. The skins can also be prepared "out of the wet". The hair then does not receive the stability it does in the fulling process. It lies too much; the fur is "too mushy in the leather". "

For fox imitations, the cat skins were put together "appropriately" [?] Before dyeing, whereby a few centimeters narrow strip had to be cut out in the back each time, since the cat has a very stiff, hard back strip down to the hairline, which is very difficult to dye and would always be a bit scruffy in appearance. These skins were used for trimmings .

Because of the many differences in coloration and drawings, larger amounts of fur were necessary to put together suitable furrier assortments (fur bundles) for a piece of clothing. In 1965, the consumption of a sheet of fur sufficient for a coat made of house cat skins was given as 24 to 36 skins (a so-called coat “body”). It was based on a board with a length of 112 centimeters and an average width of 150 centimeters and an additional sleeve section. This corresponds roughly to a fur material for a slightly exhibited coat of clothing size 46 from 2014. The maximum and minimum fur numbers can result from the different sizes of the sexes of the animals, the age groups and their origin. Depending on the type of fur, the three factors have different effects. The possibility of repairing worn cat fur was given as “good”, but a model redesign was not recommended.

As with almost all types of fur, if there is sufficient quantity, all parts of the fur that fall off during the processing of the hull are used. Most recently, tablets made from pieces of cat paws came from China.

Cat fur processing in 1895 (sketches)
Pelerine with collar made of 7 skins
(one skin and half a pelerine)
Fur lining made from 26 Zyperkatzenpkins
(one fur and half the lining)
Skin and blanket made from 20 wheeled cat skins

Cat-like refinements

Cat-rabbit fur is referred to as a cat-like colored rabbit fur . Usually the Egyptian cat or the miller's cat is imitated.

Poetry

Master furrier Adolf Nagel , owner of an exclusive Düsseldorf fur store, published a volume of poetry in the spring of 1965, “Plaudereien um Pelz”. In it, he wrote, among other things, of the cat skins, which at the time had not yet fallen into disrepute. Some stanzas of this deal with the difficulty of finding sufficiently matching skins for a coat.

“ […] As it is hard to tame
it when
alive , it also shows itself wild as fur, it is very difficult to be comfortable only
in an assortment structure,
only from the greatest number now
and then maybe once.

Such a dealer
specialist is often quicker on the dog,
before he
succeeds in
getting a cat coat out of the collection box . The furrier himself sings a song about what this looks like
.

Not entirely free from dissonances
because some hues want different,
including smoking . Both dance
more to pleasure and self-esteem.
And the furrier
conductor often groans in despair.

Only patience! -
Persistent skill leads to a happy
ending . Search, check, turn, turn:
one day you'll be lucky.
But not through heart and soul,
as in "Dog and Cat". [...] "

- Adolf Nagel : Chatting about fur, spring 1965

Numbers and facts

Fur cat skins for healing purposes, offers from the Siegfried Schück tobacco factory, Leipzig (1912)

In 1814, mainly gray, black, yellow and colored furs came from Russia and Siberia. A sack with the contents of 1,000 pieces cost 35 to 40 rubles in Petersburg, the black ones cost twice as much. White, black, gray, reddish and variegated or piebald came from Tauria (Crimea peninsula), the white ones were sold piece by piece for 20 to 25 Para, the rest for 10 to 12 Para.

Between 1911 and 1925 the following numbers of items were sold annually: 200,000 from Holland, 170,000 from Germany, and around 150,000 from the rest of Europe. 300,000 from Russia, China and Japan together around 150,000 pieces. From America 100,000 and from Australia 50,000 skins. “The fact that cat skins are sold under a false name as valuable fur is an unfounded slander; most of them are sold as fur lining and as a rheumatoid protector to be worn on the chest ”.

In 1925 a beautiful Dutch cat fur cost between 3 and 6 marks in wholesale. The price for prepared Chinese cyper cat skins was around 1 to 1.20 marks, for Chinese piebald cats 80 pfennigs.

In 1988 no exact figures could be determined about the world incidence of cat fur.

annotation

↑ The specified comparative values ( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are not unambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur dressing and fur finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The classification was made in stages of ten percent each, only the weakest species were given the value class of five to ten percent. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.
↑ The information for a body was made in order to make the types of fur easier to compare. The following dimensions for a coat body were taken as a basis: body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.

supporting documents

↑ ^a ^b ^c Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur . FC Mayer, Munich 1970, p. 375-378 .
↑ Recital 1 of Regulation (EC) No. 1523/2007 (PDF) is the perception of citizens that they reject the use of dog and cat fur; Justification 5 indicates that the fur traders' code of conduct has proven to be insufficient.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XIX. Band . 1st edition. Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950, p. 42–44, keyword “cats” .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Fritz Schmidt , Paul Schöps: Hauskatzen. In: The fur trade. Vol. XX, New Series No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al. 1970, pp. 23-28.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel 's Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10th, revised and expanded edition. Rifra-Verlag, Murrhardt 1988, p. 108-110 .
↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes. In: The fur trade. Vol. VI / New Series, No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main 1955, pp. 39–40 (note: fine (partly silky); medium-fine (partly fine); coarse (medium-fine to coarse)).
↑ Paul Schöps, H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König , W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficients of fur skins. In: The fur trade. Volume XV, New Series, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig / Vienna 1964, pp. 56–58.
↑ Carlos A. Discoll, Stephen J. O'Brien, Juliet Clutton-Brock , Andrew C. Kitchener: The true origin of the domestic cat . In: Spectrum of Science . No. 04 , 2010, ISSN 0170-2971 , p. 34–41 (Seems to be the translation of The near eastern origin of cat domestication. ).
↑ www.spiegel.de, Jörg Römer: The riddle of the dead cats . July 10, 2017. Primary source L. Lloveras: Evidence of Cat (Felis catus) Fur Exploitation in Medieval Iberia . In: International Journal of Osteoarchaeology . June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017
↑ ^a ^b Elizabeth Ewing: Fur in Dress . BT Batsford, London 1981, pp. 31, 110 (English).
^ Fritz Wiggert: Origin and development of the old Silesian furrier trade with special consideration of the furrier guilds in Breslau and Neumarkt . Breslauer Kürschnerinnung (Ed.), 1926, p. 61. Primary sources: Breslauer Stadtarchiv, loose files ZPI 85; ZPI 102.
↑ Max Bachrach: Selling Furs Successfully. Prentice Hall, New York 1938, p. 152 (English).
↑ v. Baer: About the chinchilla. In: Prussische Provinzial-Blätter. Volume 9, Association of neglected children in Königsberg (Ed.), January 25, 1833, pp. 499–500.
↑ Jos. Klein: The Siberian fur trade and its importance for the conquest of Siberia. Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Rheinische Friedrich-Humboldt-Universität Bonn, 1900, p. 63. Primary source v. Baer, p. 213 f.
↑ Alexander Lachmann: The fur animals. A manual for furriers and smokers . Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1852, p. 78.
↑ Max Bachrach: Fur. A Practical Treatise. Prentice-Hall, New York 1936, p. 210. (English)
^ Frank Grover: Practical Fur Cutting and Furriery . The Technical Press, London 1936, p. 39. (English)
↑ Editor: High cat fur prices in Denmark. In: The tobacco market. No. 2, Leipzig, February 1944, p. 5.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Friedrich Lorenz: Rauchwareenkunde . 4th edition. People and Knowledge, Berlin 1958, p. 68-70 .
^ Paul Schöps, Leopold Hermsdorf, Richard König : The range of tobacco products . Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin 1949, p. 12.
↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and Rough Goods, Volume XVIII . Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1949, p. 63–64 , keyword “Genotten” .
^ Johann Christian Schedel, revised by D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Proppe: Waaren-Lexikon. 4th edition. Offenbach / Main 1814. Search word "cat".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Marcus Petersen: Petersen's Fur Traders Lexicon . Petersen & Chandless, New York 1920, pp. 12 .
↑ ^a ^b Editor: Color fox imitations on cats. In: The tobacco market. No. 77, Leipzig, October 2, 1935, p. 3.
^ ^A ^b Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . 1st edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911, p. 419-421 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . 2nd, improved edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, p. 505-508 .
↑ George R. Cripps: About Furs . Daily Post Printers, Liverpool 1913, p. 58. (English) ( table of contents ).
↑ Richard König : An interesting lecture (report on the trade in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian and Japanese tobacco products). In: The fur industry. No. 47, 1952, p. 50.
↑ Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing. In: The fur trade. Vol. XVI / New Series, No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al. 1965, pp. 7-12.
^ David G. Kaplan: World of Furs. Fairchield Publications, New York 1974, p. 159.
^ D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete wares lexicon. Second part: M to Z. Fourth thoroughly improved [...] edition. Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, Offenbach am Mayn 1814, pp. 527-528.

[Anmerkung1-7] The specified comparative values ( coefficients ) are the result of comparative tests by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are not unambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of durability in practice, there are also influences from fur dressing and fur finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case . More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The classification was made in stages of ten percent each, only the weakest species were given the value class of five to ten percent. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

[Anmerkung2-31] The information for a body was made in order to make the types of fur easier to compare. The following dimensions for a coat body were taken as a basis: body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.

[Schmidt_Pelztiere-1] Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur . FC Mayer, Munich 1970, p. 375-378 .

[2] Recital 1 of Regulation (EC) No. 1523/2007 (PDF) is the perception of citizens that they reject the use of dog and cat fur; Justification 5 indicates that the fur traders' code of conduct has proven to be insufficient.

[Pelzlexikon_XIX-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XIX. Band . 1st edition. Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950, p. 42–44, keyword “cats” .

[Pelzgewerbe_1970/2-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Fritz Schmidt , Paul Schöps: Hauskatzen. In: The fur trade. Vol. XX, New Series No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al. 1970, pp. 23-28.

[Fränkel-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Christian Franke, Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel 's Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 . 10th, revised and expanded edition. Rifra-Verlag, Murrhardt 1988, p. 108-110 .

[6] Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes. In: The fur trade. Vol. VI / New Series, No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin / Frankfurt am Main 1955, pp. 39–40 (note: fine (partly silky); medium-fine (partly fine); coarse (medium-fine to coarse)).

[Haltbarkeitskoeffizient-8] Paul Schöps, H. Brauckhoff, K. Häse, Richard König , W. Straube-Daiber: The durability coefficients of fur skins. In: The fur trade. Volume XV, New Series, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig / Vienna 1964, pp. 56–58.

[9] Carlos A. Discoll, Stephen J. O'Brien, Juliet Clutton-Brock , Andrew C. Kitchener: The true origin of the domestic cat . In: Spectrum of Science . No. 04 , 2010, ISSN 0170-2971 , p. 34–41 (Seems to be the translation of The near eastern origin of cat domestication. ).

[10] www.spiegel.de, Jörg Römer: The riddle of the dead cats . July 10, 2017. Primary source L. Lloveras: Evidence of Cat (Felis catus) Fur Exploitation in Medieval Iberia . In: International Journal of Osteoarchaeology . June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017

[Ewing-11] Elizabeth Ewing: Fur in Dress . BT Batsford, London 1981, pp. 31, 110 (English).

[12] Fritz Wiggert: Origin and development of the old Silesian furrier trade with special consideration of the furrier guilds in Breslau and Neumarkt . Breslauer Kürschnerinnung (Ed.), 1926, p. 61. Primary sources: Breslauer Stadtarchiv, loose files ZPI 85; ZPI 102.

[Selling_Furs-13] Max Bachrach: Selling Furs Successfully. Prentice Hall, New York 1938, p. 152 (English).

[14] v. Baer: About the chinchilla. In: Prussische Provinzial-Blätter. Volume 9, Association of neglected children in Königsberg (Ed.), January 25, 1833, pp. 499–500.

[Klein-15] Jos. Klein: The Siberian fur trade and its importance for the conquest of Siberia. Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Rheinische Friedrich-Humboldt-Universität Bonn, 1900, p. 63. Primary source v. Baer, p. 213 f.

[Lachmann-16] Alexander Lachmann: The fur animals. A manual for furriers and smokers . Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1852, p. 78.

[Bachrach-17] Max Bachrach: Fur. A Practical Treatise. Prentice-Hall, New York 1936, p. 210. (English)

[Grover-18] Frank Grover: Practical Fur Cutting and Furriery . The Technical Press, London 1936, p. 39. (English)

[19] Editor: High cat fur prices in Denmark. In: The tobacco market. No. 2, Leipzig, February 1944, p. 5.

[Lorenz-20] Friedrich Lorenz: Rauchwareenkunde . 4th edition. People and Knowledge, Berlin 1958, p. 68-70 .

[21] Paul Schöps, Leopold Hermsdorf, Richard König : The range of tobacco products . Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig / Berlin 1949, p. 12.

[Pelzlexikon_XVIII-22] Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and Rough Goods, Volume XVIII . Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1949, p. 63–64 , keyword “Genotten” .

[Warenlexikon-23] Johann Christian Schedel, revised by D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Proppe: Waaren-Lexikon. 4th edition. Offenbach / Main 1814. Search word "cat".

[Marcus_Petersen-24] Marcus Petersen: Petersen's Fur Traders Lexicon . Petersen & Chandless, New York 1920, pp. 12 .

[Farbfuchsimitationen-25] Editor: Color fox imitations on cats. In: The tobacco market. No. 77, Leipzig, October 2, 1935, p. 3.

[Brass_1911-26] A ^b Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . 1st edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1911, p. 419-421 .

[Brass_1925-27] Emil Brass: From the realm of fur . 2nd, improved edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, p. 505-508 .

[Cripps-28] George R. Cripps: About Furs . Daily Post Printers, Liverpool 1913, p. 58. (English) ( table of contents ).

[König-29] Richard König : An interesting lecture (report on the trade in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian and Japanese tobacco products). In: The fur industry. No. 47, 1952, p. 50.

[Materialbedarf-30] Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing. In: The fur trade. Vol. XVI / New Series, No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al. 1965, pp. 7-12.

[Kaplan_World-32] David G. Kaplan: World of Furs. Fairchield Publications, New York 1974, p. 159.

[Schedel-33] D. Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete wares lexicon. Second part: M to Z. Fourth thoroughly improved [...] edition. Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, Offenbach am Mayn 1814, pp. 527-528.